自动化运维工具ansible详细介绍以模块的使用
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1.anisble 简介
anisble 是一款自动化运维工具，基于Python开发，集合了众多运维工具（puppet、chef、func、fabric）的优点，实现了批量系统配置、批量程序部署、批量运行命令等功能。
ansible只是提供一种框架。主要包括：
（1）连接插件：负责和被监控端实现通信；
（2）host inventory ：指定操作的主机，是一个配置文件里面定义监控的主机
（3）各种模块核心模块，command 模块，自定义模块。
（4）借助于插件完成记录日志邮件等功能；
（5）playbook ：剧本执行多个任务时，非必要可以让节点一次性运行多个任务。
ansible 架构图：
上图中我们看到的主要模块如下：
Ansible：Ansible核心程序。
HostInventory：记录由Ansible管理的主机信息，包括端口、密码、ip等。
Playbooks：“剧本”YAML格式文件，多个任务定义在一个文件中，定义主机需要调用哪些模块来完成的功能。
CoreModules：核心模块，主要操作是通过调用核心模块来完成管理任务。
CustomModules：自定义模块，完成核心模块无法完成的功能，支持多种语言。
ConnectionPlugins：连接插件，Ansible和Host通信使用
ansible安装
实验说明
| 服务角色 | ip | 系统及所需软件 |
|---|---|---|
| 主控主机 | 192.168.55.130 | centos7 ansible |
| 受控主机 | 192.168.55.129 | centos7 |
安装yum源
[[email protected] ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# curl -o 163.repo http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# sed -i ‘s/$releasever/7/g‘ 163.repo
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# sed -i ‘s/^enabled=.*/enabled=1/g‘ 163.repo
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum -y install epel-release
安装ansible
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum -y install ansible ansible-doc
查看ansible的版本
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# ansible --version
ansible 2.6.3
config file = /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
configured module search path = [u‘/root/.ansible/plugins/modules‘, u‘/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules‘]
ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ansible
executable location = /usr/bin/ansible
python version = 2.7.5 (default, Aug 4 2017, 00:39:18) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-16)]
ansible配置
ansible配置文件：
配置文件 说明
/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg ansible主配置文件
/etc/ansible/hosts 受控主机清单
受控主机清单配置方式：
?分组配置
?ip配置
?域名配置
?通配符配置
ansible通过ssh来控制远程主机，所以要配置ssh互信，否则将会提示你输入密码
[[email protected] ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa //使用ssh-keygen 创建公钥-私钥对
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory ‘/root/.ssh‘.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:CibhCzCCgPi1gjIm4ypUWJhkyDCp8Mj1QudN2Wu/akg [email protected]
The key‘s randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|@+o o |
|X= +.. o . |
|O=*.+.o . |
|@*++.o . o |
|*o+.+ S . |
| + + . E . |
|o . o . . |
|o . . . |
|. ... |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[[email protected] ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected] //使用 ssh-copy-id 将公钥复制到受控上的正确位置
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host ‘192.168.55.129 (192.168.55.129)‘ can‘t be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:7mLj77SFk7sPkhjpMPfdK3nZ98hOuyP4OKzjXeijSJ0.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:a0:1b:eb:7f:f0:b6:7b:73:97:91:4c:f3:b1:89:d8:ea.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
[email protected]‘s password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh ‘[email protected]‘"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
将受控主机信息加入清单配置文件中
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/ansible/hosts
//添加以下内容
[webservers] //组名
192.168.55.129//受控主机IP
ansible使用
ansible webservers组名或受控主机IP -m 模块名 -a ‘命令’
ansible如何获取帮助
ansible通过ansible-doc命令来获取帮助信息，可以使用此命令的-s选项来获取指定模块的帮助信息。
//查询service模块的帮助文档
[[email protected] ~]# ansible-doc -s service
- name: Manage services
service:
arguments: # Additional arguments provided on
line
enabled: # Whether the service should start
least one of
state and enabled
are required.*
name: # (required) Name of the service.
