LVM逻辑卷管理
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LVM(Logical Volume Manager)逻辑卷管理器，是一种磁盘管理工具，在磁盘和分区之上建立一个逻辑层实现了灵活的磁盘管理。LVM可将多个物理分区整合在一起，可按需添加或删除其管理的物理分区，逻辑分区可跨磁盘，容量可动态调整。LVM不仅应用在操作系统上，也广泛应用在容器（如docker）存储、分布式文件系统等方面。
LVM术语
- Physical Volume (PV) 物理卷，一个PV对应一个磁盘或一个磁盘分区
- Volume Group (VG) 卷组，一个或多个PV的集合，可动态增减PV，LVM系统中可含有多个VG
- Logical Volume(LV) 逻辑卷，建立在VG之上的虚拟block设备， 容量可动态增减
- Physical Extent(PE) PV的最小存储单元，最小为128KB，默认为4MB，在创建VG时设定，一旦设定很难更改，只能重建VG
下面是CentOS 7默认安装，使用LVM命令显示的一些LVM信息，可帮助理解LVM：
# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sda2
VG Name centos
PV Size <39.00 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB
Allocatable yes
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 9983
Free PE 1
Allocated PE 9982
PV UUID fVpHC4-LcnW-IkvS-q1Iu-ZkIF-6dEo-BBuXFp# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name centos
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size <39.00 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 9983
Alloc PE / Size 9982 / 38.99 GiB
Free PE / Size 1 / 4.00 MiB
VG UUID YXgJ03-dlJZ-rgu9-VNDB-pEuJ-7RZg-Dg9rEK# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/centos/swap
LV Name swap
VG Name centos
LV UUID ZRTNg0-Y44i-VbIb-cVxG-kCuq-U7Og-WI33wo
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost, 2018-11-10 00:36:21 +0800
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/centos/root
LV Name root
VG Name centos
LV UUID gkAo2f-v8vS-GKZi-NfDz-F6qM-BhrD-IIXa12
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost, 2018-11-10 00:36:22 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 36.99 GiB
Current LE 9470
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:0查看磁盘分区信息：
# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0003d1dd
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 83886079 40893440 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 39.7 GB, 39720058880 bytes, 77578240 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes查看块设备信息：
# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 40G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 39G 0 part
├─centos-root 253:0 0 37G 0 lvm /
└─centos-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]查看文件系统信息：
# df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs 37G 6.3G 31G 17% /
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M 169M 846M 17% /bootLVM管理
CentOS/RHEL 7默认了安装了LVM工具：
# yum install lvm2查看LVM文档和支持的命令：
# man lvmLVM配置目录：/etc/lvm
LVM命令
lvmconfig 显示LVM配置信息
lvmdiskscan 查询LVM设备
# lvmdiskscan
/dev/centos/root [ 36.99 GiB]
/dev/sda1 [ 1.00 GiB]
/dev/centos/swap [ 2.00 GiB]
/dev/sda2 [ <39.00 GiB] LVM physical volume
/dev/sdb1 [ <1.91 GiB] LVM physical volume
/dev/sdb2 [ <1.91 GiB] LVM physical volume
/dev/sdb3 [ 4.18 GiB] LVM physical volume
2 disks
1 partition
0 LVM physical volume whole disks
4 LVM physical volumeslvmdump 为诊断目的创建 lvm信息转储
PV
PV命令
pvchange 修改PV属性
pvck 检查PV metadata
pvcreate 从磁盘或分区创建PV
pvdisplay 显示PV属性
pvmove 移动PV内容(Physical Extents)
pvremove 擦除PV标签，LVM不再将其识别为PV。活动LV使用的PV不能删除
pvresize 调整PV容量
pvs 查询PV信息
# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 centos lvm2 a-- <39.00g 4.00mpvscan 查找PV
# pvscan
PV /dev/sda2 VG centos lvm2 [<39.00 GiB / 4.00 MiB free]
Total: 1 [<39.00 GiB] / in use: 1 [<39.00 GiB] / in no VG: 0 [0 ]创建PV
在创建PV前，先挂载一块硬盘sdb：
lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 40G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 39G 0 part
├─centos-root 253:0 0 37G 0 lvm /
└─centos-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 8G 0 disk- 从磁盘创建PV
# pvcreate /dev/sdb
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created.查看新建PV状态：
# pvdisplay
"/dev/sdb" is a new physical volume of "8.00 GiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sdb
VG Name
PV Size 8.00 GiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID SuVbLN-KNmT-DlpW-acPI-HqFQ-Sn9w-p3zZJd删除PV：
# pvremove /dev/sdb
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully wiped.- 从分区创建PV
先用fdisk创建分区sdb1、sdb2、sdb3，分区类型必须是8e(Linux LVM)：
# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-16777215, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-16777215, default 16777215): +2048MB
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 1.9 GiB is set
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition ‘Linux‘ to ‘Linux LVM‘
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (4001792-16777215, default 4001792):
Using default value 4001792
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (4001792-16777215, default 16777215): +2048MB
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 1.9 GiB is set
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition ‘Linux‘ to ‘Linux LVM‘
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p
Partition number (3,4, default 3):
First sector (8001536-16777215, default 8001536):
Using default value 8001536
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (8001536-16777215, default 16777215):
Using default value 16777215
Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 4.2 GiB is set
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-3, default 3):
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition ‘Linux‘ to ‘Linux LVM‘
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.加载分区：
# partprobe
# fdisk -l
...
