HTTP Digest Authentication 使用心得
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简介
浏览器弹出这个原生的用户登录对话框，想必大家都不陌生，就是 HTTP Baisc 认证的机制。
这是浏览器自带的，遵循 RFC2617/7617 协议。但必须指出的是，遇到这界面，不一定是 Basic Authentication，也可能是 Digest Authentication。关于浏览器自带的认证，简单说有以下版本：
- Basic: RFC 2617 (1999) -> RFC 7617 (2015)
- Digest: RFC 2069 (1997) -> RFC 2617 (1999) -> RFC 7617 (2015)
- OAuth 1.0 (Twitter, 2007)
- OAuth 2.0 (2012)/Bearer (OAuth 2.0): RFC 6750 (2012)
- JSON Web Tokens (JWT): RFC 7519 (2015)
可參照 MDN - HTTP authentication 了解更多。
Basic 为最简单版本（我 13 年有博文《Java Web 实现 HTTP Basic 认证》曾经探讨过），密码就用 Base64 编码一下，安全性低等于裸奔，好处是够简单；今天说的 Digest，不直接使用密码，而是密码的 MD5。虽说不是百分百安全（也不存在百分百）但安全性立马高级很多。
原生实现
试验一个新技术，我最喜欢简单直接无太多封装的原生代码，——就让我们通过经典 Servlet 的例子看看如何实现 Digest Authentication；另外最后针对我自己的框架，提供另外一个封装的版本，仅依赖 Spring 和我自己的一个库。
开门见山，先贴完整代码。
package com;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.apache.commons.codec.digest.DigestUtils;
/**
* Servlet implementation class TestController
*/
@WebServlet("/foo")
public class TestController extends HttpServlet
/**
* 用户名，你可以改为你配置的
*/
private String userName = "usm";
/**
* 密码，你可以改为你配置的
*/
private String password = "password";
/**
*
*/
private String authMethod = "auth";
/**
*
*/
private String realm = "example.com";
public String nonce;
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
/**
* 定时器，每分钟刷新 nonce
*/
public TestController()
nonce = calculateNonce();
Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1).scheduleAtFixedRate(() ->
// log("刷新 Nonce....");
nonce = calculateNonce();
, 1, 1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
protected void authenticate(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
resp.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
String requestBody = readRequestBody(req);
String authHeader = req.getHeader("Authorization");
try (PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();)
if (isBlank(authHeader))
resp.addHeader("WWW-Authenticate", getAuthenticateHeader());
resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_UNAUTHORIZED);
else
if (authHeader.startsWith("Digest"))
// parse the values of the Authentication header into a hashmap
Map<String, String> headerValues = parseHeader(authHeader);
String method = req.getMethod();
String ha1 = md5Hex(userName + ":" + realm + ":" + password);
String ha2;
String qop = headerValues.get("qop");
String reqURI = headerValues.get("uri");
if (!isBlank(qop) && qop.equals("auth-int"))
String entityBodyMd5 = md5Hex(requestBody);
ha2 = md5Hex(method + ":" + reqURI + ":" + entityBodyMd5);
else
ha2 = md5Hex(method + ":" + reqURI);
String serverResponse;
if (isBlank(qop))
serverResponse = md5Hex(ha1 + ":" + nonce + ":" + ha2);
else
// String domain = headerValues.get("realm");
String nonceCount = headerValues.get("nc");
String clientNonce = headerValues.get("cnonce");
serverResponse = md5Hex(ha1 + ":" + nonce + ":" + nonceCount + ":" + clientNonce + ":" + qop + ":" + ha2);
String clientResponse = headerValues.get("response");
if (!serverResponse.equals(clientResponse))
resp.addHeader("WWW-Authenticate", getAuthenticateHeader());
resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_UNAUTHORIZED);
else
resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_UNAUTHORIZED, " This Servlet only supports Digest Authorization");
out.println("<head>");
out.println("<title>Servlet HttpDigestAuth</title>");
out.println("</head>");
out.println("<body>");
out.println("<h1>已通过 HttpDigestAuth 认证 at" + req.getContextPath() + "</h1>");
out.println("</body>");
out.println("</html>");
catch (IOException e)
e.printStackTrace();
private static String md5Hex(String string)
return DigestUtils.md5Hex(string);
// try
// MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
// md.update(password.getBytes());
// byte[] digest = md.digest();
//
// return DatatypeConverter.printHexBinary(digest).toUpperCase();
// catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e)
// e.printStackTrace();
//
// return null;
/**
* Handles the HTTP
* <code>GET</code> method.
*
* @param request servlet request
* @param response servlet response
* @throws ServletException if a servlet-specific error occurs
* @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
*/
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException
authenticate(request, response);
/**
* Handles the HTTP
* <code>POST</code> method.
