TCP/IP详解V2之UDP协议
Posted ukernel
tags:
篇首语：本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理，主要介绍了TCP/IP详解V2之UDP协议相关的知识，希望对你有一定的参考价值。
UDP
UDP是一个面向数据报的简单运输层协议。
数据结构
struct udphdr {
u_short uh_sport; //源端口
u_short uh_dport; //目的端口
short uh_ulen; //UDP数据报中的数据长度
u_short uh_sum; //检验和，包括数据
};struct udpiphdr {
struct ipovly ui_i; //模仿IP的实现，会有很多便利
struct udphdr ui_u; /* udp header */
};struct ipovly {
caddr_t ih_next, ih_prev; /* for protocol sequence q‘s */
u_char ih_x1; /* (unused) */
u_char ih_pr; //协议域
short ih_len; //这个相当于IP头部，len = data Len + udp HeaderLen + ip header
struct in_addr ih_src; //源地址
struct in_addr ih_dst; //目标地址
};udp_init
void
udp_init()
{
udb.inp_next = udb.inp_prev = &udb; //将头部PCB的指针指向自己，形成一个双向链表
}udp_output
int
udp_output(inp, m, addr, control)
register struct inpcb *inp; //输出的Internet PCB
register struct mbuf *m; //数据mbuf
struct mbuf *addr, *control; //地址与控制信息mbuf
{
register struct udpiphdr *ui;
register int len = m->m_pkthdr.len; //获取发送数据的长度
struct in_addr laddr;
int s, error = 0;
if (control) //丢弃控制信息。UDP不适用任何控制信息
m_freem(control); /* XXX */
if (addr) {
laddr = inp->inp_laddr; //获取本地信息
if (inp->inp_faddr.s_addr != INADDR_ANY) { //如果这个PCB已经被绑定（是UDP啊），返回错误
error = EISCONN;
goto release;
}
/*
* Must block input while temporarily connected.
*/
s = splnet(); //通过调整优先级来达到锁的目的
error = in_pcbconnect(inp, addr); //暂时的连接，填充远程地址与端口
if (error) {
splx(s); //如果在绑定远程地址的过程中出现错误，释放数据
goto release;
}
} else {
if (inp->inp_faddr.s_addr == INADDR_ANY) { //显式的关联远程地址之后仍然没有地址的话，放弃数据mbuf
error = ENOTCONN;
goto release;
}
}
/*
* Calculate data length and get a mbuf
* for UDP and IP headers.
*/
M_PREPEND(m, sizeof(struct udpiphdr), M_DONTWAIT); //在数据mbuf前面分配空间以存储udp/ip header
if (m == 0) { //分配失败的话，释放资源
error = ENOBUFS;
goto release;
}
/*
* Fill in mbuf with extended UDP header
* and addresses and length put into network format.
*/
ui = mtod(m, struct udpiphdr *); //已经在mbuf的首部为udp/ip header分配好了资源，填充这些数据
ui->ui_next = ui->ui_prev = 0;
ui->ui_x1 = 0;
ui->ui_pr = IPPROTO_UDP;
ui->ui_len = htons((u_short)len + sizeof (struct udphdr));
ui->ui_src = inp->inp_laddr;
ui->ui_dst = inp->inp_faddr;
ui->ui_sport = inp->inp_lport;
ui->ui_dport = inp->inp_fport;
ui->ui_ulen = ui->ui_len; //数据长度
/*
* Stuff checksum and output datagram.
