rpm工具使用yum工具使用源码包安装yum更换国内源使用系统盘搭建本地仓库源

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Linux安装软件包的三种方法

rpm工具:预先在Linux机器上编译并打包安装的文件,安装迅速。(缺点:安装程序包时,有可能因为依赖另外一个程序包而无法安装)
yum工具:可以使用工具安装时,同时将依赖的另外的程序包同时安装好;(CentOS中免费,Red Hat里需要付费)
源码包:一般源码包都是通过C语言开发出来的,Linux机器必须安装gcc才能编译;



检测命令

echo $?
检查上一条命令是否错误 
0为正确 1为错误




RPM工具

rpm包格式:包名、版本号、发布版本号、平台
举例:libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90-5.el7.x86_64.rpm
包名为:libjpeg-turbo-devel
版本号:1.2.90
发布版本号:5.el7
平台:x86_64

准备工作:
光驱设置好系统安装盘镜像,将光驱挂载到/mnt目录下:

[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/
mount: /dev/sr0 写保护,将以只读方式挂载
[[email protected] ~]# df -h |grep -v tmpfs
文件系统        容量  已用  可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda3        28G  1.5G   27G    6% /
/dev/sda1       197M   97M  100M   50% /boot
/dev/sr0        4.3G  4.3G     0  100% /mnt
[[email protected] ~]# cd /mnt/
[[email protected] mnt]# ls
CentOS_BuildTag  EULA  images    LiveOS    repodata              RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7
EFI              GPL   isolinux  Packages  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7  TRANS.TBL
[[email protected] mnt]#

安装RPM包

格式:
rpm -ivh [rpm包文件]

[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
准备中...                          ################################# [100%]
正在升级/安装...
   1:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7                 ################################# [100%]
[[email protected] Packages]#

升级RPM包

格式:
rpm -Uvh [rpm包文件]

卸载RPM包

格式:
rpm -e [rpm包名]

[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -e zsh
[[email protected] Packages]#

查询

查询安装的包

格式:
rpm -qa

查询指定包是否安装

格式:
rpm -q [包名]

查询指定包信息

格式:
rpm -qi [包名]

列出包安装的文件

格式:
rpm -ql [包名]

[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -ql vim-enhanced
/etc/profile.d/vim.csh
/etc/profile.d/vim.sh
/usr/bin/rvim
/usr/bin/vim
/usr/bin/vimdiff
/usr/bin/vimtutor
[[email protected] Packages]#

列出某个文件属于哪个RPM包

格式:
rpm -qf [文件绝对路径]

[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/vim
vim-enhanced-7.4.160-2.el7.x86_64
[[email protected] Packages]#






yum工具

yum工具最大的优势就是可以在联网去下载所需要的RPM包,然后自动安装。如果要安装的RPM包邮依赖关系,yum工具会帮我们依次安装所有相关的RPM包;

列出所有RPM包

格式:
yum list

[r[email protected] Packages]# yum list | head -n 10
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* epel: mirrors.sohu.com
已安装的软件包
GeoIP.x86_64                              1.5.0-11.el7                 @anaconda
NetworkManager.x86_64                     1:1.8.0-9.el7                @anaconda
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64               1:1.8.0-9.el7                @anaconda
NetworkManager-team.x86_64                1:1.8.0-9.el7                @anaconda
NetworkManager-tui.x86_64                 1:1.8.0-9.el7                @anaconda
NetworkManager-wifi.x86_64                1:1.8.0-9.el7                @anaconda
由于管道被破坏而退出
[[email protected] Packages]#


搜索RPM包

格式:
yum search [关键词]