*
* @param request servlet request
* @param response servlet response
* @throws ServletException if a servlet-specific error occurs
* @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
*/
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException
authenticate(request, response);
/**
* Returns a short description of the servlet.
*
* @return a String containing servlet description
*/
@Override
public String getServletInfo()
return "This Servlet Implements The HTTP Digest Auth as per RFC2617";
/**
* 解析 Authorization 头，将其转换为一个 Map
* Gets the Authorization header string minus the "AuthType" and returns a
* hashMap of keys and values
*
* @param header
* @return
*/
private static Map<String, String> parseHeader(String header)
// seperte out the part of the string which tells you which Auth scheme is it
String headerWithoutScheme = header.substring(header.indexOf(" ") + 1).trim();
String keyValue[] = headerWithoutScheme.split(",");
Map<String, String> values = new HashMap<>();
for (String keyval : keyValue)
if (keyval.contains("="))
String key = keyval.substring(0, keyval.indexOf("="));
String value = keyval.substring(keyval.indexOf("=") + 1);
values.put(key.trim(), value.replaceAll("\\"", "").trim());
return values;
/**
* 生成认证的 HTTP 头
*
* @return
*/
private String getAuthenticateHeader()
String header = "";
header += "Digest realm=\\"" + realm + "\\",";
if (!isBlank(authMethod))
header += "qop=" + authMethod + ",";
header += "nonce=\\"" + nonce + "\\",";
header += "opaque=\\"" + getOpaque(realm, nonce) + "\\"";
return header;
private boolean isBlank(String str)
return str == null || "".equals(str);
/**
* 根据时间和随机数生成 nonce
*
* Calculate the nonce based on current time-stamp upto the second, and a random seed
*
* @return
*/
public String calculateNonce()
Date d = new Date();
String fmtDate = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy:MM:dd:hh:mm:ss").format(d);
Integer randomInt = new Random(100000).nextInt();
return md5Hex(fmtDate + randomInt.toString());
/**
* 域名跟 nonce 的 md5 = Opaque
*
* @param domain
* @param nonce
* @return
*/
private static String getOpaque(String domain, String nonce)
return md5Hex(domain + nonce);
/**
* 返回请求体
*
* Returns the request body as String
*
* @param request
* @return
*/
private String readRequestBody(HttpServletRequest request)
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
try (InputStream inputStream = request.getInputStream();)
if (inputStream != null)
try (BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inputStream));)
char[] charBuffer = new char[128];
int bytesRead = -1;
while ((bytesRead = bufferedReader.read(charBuffer)) > 0)
sb.append(charBuffer, 0, bytesRead);
else
sb.append("");
catch (IOException e)
e.printStackTrace();
return sb.toString();
注意 MD5 部分依赖了这个：
<dependency>
<groupId>commons-codec</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-codec</artifactId>
<version>1.14</version>
</dependency>
这是源自老外的代码，是一个标准 Servlet，但我觉得是 Filter 更合理，而且没有定义如何鉴权通过后的操作（当前只是显示一段文本），有时间的话我再改改。
封装一下
结合自己的库封装一下。
package com;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Random;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.springframework.util.DigestUtils;
import com.ajaxjs.util.SetTimeout;
import com.ajaxjs.util.io.StreamHelper;
/**
* Servlet implementation class TestController
*/
@WebServlet("/bar")
public class TestController2 extends HttpServlet
/**
* 用户名，你可以改为你配置的
*/
private String userName = "usm";
/**
* 密码，你可以改为你配置的
*/
private String password = "password";
/**
*
*/
private String authMethod = "auth";
/**
*
*/
private String realm = "example.com";
public String nonce;
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
/**
* 定时器，每分钟刷新 nonce
*/
public TestController2()
nonce = calculateNonce();
SetTimeout.timeout(() ->
// log("刷新 Nonce....");
nonce = calculateNonce();
, 1, 1);
protected void authenticate(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
resp.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
String authHeader = req.getHeader("Authorization");
try (PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();)
if (isBlank(authHeader))
resp.addHeader("WWW-Authenticate", getAuthenticateHeader());
resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_UNAUTHORIZED);
else
if (authHeader.startsWith("Digest"))
// parse the values of the Authentication header into a hashmap
Map<String, String> headerValues = parseHeader(authHeader);
String method = req.getMethod();
String ha1 = md5Hex(userName + ":" + realm + ":" + password);
String ha2;
String qop = headerValues.get("qop");
String reqURI = headerValues.get("uri");
if (!isBlank(qop) &&am以上是关于HTTP Digest Authentication 使用心得的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章
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