*/
ui->ui_sum = 0; //计算校验和
if (udpcksum) {
if ((ui->ui_sum = in_cksum(m, sizeof (struct udpiphdr) + len)) == 0)
ui->ui_sum = 0xffff;
}
((struct ip *)ui)->ip_len = sizeof (struct udpiphdr) + len; //IP数据报中的len = IP header + udp header + data
((struct ip *)ui)->ip_ttl = inp->inp_ip.ip_ttl; /* XXX */
((struct ip *)ui)->ip_tos = inp->inp_ip.ip_tos; /* XXX */
udpstat.udps_opackets++;
error = ip_output(m, inp->inp_options, &inp->inp_route,
inp->inp_socket->so_options & (SO_DONTROUTE | SO_BROADCAST),
inp->inp_moptions); //计算结束之后，将数据包交由ip层进行处理
if (addr) { //如果提供了addr，以为着在发送前调用connect将PCB与远程地址关联起来了
in_pcbdisconnect(inp);
inp->inp_laddr = laddr;
splx(s);
}
return (error);
release:
m_freem(m); //释放数据资源
return (error);
}udp_input
功能A：将UDP数据报放置到合适的插口缓存内，唤醒该插口上因输入阻塞的所有进程。不重点关注多播与广播的情况。
void udp_input(m, iphlen) register struct mbuf *m; //数据mbuf int iphlen; //ip首部的长度 { register struct ip *ip; register struct udphdr *uh; register struct inpcb *inp; struct mbuf *opts = 0; int len; struct ip save_ip; udpstat.udps_ipackets++; //更新UDP的全局统计量 /* * Strip IP options, if any; should skip this, * make available to user, and use on returned packets, * but we don‘t yet have a way to check the checksum * with options still present. */ if (iphlen > sizeof (struct ip)) { //如果存在IP选项，丢弃IP选项并更改iphlen ip_stripoptions(m, (struct mbuf *)0); iphlen = sizeof(struct ip); } /* * Get IP and UDP header together in first mbuf. */ ip = mtod(m, struct ip *); //从mbuf中获取IP首部 if (m->m_len < iphlen + sizeof(struct udphdr)) { //如果mbuf中的数据长度小于ip header + udp header if ((m = m_pullup(m, iphlen + sizeof(struct udphdr))) == 0) { //使用m_pullup将外部簇中的数据提取到mbuf中 udpstat.udps_hdrops++; //如果失败，增加UDP的全局计数 return; } ip = mtod(m, struct ip *); //否则的话，ip指向正确的ip首部位置 } uh = (struct udphdr *)((caddr_t)ip + iphlen); //udp指向UDP正确的位置 /* * Make mbuf data length reflect UDP length. * If not enough data to reflect UDP length, drop. */ len = ntohs((u_short)uh->uh_ulen); //将UDP中的关于数据报的长度转换为主机字节序 if (ip->ip_len != len) { if (len > ip->ip_len) { //如果数据的长度大于IP header + udp header + data，就丢弃数据包 udpstat.udps_badlen++; goto bad; } m_adj(m, len - ip->ip_len); //调整ip数据报中的长度为data len /* ip->ip_len = len; */ } /* * Save a copy of the IP header in case we want restore it * for sending an ICMP error message in response. */ save_ip = *ip; //使用局部变量保存IP变量 /* * Checksum extended UDP header and data. */ if (udpcksum && uh->uh_sum) { //检查UDP的校验和，如果验证失败，在全局变量中记录后直接丢弃 ((struct ipovly *)ip)->ih_next = 0; ((struct ipovly *)ip)->ih_prev = 0; ((struct ipovly *)ip)->ih_x1 = 0; ((struct ipovly *)ip)->ih_len = uh->uh_ulen; if (uh->uh_sum = in_cksum(m, len + sizeof (struct ip))) { udpstat.udps_badsum++; m_freem(m); return; } } if (IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(ip->ip_dst.s_addr)) || in_broadcast(ip->ip_dst, m->m_pkthdr.rcvif)) { //处理多播的情况，这些数据被提交给所有匹配的插口 struct socket *last; /* * Deliver a multicast or broadcast datagram to *all* sockets * for which the local and remote addresses and ports match * those of the incoming datagram. This allows more than * one process to receive multi/broadcasts on the same port. * (This really ought to be done for unicast datagrams as * well, but that would cause problems with existing * applications that open both address-specific sockets and * a wildcard socket listening to the same port -- they would * end up receiving duplicates of every unicast datagram. * Those applications open the multiple sockets to overcome an * inadequacy of the UDP socket interface, but for backwards * compatibility we avoid the problem here rather than * fixing the interface. Maybe 4.5BSD will remedy this?) */ /* * Construct sockaddr format source address. */ udp_in.sin_port = uh->uh_sport; //更新获得数据的全局变量 udp_in.sin_addr = ip->ip_src; m->m_len -= sizeof (struct udpiphdr); //调整mbuf中的打他data pointer与data length m->m_data += sizeof (struct udpiphdr); /* * Locate