[[email protected] Packages]# yum search vim
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* epel: mirrors.sohu.com
======================================== N/S matched: vim ========================================
beakerlib-vim-syntax.noarch : Files for syntax highlighting BeakerLib tests in VIM editor
fluxbox-vim-syntax.noarch : Fluxbox syntax scripts for vim
neovim.x86_64 : Vim-fork focused on extensibility and agility
protobuf-vim.x86_64 : Vim syntax highlighting for Google Protocol Buffers descriptions
python2-neovim.noarch : Python client to Neovim
python34-neovim.noarch : Python client to Neovim
vim-X11.x86_64 : The VIM version of the vi editor for the X Window System
vim-common.x86_64 : The common files needed by any version of the VIM editor
vim-enhanced.x86_64 : A version of the VIM editor which includes recent enhancements
vim-filesystem.x86_64 : VIM filesystem layout
vim-go.x86_64 : Go development plugin for Vim
vim-gtk-syntax.noarch : Vim syntax highlighting for GLib, Gtk+, Gstreamer, and more
vim-minimal.x86_64 : A minimal version of the VIM editor
vim-vimoutliner.noarch : Script for building an outline editor on top of Vim
xtuple-csvimp-devel.x86_64 : CSVImp development files
vim-halibut.noarch : Syntax file for the halibut manual tool
xtuple-csvimp.x86_64 : xTuple data import utility
  名称和简介匹配 only,使用“search all”试试。
[[email protected] Packages]#

使用管道符搜索
yum list | grep ‘vim‘

[[email protected] Packages]# yum list | grep ‘vim‘
vim-common.x86_64                         2:7.4.160-2.el7              @base    
vim-enhanced.x86_64                       2:7.4.160-2.el7              @base    
vim-filesystem.x86_64                     2:7.4.160-2.el7              @base    
vim-minimal.x86_64                        2:7.4.160-2.el7              @anaconda
beakerlib-vim-syntax.noarch               1.16-3.el7                   epel     
fluxbox-vim-syntax.noarch                 1.3.7-1.el7                  epel     
neovim.x86_64                             0.2.0-2.el7                  epel     
protobuf-vim.x86_64                       2.5.0-8.el7                  base     
python2-neovim.noarch                     0.1.13-3.el7                 epel     
python34-neovim.noarch                    0.1.13-3.el7                 epel     
vim-X11.x86_64                            2:7.4.160-2.el7              base     
vim-go.x86_64                             1.8-3.el7                    epel     
vim-gtk-syntax.noarch                     20130716-1.el7               epel     
vim-halibut.noarch                        1.2-1.el7                    epel     
vim-vimoutliner.noarch                    0.3.7-5.el7                  epel     
xtuple-csvimp.x86_64                      0.5.4-8.el7                  epel     
xtuple-csvimp-devel.x86_64                0.5.4-8.el7                  epel     
[[email protected] Packages]#

安装RPM包

格式:
yum install [-y] [包名]

[[email protected] Packages]# yum install -y protobuf
已加载插件:fastestmirror
base                                                                       | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
epel/x86_64/metalink                                                       | 8.0 kB  00:00:00     
epel                                                                       | 4.7 kB  00:00:00     
extras                                                                     | 3.4 kB  00:00:00     
updates                                                                    | 3.4 kB  00:00:00     
(1/4): epel/x86_64/updateinfo                                              | 866 kB  00:00:05     
(2/4): epel/x86_64/primary_db                                              | 6.2 MB  00:00:00     
(3/4): extras/7/x86_64/primary_db                                          | 145 kB  00:00:05     
(4/4): updates/7/x86_64/primary_db                                         | 5.2 MB  00:00:09     
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* epel: mirrors.sohu.com
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 protobuf.x86_64.0.2.5.0-8.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成
依赖关系解决
==================================================================================================
Package                架构                 版本                        源                  大小
==================================================================================================
正在安装:
protobuf               x86_64               2.5.0-8.el7                 base               338 k
事务概要
==================================================================================================
安装  1 软件包
总下载量:338 k
安装大小:1.1 M
Downloading packages:
protobuf-2.5.0-8.el7.x86_64.rpm                                            | 338 kB  00:00:05     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  正在安装    : protobuf-2.5.0-8.el7.x86_64                                                   1/1
  验证中      : protobuf-2.5.0-8.el7.x86_64                                                   1/1
已安装:
  protobuf.x86_64 0:2.5.0-8.el7                                                                   
完毕!
[[email protected] Packages]#

卸载RPM包

格式:



yum remove [-y] [RPM包]

升级RPM包

格式:



yum update [-y] [RPM包]