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 4001791 1999872 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdb2 4001792 8001535 1999872 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdb3 8001536 16777215 4387840 8e Linux LVM
...创建PV:
# pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2
Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
Physical volume "/dev/sdb2" successfully created.VG
VG命令
vgcfgbackup 备份VG配置
vgcfgrestore 恢复VG配置
vgchange 修改VG属性
vgck 检查VG元数据
vgconvert 转换VG元数据格式
vgcreate 创建VG
vgdisplay 显示VG属性
vgexport 从系统中注销VG
vgextend 向VG中增加PV
vgimport 注册已注销的VG
vgimportclone 注册和重命名克隆的VG
# vgimportclone --basevgname vg00_snap /dev/sdc /dev/sddvgmerge 将两个VG合并
vgmknodes Create the special files for volume group devices in /dev
vgreduce 删除VG中的一个或多个PV
vgremove 删除VG
vgrename 重命名VG
vgs 查询VG信息
# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
centos 1 2 0 wz--n- <39.00g 4.00mvgscan 查找VG
# vgscan
Reading volume groups from cache.
Found volume group "centos" using metadata type lvm2vgsplit 将VG拆分为两个, 通过移动整个PV将任何LV从一个VG移动到另一个VG
创建VG
从PV /dev/sdb1、/dev/sdb2创建VG，VG名称为testvg，指定PE为16M：
# vgcreate -s 16M testvg /dev/sdb{1,2}
Volume group "testvg" successfully created查看新建VG的状态：
# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name testvg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 3.81 GiB
PE Size 16.00 MiB
Total PE 244
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 244 / 3.81 GiB
VG UUID dnUeP6-AktH-EUlJ-ok1Z-CvhS-L5Op-zgecve# pvscan
PV /dev/sdb1 VG testvg lvm2 [1.98 GiB / 1.98 GiB free]
PV /dev/sdb2 VG testvg lvm2 [5.98 GiB / 5.98 GiB free]增加VG容量
可从PV创建VG，也可直接从磁盘和分区创建，这样会自动创建PV，如下将/dev/sdb3添加到VG中：
# vgextend testvg /dev/sdb3
Physical volume "/dev/sdb3" successfully created.
Volume group "testvg" successfully extended删除VG
# vgremove testvg
Volume group "testvg" successfully removedLV
LV命令
lvchange 修改LV属性
lvconvert Convert a Logical Volume from linear to mirror or snapshot.
lvcreate 创建LV
lvdisplay 显示LV属性
lvextend 扩展LV容量
lvreduce 减少LV容量
lvremove 删除LV
lvrename 重命名LV
lvresize 调整LV容量
lvs 查询LV信息
# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root centos -wi-ao---- 36.99g
swap centos -wi-ao---- 2.00glvscan 查询LV
# lvscan
ACTIVE ‘/dev/centos/swap‘ [2.00 GiB] inherit
ACTIVE ‘/dev/centos/root‘ [36.99 GiB] inherit创建LV
从testvg创建名为lv1，容量为4G的LV
# lvcreate -L 4G -n lv1 testvg
Logical volume "lv1" created.查看新建LV状态：
# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/testvg/lv1
LV Name lv1
VG Name testvg
LV UUID Dt6e9v-1NGf-HIZp-tUYh-2Rbl-SAEk-W8YOpL
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-02-24 13:10:28 +0800
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 4.00 GiB
Current LE 256
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:2格式化和mount：
LV必须使用全名。
# mkfs -t xfs /dev/testvg/lv1
# mkdir /mnt/lvm
# mount /dev/testvg/lv1 /mnt/lvm查看LV:
# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/testvg-lv1 4.0G 33M 4.0G 1% /mnt/lvm以上是关于LVM逻辑卷管理的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章