pcb(s) for datagram. * (Algorithm copied from raw_intr().) */ last = NULL; for (inp = udb.inp_next; inp != &udb; inp = inp->inp_next) { //遍历所有的PCB if (inp->inp_lport != uh->uh_dport) //如果端口不相等，再次遍历 continue; if (inp->inp_laddr.s_addr != INADDR_ANY) { //如果地址不匹配，再次遍历 if (inp->inp_laddr.s_addr != ip->ip_dst.s_addr) continue; } if (inp->inp_faddr.s_addr != INADDR_ANY) { //端口不匹配，也需要再次遍历 if (inp->inp_faddr.s_addr != ip->ip_src.s_addr || inp->inp_fport != uh->uh_sport) continue; } if (last != NULL) { // struct mbuf *n; if ((n = m_copy(m, 0, M_COPYALL)) != NULL) { //将数据copy到合适的端口的发送缓存中 if (sbappendaddr(&last->so_rcv, (struct sockaddr *)&udp_in, n, (struct mbuf *)0) == 0) { m_freem(n); udpstat.udps_fullsock++; } else sorwakeup(last); } } last = inp->inp_socket; /* * Don‘t look for additional matches if this one does * not have either the SO_REUSEPORT or SO_REUSEADDR * socket options set. This heuristic avoids searching * through all pcbs in the common case of a non-shared * port. It * assumes that an application will never * clear these options after setting them. */ if ((last->so_options&(SO_REUSEPORT|SO_REUSEADDR) == 0)) //如果没有设置REUSE选项，直接退出循环 break; } if (last == NULL) { //如果没有找到合适的发送socket结构 /* * No matching pcb found; discard datagram. * (No need to send an ICMP Port Unreachable * for a broadcast or multicast datgram.) */ udpstat.udps_noportbcast++; //退出循环 goto bad; } if (sbappendaddr(&last->so_rcv, (struct sockaddr *)&udp_in, m, (struct mbuf *)0) == 0) { //将数据copy进接收缓存中，然后唤醒左右在接收缓存上等待的进程 udpstat.udps_fullsock++; goto bad; } sorwakeup(last); return; } /* * Locate pcb for datagram. */ inp = udp_last_inpcb; //单播地址，如果从缓存中获取的PCB中的四元组与数据报中的四元组不同的话，从PCBs中寻找合适的四元组，如果找到，顺便更新缓存中的PCB if (inp->inp_lport != uh->uh_dport || inp->inp_fport != uh->uh_sport || inp->inp_faddr.s_addr != ip->ip_src.s_addr || inp->inp_laddr.s_addr != ip->ip_dst.s_addr) { inp = in_pcblookup(&udb, ip->ip_src, uh->uh_sport, ip->ip_dst, uh->uh_dport, INPLOOKUP_WILDCARD); if (inp) udp_last_inpcb = inp; udpstat.udpps_pcbcachemiss++; } if (inp == 0) { //如果没有找到 udpstat.udps_noport++; //更新全局变量，并判断是否是多播地址OR广播地址 if (m->m_flags & (M_BCAST | M_MCAST)) { udpstat.udps_noportbcast++; goto bad; } *ip = save_ip; //修改IP数据报的长度，并发送ICMP端口不可达报文 ip->ip_len += iphlen; icmp_error(m, ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_PORT, 0, 0); return; } /* * Construct sockaddr format source address. * Stuff source address and datagram in user buffer. */ udp_in.sin_port = uh->uh_sport; //将收到数据报的IP与Port保存在全局的端口中 udp_in.sin_addr = ip->ip_src; if (inp->inp_flags & INP_CONTROLOPTS) { //如果存在UDP选项，将UDP选项保存在合适的mbuf上 struct mbuf **mp = &opts; if (inp->inp_flags & INP_RECVDSTADDR) { *mp = udp_saveopt((caddr_t) &ip->ip_dst, sizeof(struct in_addr), IP_RECVDSTADDR); if (*mp) mp = &(*mp)->m_next; } } iphlen += sizeof(struct udphdr); //调整data mbuf中的data pointer与data length m->m_len -= iphlen; m->m_pkthdr.len -= iphlen; m->m_data += iphlen; if (sbappendaddr(&inp->inp_socket->so_rcv, (struct sockaddr *)&udp_in, m, opts) == 0) { //将准备好的数据放到socket的缓存中 udpstat.udps_fullsock++; //失败的话，返回插口缓存已满的错误 goto bad; } sorwakeup(inp->inp_socket); //唤醒所有等待在插口上的进程 return; bad: m_freem(m); //释放数据与控制mbuf if (opts) m_freem(opts); }
udp_detach
static void
udp_detach(inp) //将PCB从PCB链表中进行分离
struct inpcb *inp;
{
int s = splnet();
if (inp == udp_last_inpcb)
udp_last_inpcb = &udb;
in_pcbdetach(inp);
splx(s);
}udp_usrrep
int
udp_usrreq(so, req, m, addr, control)
struct socket *so;
int req;
struct mbuf *m, *addr, *control;
{
struct inpcb *inp = sotoinpcb(so); //从socket中获取PCB
int error = 0;
int s;
if (req == PRU_CONTROL) //如果是控制选项，转接调用in_control函数进行处理
return (in_control(so, (int)m, (caddr_t)addr,
(struct ifnet *)control));
if (inp == NULL && req != PRU_ATTACH) { //如果参数不正确，直接返回
error = EINVAL;
goto release;
}
/*
* Note: need to block udp_input while changing
* the udp pcb queue and/or pcb addresses.