根据命令来查询安装包

格式:
yum provides “[命令]”

yum provides "/*/vim"

搭建yum本地仓库

当系统无法联网时,就无法便捷实用yum工具了,此时我们可以实用光盘系统制作yum源;

挂载镜像到/mnt目录



mount /dev/cdrom /mnt

备份文件



cp -r /etc/yum.repos.d /etc/yum.repos.d.bak

删除文件

[[email protected] Packages]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# rm -rf ./*


创建新文件

/etc/yum.repos.d/dvd.repo
以及文件内容

[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/dvd.repo


[dvd]
name=install dvd
baseurl=file:///mnt
enable=1
gpcheck=0

清除缓存

yum clean all

[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
已加载插件:fastestmirror
正在清理软件源: dvd
Cleaning up everything
Maybe you want: rm -rf /var/cache/yum, to also free up space taken by orphaned data from disabled or removed repos
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]#

刷新生成缓存

yum makecache

[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum makecache
已加载插件:fastestmirror
dvd                                                                        | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
(1/4): dvd/group_gz                                                        | 156 kB  00:00:00     
(2/4): dvd/filelists_db                                                    | 3.1 MB  00:00:00     
(3/4): dvd/primary_db                                                      | 3.1 MB  00:00:00     
(4/4): dvd/other_db                                                        | 1.2 MB  00:00:00     
Determining fastest mirrors
元数据缓存已建立
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]#

安装软件包

[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum install -y tftp
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 tftp.x86_64.0.5.2-13.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成
依赖关系解决
==================================================================================================
Package              架构                   版本                       源                   大小
==================================================================================================
正在安装:
tftp                 x86_64                 5.2-13.el7                 dvd                  35 k
事务概要
==================================================================================================
安装  1 软件包
总下载量:35 k
安装大小:48 k
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  正在安装    : tftp-5.2-13.el7.x86_64                                                        1/1
  验证中      : tftp-5.2-13.el7.x86_64                                                        1/1
已安装:
  tftp.x86_64 0:5.2-13.el7                                                                        
完毕!
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]#


更换yum仓库源

yum联网下载源一般都是国外网络资源,我们为了更快安装可以更换为国内的资源下载;

进入目录



cd /etc/yum.repos.d

删除文件



rm -rf CentOS-Base.repo

下载163源

wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo

[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
--2018-01-09 01:13:09--  http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
正在解析主机 mirrors.163.com (mirrors.163.com)... 59.111.0.251
正在连接 mirrors.163.com (mirrors.163.com)|59.111.0.251|:80... 已连接。
已发出 HTTP 请求,正在等待回应... 200 OK
长度:1572 (1.5K) [application/octet-stream]
正在保存至: “CentOS7-Base-163.repo”
100%[========================================================>] 1,572       --.-K/s 用时 0s      
2018-01-09 01:13:15 (108 MB/s) - 已保存 “CentOS7-Base-163.repo” [1572/1572])
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS7-Base-163.repo  CentOS-Debuginfo.repo  CentOS-Media.repo    CentOS-Vault.repo
CentOS-CR.repo         CentOS-fasttrack.repo  CentOS-Sources.repo
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]#

或者



curl -O http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo




yum下载rpm包

有时候我们需要下载RPM包但不安装,仅仅是复制给其他机器使用;

下载RPM包而不安装

默认RPM包保存路径为/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/
格式:
yum install [包名] -y --downloadonly

[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum install zsh --downloadonly
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 zsh.x86_64.0.5.0.2-28.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成
依赖关系解决
==================================================================================================
Package            架构                  版本                          源                   大小
==================================================================================================
正在安装:
zsh                x86_64                5.0.2-28.el7                  base                2.4 M
事务概要
==================================================================================================
安装  1 软件包
总计:2.4 M
安装大小:5.6 M
Background downloading packages, then exiting:
exiting because "Download Only" specified
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# rpm -q zsh
未安装软件包 zsh
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# ls /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/
zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]#

指定下载RPM包的保存路径

格式:
yum install [包名] --downloadonly --downloaddir=[路径]

