栈和队列
Posted m-chen
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一.栈(Stack)
*栈也是一种线性表结构
*相比数组,栈对应的操作是数组的子集
*栈的元素从一端进、同一端出,且为后进先出,Last In First Out(LIFO)
1.栈的应用:
——各种编辑器中无处不在的undo(撤销)操作
——程序调用的系统栈
2.栈的基本实现:
先创建一个接口Stack<E>:
public interface Stack<E> { int getSize(); //栈的大小 boolean isEmpty(); //判断栈是否为空 void push(E e); //入栈 E pop(); //出栈 E peek(); //查看栈顶元素 }
创建类ArrayStack<E>实现接口,实现栈的基本功能:
public class ArrayStack<E> implements Stack<E>{ private Array<E> array; //有参构造函数 public ArrayStack(int capacity) { array = new Array<E>(capacity); } //无参构造函数 public ArrayStack() { array = new Array<E>(); } @Override public int getSize() { return array.getSize(); } @Override public boolean isEmpty() { return array.isEmpty(); } @Override public void push(E e) { array.addLast(e); } @Override public E pop() { return array.removeLast(); } @Override public E peek() { return array.getLast(); } public int getCapacity(){ return array.getCapacity(); } @Override public String toString(){ StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder(); res.append("Stack: "); res.append(‘[‘); for(int i = 0 ; i < array.getSize() ; i ++){ res.append(array.getArr(i)); if(i != array.getSize() - 1) res.append(", "); } res.append("] top"); return res.toString(); } }
用栈的原理解决刮花是否正确的成对出现的问题:
import java.util.Stack; class Solution { public boolean isValid(String s){ Stack<Character> stack = new Stack<>(); for(int i=0; i<s.length(); i++){ char c = s.charAt(i); if(c==‘(‘ || c==‘[‘ || c==‘{‘){ stack.push(c); }else { if(stack.isEmpty()){ return false; } char topChar = stack.pop(); if(topChar==‘(‘ && c!=‘)‘) return false; if(topChar==‘[‘ && c!=‘]‘) return false; if(topChar==‘{‘ && c!=‘}‘) return false; } } return stack.isEmpty(); } public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println((new Solution()).isValid("()[]{}")); System.out.println((new Solution()).isValid("([)]")); System.out.println((new Solution()).isValid("{[]}")); } }
二.队列(Queue)
1.什么是队列?
队列是一种特殊的线性表,特殊之处在于它只允许在表的前端(front)进行删除操作,而在表的后端(rear)进行插入操作,和栈一样,队列是一种操作受限制的线性表。进行插入操作的端称为队尾,进行删除操作的端称为队头。即First In First Out (FIFO)。
2.实现数组队列:
public class ArrayQueue<E> implements Queue<E> { private Array<E> queue; public ArrayQueue(int capacity) { queue = new Array<E>(capacity); } public ArrayQueue() { queue = new Array<E>(); } @Override public int getSize() { return queue.getSize(); } @Override public boolean isEmpty() { return queue.isEmpty(); } @Override public void enqueue(E e) { queue.addLast(e); } @Override public E dequeue() { return queue.removeFirst(); } @Override public E getFront() { return queue.getFirst(); } public int getCapacity(){ return queue.getCapacity(); } @Override public String toString(){ StringBuilder ret = new StringBuilder(); ret.append("Queue: "); ret.append("front ["); for(int i=0; i<queue.getSize(); i++){ ret.append(queue.getArr(i)); if(i != queue.getSize()-1) ret.append(","); } ret.append("] tail"); return ret.toString(); } public static void main(String[] args) { ArrayQueue<Integer> queue = new ArrayQueue<>(); for(int i=0; i<10; i++){ queue.enqueue(i); if(i % 3 ==0) queue.dequeue(); System.out.println(queue); } } }
3.实现循环队列:
public class LoopQueue<E> implements Queue<E> { private E[] arr; private int front; private int tail; private int size; public LoopQueue(int capacity) { arr = (E[])new Object[capacity+1]; front = 0; tail = 0; size = 0; } public LoopQueue() { this(10); } @Override public int getSize() { return size; } @Override public boolean isEmpty() { return tail==front; } @Override public void enqueue(E e) { if((tail + 1) % arr.length == front) resize(getCapacity()*2); arr[tail] = e; tail = (tail + 1) % arr.length; size++; } @Override public E dequeue() { if(isEmpty()) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot dequeue from an empty queue."); E ret = arr[front]; arr[front] = null; front = (front + 1) % arr.length; size--; if(size == getCapacity() / 4 && getCapacity() / 2 != 0) resize(getCapacity() / 2); return ret; } @Override public E getFront() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } public int getCapacity(){ return arr.length - 1; } public void resize(int newCapacity){ E[] newArr = (E[])new Object[newCapacity + 1]; for(int i=0; i<size; i++){ newArr[i] = arr[(i+front)%arr.length]; } arr = newArr; front = 0; tail = size; } @Override public String toString(){ StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder(); res.append(String.format("Queue: size = %d , capacity = %d ", size, getCapacity())); res.append("front ["); for(int i = front ; i != tail ; i = (i + 1) % arr.length){ res.append(arr[i]); if((i + 1) % arr.length != tail) res.append(", "); } res.append("] tail"); return res.toString(); } public static void main(String[] args){ LoopQueue<Integer> queue = new LoopQueue<>(); for(int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i ++){ queue.enqueue(i); System.out.println(queue); if(i % 3 == 2){ queue.dequeue(); System.out.println(queue); } } } }
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