*/
switch (req) {
case PRU_ATTACH: //这是来自socket的系统调用
if (inp != NULL) {
error = EINVAL;
break;
}
s = splnet();
error = in_pcballoc(so, &udb); //为UDP SOCKET分配一个PCB
splx(s);
if (error)
break;
error = soreserve(so, udp_sendspace, udp_recvspace); //为UDP SOCKET分配缓存空间。默认情况下，SendSpace=9216，RecvSpace=41600
if (error)
break;
((struct inpcb *) so->so_pcb)->inp_ip.ip_ttl = ip_defttl; //设置默认的TTL
break;
case PRU_DETACH: //close系统调用
udp_detach(inp); //稍后观察
break;
case PRU_BIND: //bind系统调用，关联本地地址与本地端口
s = splnet();
error = in_pcbbind(inp, addr);
splx(s);
break;
case PRU_LISTEN: //listen系统调用
error = EOPNOTSUPP; //UDP SOCKET没有listen操作
break;
case PRU_CONNECT: //connect系统调用
if (inp->inp_faddr.s_addr != INADDR_ANY) { //关联远程地址，如果初始化部位INADDR_ANY，那么就返回错误
error = EISCONN;
break;
}
s = splnet();
error = in_pcbconnect(inp, addr);
splx(s);
if (error == 0)
soisconnected(so); //将socket标记为已连接
break;
case PRU_CONNECT2: //socketpair系统调用，仅用于UNIX域协议
error = EOPNOTSUPP;
break;
case PRU_ACCEPT: //accept系统调用，仅用于TCP协议
error = EOPNOTSUPP;
break;
case PRU_DISCONNECT: //销毁与远程地址之间的关联，并将远程地址设置为INADDR_ANY
if (inp->inp_faddr.s_addr == INADDR_ANY) {
error = ENOTCONN;
break;
}
s = splnet();
in_pcbdisconnect(inp);
inp->inp_laddr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
splx(s);
so->so_state &= ~SS_ISCONNECTED; //将socket标记为未连接
break;
case PRU_SHUTDOWN: //shutdown系统调用，UDP很少使用
socantsendmore(so);
break;
case PRU_SEND: //发送数据请求
return (udp_output(inp, m, addr, control));
case PRU_ABORT: //异常请求，UDP从不使用
soisdisconnected(so); //先将UDP SOCKET标记为未连接
udp_detach(inp); //然后销毁PCB
break;
case PRU_SOCKADDR: //设置本地地址
in_setsockaddr(inp, addr);
break;
case PRU_PEERADDR: //设置远程地址
in_setpeeraddr(inp, addr);
break;
case PRU_SENSE:
/*
* stat: don‘t bother with a blocksize.
*/
return (0);
case PRU_SENDOOB:
case PRU_FASTTIMO:
case PRU_SLOWTIMO:
case PRU_PROTORCV:
case PRU_PROTOSEND:
error = EOPNOTSUPP;
break;
case PRU_RCVD:
case PRU_RCVOOB:
return (EOPNOTSUPP); /* do not free mbuf‘s */
default:
panic("udp_usrreq");
}
release:
if (control) { //释放控制mbuf
printf("udp control data unexpectedly retained\n");
m_freem(control);
}
if (m) //释放数据mbuf
m_freem(m);
return (error);
}总结：
- 问题1：IP数据报中和UDP数据报中length的表达意义？
- IP数据报：len = IP header length + UDP header length + data length
- UDP数据报：len = data length
- 问题2：UDP的校验和
UDP数据报计算UDP + data的校验和，IP仅仅计算IP头部的校验和 - 问题3：UDP的优化措施
- 在copy数据的时候顺便计算校验和
- 使用其他高级数据结构进行PCB的查找
以上是关于TCP/IP详解V2之UDP协议的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章