[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum install zsh --downloadonly --downloaddir=/tmp/
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 zsh.x86_64.0.5.0.2-28.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成
依赖关系解决
==================================================================================================
Package            架构                  版本                          源                   大小
==================================================================================================
正在安装:
zsh                x86_64                5.0.2-28.el7                  base                2.4 M
事务概要
==================================================================================================
安装  1 软件包
总下载量:2.4 M
安装大小:5.6 M
Background downloading packages, then exiting:
exiting because "Download Only" specified
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# ls /tmp/
1.txt
b
d6z
d6z.tar
systemd-private-29a53244520c4fe384fbfe93dd3912c7-chronyd.service-4xzXLI
systemd-private-29a53244520c4fe384fbfe93dd3912c7-vgauthd.service-G8e3b4
systemd-private-29a53244520c4fe384fbfe93dd3912c7-vmtoolsd.service-w9qRlq
yum_save_tx.2018-01-09.01-34.V0zRaP.yumtx
yum_save_tx.2018-01-09.01-36.aUdoib.yumtx
yum_save_tx.2018-01-09.01-37.eAOZ3u.yumtx
yum_save_tx.2018-01-09.01-43.UDTWTf.yumtx
zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]#

下载已安装的RPM包

格式:
yum reinstall -y [包名] --downloadonly --downloaddir=[路径]

[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum reinstall vim-enhanced.x86_64 --downloadonly --downloaddir=/tmp/
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 vim-enhanced.x86_64.2.7.4.160-2.el7 将被 已重新安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成
依赖关系解决
==================================================================================================
Package                  架构               版本                          源                大小
==================================================================================================
重新安装:
vim-enhanced             x86_64             2:7.4.160-2.el7               base             1.0 M
事务概要
==================================================================================================
重新安装  1 软件包
总下载量:1.0 M
安装大小:2.2 M
Background downloading packages, then exiting:
vim-enhanced-7.4.160-2.el7.x86_64.rpm                                      | 1.0 MB  00:00:06     
exiting because "Download Only" specified
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# ls /tmp/
1.txt
b
d6z
d6z.tar
systemd-private-29a53244520c4fe384fbfe93dd3912c7-chronyd.service-4xzXLI
systemd-private-29a53244520c4fe384fbfe93dd3912c7-vgauthd.service-G8e3b4
systemd-private-29a53244520c4fe384fbfe93dd3912c7-vmtoolsd.service-w9qRlq
vim-enhanced-7.4.160-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
yum_save_tx.2018-01-09.01-34.V0zRaP.yumtx
yum_save_tx.2018-01-09.01-36.aUdoib.yumtx
yum_save_tx.2018-01-09.01-37.eAOZ3u.yumtx
yum_save_tx.2018-01-09.01-43.UDTWTf.yumtx
yum_save_tx.2018-01-09.01-46.58Zlvk.yumtx
zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]#




源码包安装

删除目录即可删除源码包;
源码包的编译必须通过GCC编译器,所以必须安装好gcc才能正常安装源码包;

yum install -y gcc

进入下载目录

cd /usr/local/src

下载源码包

wget http://mirrors.cnnic.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz

[[email protected] src]# wget http://mirrors.cnnic.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz
--2018-01-09 01:51:34--  http://mirrors.cnnic.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz
正在解析主机 mirrors.cnnic.cn (mirrors.cnnic.cn)... 101.6.6.178, 2402:f000:1:416:101:6:6:178
正在连接 mirrors.cnnic.cn (mirrors.cnnic.cn)|101.6.6.178|:80... 已连接。
已发出 HTTP 请求,正在等待回应... 200 OK
长度:7684419 (7.3M) [application/octet-stream]
正在保存至: “httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz”
100%[========================================================>] 7,684,419   1.09MB/s 用时 6.8s   
2018-01-09 01:51:46 (1.08 MB/s) - 已保存 “httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz” [7684419/7684419])
[[email protected] src]#

解压源码包



tar -zxvf httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz

查看如何安装



more INSTALL

安装方法

     $ ./configure --prefix=PREFIX
     $ make
     $ make install
     $ PREFIX/bin/apachectl start

指定安装路径



./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2

编译



make

安装源码包



make install

运行进程



/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start

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