curl 命令详解

Posted 2020-10-19

curl 命令详解

一：curl简介及语法

curl是一个访问url的工具，可以用它构造http request报文，且可以解析服务器返回的http response，额外还支持cookie特性，可以用curl完成web浏览器的基本功能，curl还支持HTTPS/FTP/FTPS/TELNET/LDAP等协议。如下图：

[[email protected]_110_98_centos ~]# curl --help

Usage: curl [options...] <url>

Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only

     --anyauth       Pick "any" authentication method (H)

 -a, --append        Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)

     --basic         Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)

     --cacert FILE   CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)

     --capath DIR    CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)

 -E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD] Client certificate file and password (SSL)

     --cert-type TYPE Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)

     --ciphers LIST  SSL ciphers to use (SSL)

     --compressed    Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)

 -K, --config FILE   Specify which config file to read

     --connect-timeout SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for connection

 -C, --continue-at OFFSET  Resumed transfer offset

 -b, --cookie STRING/FILE  String or file to read cookies from (H)

 -c, --cookie-jar FILE  Write cookies to this file after operation (H)

     --create-dirs   Create necessary local directory hierarchy

     --crlf          Convert LF to CRLF in upload

     --crlfile FILE  Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file

 -d, --data DATA     HTTP POST data (H)

     --data-ascii DATA  HTTP POST ASCII data (H)

     --data-binary DATA  HTTP POST binary data (H)

     --data-urlencode DATA  HTTP POST data url encoded (H)

     --delegation STRING GSS-API delegation permission

     --digest        Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)

     --disable-eprt  Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)

     --disable-epsv  Inhibit using EPSV (F)

 -D, --dump-header FILE  Write the headers to this file

     --egd-file FILE  EGD socket path for random data (SSL)

     --engine ENGINGE  Crypto engine (SSL). "--engine list" for list

 -f, --fail          Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)

 -F, --form CONTENT  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)

     --form-string STRING  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)

     --ftp-account DATA  Account data string (F)

     --ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND  String to replace "USER [name]" (F)

     --ftp-create-dirs  Create the remote dirs if not present (F)

     --ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD] Control CWD usage (F)

     --ftp-pasv      Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)

 -P, --ftp-port ADR  Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)

     --ftp-skip-pasv-ip Skip the IP address for PASV (F)

     --ftp-pret      Send PRET before PASV (for drftpd) (F)

     --ftp-ssl-ccc   Send CCC after authenticating (F)

     --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode ACTIVE/PASSIVE  Set CCC mode (F)

     --ftp-ssl-control Require SSL/TLS for ftp login, clear for transfer (F)

 -G, --get           Send the -d data with a HTTP GET (H)

 -g, --globoff       Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []

 -H, --header LINE   Custom header to pass to server (H)

 -I, --head          Show document info only

 -h, --help          This help text

     --hostpubmd5 MD5  Hex encoded MD5 string of the host public key. (SSH)

 -0, --http1.0       Use HTTP 1.0 (H)

     --ignore-content-length  Ignore the HTTP Content-Length header

 -i, --include       Include protocol headers in the output (H/F)

 -k, --insecure      Allow connections to SSL sites without certs (H)

     --interface INTERFACE  Specify network interface/address to use

 -4, --ipv4          Resolve name to IPv4 address

 -6, --ipv6          Resolve name to IPv6 address

 -j, --junk-session-cookies Ignore session cookies read from file (H)

     --keepalive-time SECONDS  Interval between keepalive probes

     --key KEY       Private key file name (SSL/SSH)

     --key-type TYPE Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)

     --krb LEVEL     Enable Kerberos with specified security level (F)

     --libcurl FILE  Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line

     --limit-rate RATE  Limit transfer speed to this rate

 -l, --list-only     List only names of an FTP directory (F)

     --local-port RANGE  Force use of these local port numbers

 -L, --location      Follow redirects (H)

     --location-trusted like --location and send auth to other hosts (H)

 -M, --manual        Display the full manual

     --mail-from FROM  Mail from this address

     --mail-rcpt TO  Mail to this receiver(s)

     --mail-auth AUTH  Originator address of the original email

     --max-filesize BYTES  Maximum file size to download (H/F)

     --max-redirs NUM  Maximum number of redirects allowed (H)

 -m, --max-time SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for the transfer

     --metalink      Process given URLs as metalink XML file

     --negotiate     Use HTTP Negotiate Authentication (H)

 -n, --netrc         Must read .netrc for user name and password

     --netrc-optional Use either .netrc or URL; overrides -n

     --netrc-file FILE  Set up the netrc filename to use

 -N, --no-buffer     Disable buffering of the output stream

     --no-keepalive  Disable keepalive use on the connection

     --no-sessionid  Disable SSL session-ID reusing (SSL)

     --noproxy       List of hosts which do not use proxy

     --ntlm          Use HTTP NTLM authentication (H)

 -o, --output FILE   Write output to <file> instead of stdout

     --pass PASS     Pass phrase for the private key (SSL/SSH)

     --post301       Do not switch to GET after following a 301 redirect (H)

     --post302       Do not switch to GET after following a 302 redirect (H)

     --post303       Do not switch to GET after following a 303 redirect (H)

 -#, --progress-bar  Display transfer progress as a progress bar

     --proto PROTOCOLS  Enable/disable specified protocols

     --proto-redir PROTOCOLS  Enable/disable specified protocols on redirect

 -x, --proxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT] Use proxy on given port

     --proxy-anyauth Pick "any" proxy authentication method (H)

     --proxy-basic   Use Basic authentication on the proxy (H)

