分页
Django的分页器(paginator)
view
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here. from app01.models import * from django.core.paginator import Paginator, EmptyPage, PageNotAnInteger def index(request): ‘‘‘ 批量导入数据: Booklist=[] for i in range(100): Booklist.append(Book(title="book"+str(i),price=30+i*i)) Book.objects.bulk_create(Booklist) ‘‘‘ ‘‘‘ 分页器的使用: book_list=Book.objects.all() paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10) print("count:",paginator.count) #数据总数 print("num_pages",paginator.num_pages) #总页数 print("page_range",paginator.page_range) #页码的列表 page1=paginator.page(1) #第1页的page对象 for i in page1: #遍历第1页的所有数据对象 print(i) print(page1.object_list) #第1页的所有数据 page2=paginator.page(2) print(page2.has_next()) #是否有下一页 print(page2.next_page_number()) #下一页的页码 print(page2.has_previous()) #是否有上一页 print(page2.previous_page_number()) #上一页的页码 # 抛错 #page=paginator.page(12) # error:EmptyPage #page=paginator.page("z") # error:PageNotAnInteger ‘‘‘ book_list=Book.objects.all() paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10) page = request.GET.get(‘page‘,1) currentPage=int(page) try: print(page) book_list = paginator.page(page) except PageNotAnInteger: book_list = paginator.page(1) except EmptyPage: book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages) return render(request,"index.html",{"book_list":book_list,"paginator":paginator,"currentPage":currentPage})
index.html:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css"
integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous"> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <h4>分页器</h4> <ul> {% for book in book_list %} <li>{{ book.title }} -----{{ book.price }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <ul class="pagination" id="pager"> {% if book_list.has_previous %} <li class="previous"><a href="/index/?page={{ book_list.previous_page_number }}">上一页</a></li> {% else %} <li class="previous disabled"><a href="#">上一页</a></li> {% endif %} {% for num in paginator.page_range %} {% if num == currentPage %} <li class="item active"><a href="/index/?page={{ num }}">{{ num }}</a></li> {% else %} <li class="item"><a href="/index/?page={{ num }}">{{ num }}</a></li> {% endif %} {% endfor %} {% if book_list.has_next %} <li class="next"><a href="/index/?page={{ book_list.next_page_number }}">下一页</a></li> {% else %} <li class="next disabled"><a href="#">下一页</a></li> {% endif %} </ul> </div> </body> </html>
扩展
def index(request): book_list=Book.objects.all() paginator = Paginator(book_list, 15) page = request.GET.get(‘page‘,1) currentPage=int(page) # 如果页数十分多时,换另外一种显示方式 if paginator.num_pages>30: if currentPage-5<1: pageRange=range(1,11) elif currentPage+5>paginator.num_pages: pageRange=range(currentPage-5,paginator.num_pages+1) else: pageRange=range(currentPage-5,currentPage+5) else: pageRange=paginator.page_range try: print(page) book_list = paginator.page(page) except PageNotAnInteger: book_list = paginator.page(1) except EmptyPage: book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages) return render(request,"index.html",locals())
中间件
中间件的概念
中间件顾名思义,是介于request与response处理之间的一道处理过程,相对比较轻量级,并且在全局上改变django的输入与输出。因为改变的是全局,所以需要谨慎实用,用不好会影响到性能。
Django的中间件的定义:
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Middleware is a framework of hooks into Django’s request / response processing. <br>It’s a light, low - level “plugin” system for globally altering Django’s input or output. |
如果你想修改请求,例如被传送到view中的HttpRequest对象。 或者你想修改view返回的HttpResponse对象,这些都可以通过中间件来实现。
可能你还想在view执行之前做一些操作,这种情况就可以用 middleware来实现。
大家可能频繁在view使用request.user
吧。 Django想在每个view执行之前把user设置为request的属性,于是就用了一个中间件来实现这个目标。所以Django提供了可以修改request 对象的中间件 AuthenticationMiddleware
。
Django默认的Middleware
:
MIDDLEWARE = [ ‘django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware‘, ‘django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware‘, ‘django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware‘, ‘django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware‘, ‘django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware‘, ‘django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware‘, ‘django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware‘, ]
每一个中间件都有具体的功能。
自定义中间件
中间件中一共有四个方法:
process_request
process_view
process_exception
process_response
process_request,process_response
当用户发起请求的时候会依次经过所有的的中间件,这个时候的请求时process_request,最后到达views的函数中,views函数处理后,在依次穿过中间件,这个时候是process_response,最后返回给请求者。
上述截图中的中间件都是django中的,我们也可以自己定义一个中间件,我们可以自己写一个类,但是必须继承MiddlewareMixin
需要导入
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from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin |
注意:在使用之前需要在settings中配置一下,在MIDDLEWARE中加上我们自定义的中间件,注意顺序,从上往下加载读取,这个顺序会影响执行顺序
in views:
def index(request): print("view函数...") return HttpResponse("OK")
in Mymiddlewares.py:
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1请求") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md2请求")
#return HttpResponse("Md2中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response
结果:
Md1请求
Md2请求
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
注意:如果当请求到达请求2的时候直接不符合条件返回,即return HttpResponse("Md2中断"),程序将把请求直接发给中间件2返回,然后依次返回到请求者,结果如下:
返回Md2中断的页面,后台打印如下:
Md1请求
Md2请求
Md2返回
Md1返回
流程图如下:
即:
当 def process_request
# 无返回值:继续执行后续中间件和视图函数
# 有返回值:执行自己的process_response和上面的response
process_view
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process_view( self , request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs) |
Mymiddlewares.py修改如下
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1请求") #return HttpResponse("Md1中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("Md1view") class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md2请求") return HttpResponse("Md2中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("Md2view")
结果如下:
Md1请求
Md2请求
Md1view
Md2view
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
下图进行分析上面的过程:
当最后一个中间的process_request到达路由关系映射之后,返回到中间件1的process_view,然后依次往下,到达views函数,最后通过process_response依次返回到达用户。
process_view可以用来调用视图函数:
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1请求") #return HttpResponse("Md1中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): # return HttpResponse("hello") response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs) return response
结果如下:
Md1请求
Md2请求
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
注意:process_view如果有返回值,会越过其他的process_view以及视图函数,但是所有的process_response都还会执行。
process_exception
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process_exception( self , request, exception) |
示例修改如下:
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1请求") #return HttpResponse("Md1中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): # return HttpResponse("hello") # response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs) # return response print("md1 process_view...") def process_exception(self): print("md1 process_exception...") class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md2请求") # return HttpResponse("Md2中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("md2 process_view...") def process_exception(self): print("md1 process_exception...")
结果如下:
Md1请求
Md2请求
md1 process_view...
md2 process_view...
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
流程图如下:
当views出现错误时:
将md2的process_exception修改如下:
def process_exception(self,request,exception): print("md2 process_exception...") return HttpResponse("error")
结果如下:
Md1请求
Md2请求
md1 process_view...
md2 process_view...
view函数...
md2 process_exception...
Md2返回
Md1返回