pattern: # If the service does not respond
command, name a
substring to look
for as would be
found in the
output of the
`ps‘ command as a
stand-in for a
ansible常用模块使用详解
ansible常用模块有：
ping
yum
template
copy
user
group
service
raw
command
shell
script
ansible常用模块raw ，command，shell的区别
shell 模块调用的/bin/sh指令执行
command模块不是调用的shell的指令，所以没有bash的环境变量
raw很多地方和shell类似，更多地方建议使用shell和command模块。但是如果是使用老版本Python，需要用到raw，又或者是客户端是路由器，因为没有安装Python模块，那就需要使用raw模块了。
ansible常用模块之ping
ping模块用于检查指定节点机器是否连通，用法很简单，不涉及参数，主机如果在线，则回复pong
[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m ping
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
ansible 常用模块之command
command模块用于在远程主机上执行命令，ansible默认就是使用command模块
缺陷：就是不能使用管道符和重定向功能
查看受控主机的/tmp目录内容
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘ls /tmp‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
ansible_mHvKbh
ks-script-ubrQPY
systemd-private-d073b6cf2d8c4928a7ea533db6a27d95-chronyd.service-Z4raq3
systemd-private-d073b6cf2d8c4928a7ea533db6a27d95-systemd-hostnamed.service-HSwEIa
在受控主机的/tmp目录下新建一个文件test
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘touch /tmp/test‘
[WARNING]: Consider using the file module with state=touch rather than running
touch. If you need to use command because file is insufficient you can add
warn=False to this command task or set command_warnings=False in ansible.cfg to
get rid of this message.
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘ls /tmp‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
ansible_Fl9jFS
ks-script-ubrQPY
systemd-private-d073b6cf2d8c4928a7ea533db6a27d95-chronyd.service-Z4raq3
systemd-private-d073b6cf2d8c4928a7ea533db6a27d95-systemd-hostnamed.service-HSwEIa
systemd-private-d073b6cf2d8c4928a7ea533db6a27d95-vgauthd.service-JcKLmk
systemd-private-d073b6cf2d8c4928a7ea533db6a27d95-vmtoolsd.service-taZqEB
systemd-private-ebf89dd80707441f87cc25628094a3ef-chronyd.service-7IFbjd
systemd-private-ebf89dd80707441f87cc25628094a3ef-vgauthd.service-j8UNnT
systemd-private-ebf89dd80707441f87cc25628094a3ef-vmtoolsd.service-rWMy2z
test
command模板不支持管道符，不支持重定向
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a "echo ‘hello world‘ > /tmp/test"
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
hello world > /tmp/test
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘cat /tmp/test‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘ps -ef|grep vsftpd‘
192.168.55.129 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
error: unsupported SysV option
Usage:
ps [options]
Try ‘ps --help <simple|list|output|threads|misc|all>‘
or ‘ps --help <s|l|o|t|m|a>‘
for additional help text.
For more details see ps(1).non-zero return code
ansible常用模块之raw
raw模块用于在受控主机上执行命令，其支持管道符与重定向
支持重定向
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m raw -a ‘echo "hello world" > /tmp/test‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
Shared connection to 192.168.55.129 closed.
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘cat /tmp/test‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
hello world
支持管道符
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m raw -a ‘cat /tmp/test |grep -Eo hello‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
hello
Shared connection to 192.168.55.129 closed.
ansible常用模块之shell
shell模块用于在受控主机上执行受控主机上的脚本，也可以直接在受控主机上执行命令
shell模块也支持管道与重定向
先受控主机建一个脚本
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /scripts
[[email protected] ~]# cat /scripts/test.sh
#!/bin/bash
for i in $(seq 10);do
echo $i
done
查看受控主机上的脚本
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘ls -l /scripts/‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
总用量 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 52 9月 10 18:49 test.sh
使用shell模块在受控主机上执行受控机上的脚本
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m shell -a ‘/bin/bash /scripts/test.sh‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ansible常用模块之script
script模块用于在受控机上执行主控主机上的脚本
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m script -a ‘/scripts/yan.sh &> /tmp/users‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"rc": 0,
"stderr": "Shared connection to 192.168.55.129 closed.