     --proxy-digest  Use Digest authentication on the proxy (H)

     --proxy-negotiate Use Negotiate authentication on the proxy (H)

     --proxy-ntlm    Use NTLM authentication on the proxy (H)

 -U, --proxy-user USER[:PASSWORD]  Proxy user and password

     --proxy1.0 HOST[:PORT]  Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port

 -p, --proxytunnel   Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)

     --pubkey KEY    Public key file name (SSH)

 -Q, --quote CMD     Send command(s) to server before transfer (F/SFTP)

     --random-file FILE  File for reading random data from (SSL)

 -r, --range RANGE   Retrieve only the bytes within a range

     --raw           Do HTTP "raw", without any transfer decoding (H)

 -e, --referer       Referer URL (H)

 -J, --remote-header-name Use the header-provided filename (H)

 -O, --remote-name   Write output to a file named as the remote file

     --remote-name-all Use the remote file name for all URLs

 -R, --remote-time   Set the remote file's time on the local output

 -X, --request COMMAND  Specify request command to use

     --resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS  Force resolve of HOST:PORT to ADDRESS

     --retry NUM   Retry request NUM times if transient problems occur

     --retry-delay SECONDS When retrying, wait this many seconds between each

     --retry-max-time SECONDS  Retry only within this period

 -S, --show-error    Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur

 -s, --silent        Silent mode. Don't output anything

     --socks4 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port

     --socks4a HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port

     --socks5 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port

     --socks5-hostname HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy

     --socks5-gssapi-service NAME  SOCKS5 proxy service name for gssapi

     --socks5-gssapi-nec  Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server

 -Y, --speed-limit RATE  Stop transfers below speed-limit for 'speed-time' secs

 -y, --speed-time SECONDS  Time for trig speed-limit abort. Defaults to 30

     --ssl           Try SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)

     --ssl-reqd      Require SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)

 -2, --sslv2         Use SSLv2 (SSL)

 -3, --sslv3         Use SSLv3 (SSL)

     --ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop (SSL)

     --stderr FILE   Where to redirect stderr. - means stdout

     --tcp-nodelay   Use the TCP_NODELAY option

 -t, --telnet-option OPT=VAL  Set telnet option

     --tftp-blksize VALUE  Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512)

 -z, --time-cond TIME  Transfer based on a time condition

 -1, --tlsv1         Use => TLSv1 (SSL)

     --tlsv1.0       Use TLSv1.0 (SSL)

     --tlsv1.1       Use TLSv1.1 (SSL)

     --tlsv1.2       Use TLSv1.2 (SSL)

     --trace FILE    Write a debug trace to the given file

     --trace-ascii FILE  Like --trace but without the hex output

     --trace-time    Add time stamps to trace/verbose output

     --tr-encoding   Request compressed transfer encoding (H)

 -T, --upload-file FILE  Transfer FILE to destination

     --url URL       URL to work with

 -B, --use-ascii     Use ASCII/text transfer

 -u, --user USER[:PASSWORD]  Server user and password

     --tlsuser USER  TLS username

     --tlspassword STRING TLS password

     --tlsauthtype STRING  TLS authentication type (default SRP)

     --unix-socket FILE    Connect through this UNIX domain socket

 -A, --user-agent STRING  User-Agent to send to server (H)

 -v, --verbose       Make the operation more talkative

 -V, --version       Show version number and quit

 -w, --write-out FORMAT  What to output after completion

     --xattr        Store metadata in extended file attributes

 -q                 If used as the first parameter disables .curlrc

常用选项：

-v 详细输出，包含请求和响应的首部

-o test 将指定curl返回保存为test文件，内容从html/jpg到各种MIME类型文件

-O  把输出写到该文件中，保留远程文件的文件名

-C 在保存文件时进行续传

-x  ip:port 指定使用的http代理

-c <file> 保存服务器的cookie文件

-H <header:value>  为HTTP请求设置任意header及值

-S 显示错误信息

-s 静默模式，不输出任何信息

-G 以get的方式发送数据

-f  连接失败是不显示http错误

-d 以post方式传送数据

二：实例

1.只返回状态码

curl -I -m 15 -o /dev/null -s -w %{http_code} www.baidu.com

-I 仅测试HTTP头信息

-m 15 最多查询15s

-o /dev/null 屏蔽原有输出信息

-s  静默模式，不输出任何东西

-w %{http_code} 控制额外输出

2.自定义显示文字和返回状态码

curl -I -m 15 -o /dev/null -s -w "我爱你：%{http_code}" www.baidu.com

3.抓取页面内容到一个文件中（test文件不需要创建）

4. 后面的url要具体到某个文件，不然抓不下来，我们还可以用正则来抓取东西。

下图是在百度中搜索这几天比较热门的李小璐事件为例

复制黏贴这个网址红色箭头的网址http://www.lutouwang.net/detail/17/1231/8jbutue9c.html

curl -O http://www.lutouwang.net/detail/17/1231/8jbutue9c.html

5. 通过--limit-rate选项对CURL的最大网络使用进行限制

curl --limit-rate 1000B -O http://www.lutouwang.net/detail/17/1231/8jbutue9c.html

6. 在访问需要授权的页面时，可通过-u选项提供用户名和密码进行授权

通常的做法是在命令行只输入用户名，之后会提示输入密码，这样可以保证在查看历史命令记录时不会将密码泄露，本例以访问svn服务器为例。

curl -u 用户名 svn地址，之后输入密码即可看到目录

附：官方文档https://curl.haxx.se/docs/manpage.html