",
"stderr_lines": [
"Shared connection to 192.168.55.129 closed."
],
"stdout": "",
"stdout_lines": []
}
查看受控机上的/tmp/users文件内容
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m shell -a ‘cat /tmp/users‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
----------------------
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
----------------------
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
----------------------
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
----------------------
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
ftp:x:14:50:FTP
----------------------
User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd
----------------------
Network
----------------------
Management:/:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
dbus:x:81:81:System
----------------------
message
----------------------
bus:/:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
polkitd:x:999:997:User
----------------------
for
----------------------
polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated
----------------------
SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
chrony:x:998:996::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/usr/share/httpd:/sbin/nologin
----------------------
ansible常用模块之template
template模块用于生成一个模块，并将其传输到受控主机上
下载一个163源文件并开启此源
[[email protected] ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# curl -o 163.repo http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:--100 1572 100 1572 0 0 5255 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 5383
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# sed -i ‘s/$releasever/7/g‘ 163.repo
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# sed -i ‘s/^enabled=.*/enabled=1/g‘ 163.repo
将设置好的163源传到受控主机上
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m template -a ‘src=/etc/yum.repos.d/163.repo dest=/etc/yum.repos.d/163.repo‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"checksum": "60b8868e0599489038710c45025fc11cbccf35f2",
"dest": "/etc/yum.repos.d/163.repo",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "5a3e688854d9ceccf327b953dab55b21",
"mode": "0644",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "system_u:object_r:system_conf_t:s0",
"size": 1462,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1536580825.25-219729472958888/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
查看受控主机上是否有163源
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘ls /etc/yum.repos.d/‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
163.repo
CentOS-Base.repo
CentOS-CR.repo
CentOS-Debuginfo.repo
CentOS-fasttrack.repo
CentOS-Media.repo
CentOS-Sources.repo
CentOS-Vault.repo
ansible常用模块之yum
yum模块用于在指定节点机器上通过yum管理软件，其支持的参数主要有两个
?name:要管理的包名
?state:要执行的操作
state常用的值：
?latest：安装软件
?installd：安装软件
?present ：安装软件
?removed：卸载软件
?absent:卸载软件
如果想使用yum来管理软件，请确保受控主机上的yum源无异常
在受控机上查询vsftpd是否安装
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -qa|grep vsftpd
[[email protected] ~]#
在ansible主机上使用yum模块在受控机上安装vsftpd
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m yum -a ‘name=vsftpd state=present‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"msg": "Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration
Repository updates is listed more than once in the configuration
Repository extras is listed more than once in the configuration
Repository centosplus is listed more than once in the configuration
file:///mnt/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 14] curl#37 - "Couldn‘t open file /mnt/repodata/repomd.xml"
Trying other mirror.
",
"rc": 0,
"results": [
"Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package vsftpd.x86_64 0:3.0.2-22.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================================
Installing:
vsftpd x86_64 3.0.2-22.el7 base 169 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 169 k
Installed size: 348 k
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : vsftpd-3.0.2-22.el7.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : vsftpd-3.0.2-22.el7.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
vsftpd.x86_64 0:3.0.2-22.el7
Complete!
"
]
}
查看受控机上是否安装了vsftpd
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -qa|grep vsftpd
vsftpd-3.0.2-22.el7.x86_64
ansible常见模块之copy
copy模块用于复制文件至远程受控机
[[email protected] ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m copy -a ‘src=/root/anaconda-ks.cfg dest=/tmp/yyl‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"checksum": "1ac780f24dff3351db9322fdf9853ebbe27e39bd",
"dest": "/tmp/yyl",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "8f8da0d3c4e5d61fa5496f12ee82b73f",
"mode": "0644",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0",
"size": 1287,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1536582597.03-118106324399653/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘ls /tmp‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
ansible_xYcnC6
ks-script-ubrQPY
systemd-private-d073b6cf2d8c4928a7ea533db6a27d95-chronyd.service-Z4raq3
systemd-private-d073b6cf2d8c4928a7ea533db6a27d95-systemd-hostnamed.service-HSwEIa
systemd-private-d073b6cf2d8c4928a7ea533db6a27d95-vgauthd.service-JcKLmk
systemd-private-d073b6cf2d8c4928a7ea533db6a27d95-vmtoolsd.service-taZqEB
systemd-private-ebf89dd80707441f87cc25628094a3ef-chronyd.service-7IFbjd
systemd-private-ebf89dd80707441f87cc25628094a3ef-vgauthd.service-j8UNnT
systemd-private-ebf89dd80707441f87cc25628094a3ef-vmtoolsd.service-rWMy2z
test
users
yum.log
yyl
ansible常用模块之group
group模块用于受控主机上添加或删除组
在受控主机上添加一个系统组，gid为306，组名为mysql[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m group -a ‘name=mysql gid=306 state=present‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"gid": 306,
"name": "mysql",
"state": "present",
"system": false
}删除受控主机上的mysql组
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m group -a ‘name=mysql gid=306 state=absent‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"name": "mysql",
"state": "absent"
}
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘grep mysql /etc/group‘
192.168.55.129 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
non-zero return code
ansible 常用模块之useruser模块用于管理受控主机上的用户账户在受控主机上添加一个系统用户，用户名为mysql，uid为306，设置其shell为/sbin/nologin 无家目录[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m user -a ‘name=mysql uid=306 system=yes create_home=no shell=/sbin/nologin state=present‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"comment": "",
"create_home": false,
"group": 306,
"home": "/home/mysql",
"name": "mysql",
"shell": "/sbin/nologin",
"state": "present",
"system": true,
"uid": 306
}[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m shell -a ‘grep mysql /etc/passwd‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
mysql:x:306:306::/home/mysql:/sbin/nologin
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m shell -a ‘ls /home‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>//修改mysql用户的uid为366[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m user -a ‘name=mysql uid=366‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS => {
"append": false,
"changed": true,
"comment": "",
"group": 306,
"home": "/home/mysql",
"move_home": false,
"name": "mysql",
"shell": "/sbin/nologin",
"state": "present",
"uid": 366
}[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘grep mysql /etc/passwd‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
mysql:x:366:306::/home/mysql:/sbin/nologin
删除受控主机上的mysql用户
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m user -a ‘name=mysql state=absent‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"force": false,
"name": "mysql",
"remove": false,
"state": "absent"
}
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘grep mysql /etc/passwd‘
192.168.55.129 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
non-zero return code
ansible常用模块之serviceservice模块用于管理受控机上的服务查看受控机上的vsftpd服务是否启动[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘systemctl is-active vsftpd‘
192.168.55.129 | FAILED | rc=3 >>
unknownnon-zero return code
启动受控机上的vsftpd服务[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m service -a ‘name=vsftpd state=started‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS => {
查看受控机上的vsftpd服务是否开机自启动[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -a ‘systemctl is-enabled vsftpd‘
192.168.55.129 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
disablednon-zero return code
设置受控机上的vsftpd服务开机自动启动[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m service -a ‘name=vsftpd enabled=yes‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"enabled": true,
"name": "vsftpd",
"status": { "ActiveEnterTimestamp": "一 2018-09-10 21:03:59 CST",
查看受控机上的vsftpd服务是否开机自动启动[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m shell -a ‘systemctl is-enabled vsftpd‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
enabled
停止受控机上的vsftpd服务[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m service -a ‘name=vsftpd state=stopped‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"name": "vsftpd",
"state": "stopped",
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m shell -a ‘systemctl is-active vsftpd‘
192.168.55.129 | FAILED | rc=3 >>
inactivenon-zero return code
[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.55.129 -m shell -a ‘ss -antl‘
192.168.55.129 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::* 以上是关于自动化运维工具ansible详细介绍以模块的使用的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章
Ansible自动化运维工具Ansible常用模块的基本使用