Halcon学习总结(转载别人)

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1、Halcon的自我描述

Program Logic

? Each program consists of a sequence of HALCON operators

? The program can be structured into procedures

? The sequence can be extended by using control operators like if, for, repeat, or while

? The results of the operators are passed via variables

? No implicit data passing is applied

? Input parameters of operators can be variables or expressions

? Output parameters are always variables

? HDevelop has no features to design a graphical user interface

? An HDevelop program is considered as a prototypic solution of the vision part of an application

? HDevelop is typically not used for the final application

由此可以看出,Halcon的定位是一个类库,有着完整、快速实现函数,同时提供了HDevelop作为快速开发的图形化(IDE)界面;但是,Halcon程序并不是一个完整的最终应用软件,它没有用户界面,也不提供显示的数据(公用的数据格式)。

Halcon的初学者也应当从参考Halcon的程序入手,熟悉Halcon类库,也即HDevelop-Based Programming;在此基础上,进入ORClass-Oriented Programming。这也是Halcon推荐的开发方式:

The vision part is solved with HDevelop,and the application is developed with C++ or Visual Basic。

 

2、HDevelop界面的学习

通过阅读Halcon的PPT,学到了下面一些有用的信息:

? 文件——浏览示例,可以看到很多有用的例子;

? 程序窗体中,可以浏览与编辑Procedues(过程),这个其实就是自定义函数咯~还可以自己修改这些过程,并添加说明文档;

? F4——将函数语句注释掉;F3——激活;

? 本地过程(Local Procedue)与外部过程(Externel Procedue)

 

3、基本语法结构

Halcon的语法结构

类似于Pascal 与 Visual Basic,大部分的语句是Halcon提供的算子,此外也包含了少部分的控制语句;

不允许单独声明变量;

提供自动的内存管理(初始化、析构及OverWrite),但句柄则需要显示释放;

C++(算子模式)

通过代码导出,以C++为例,默认导出为算子型的语法结构,而非面向对象的;在此模式下,全部函数声明为全局类型,数据类型只需要用Hobject、HTuple两类类型进行声明;

C++(面向对象)

可以以面向对象的方式重写代码,也即利用类及类的成员函数;

在这种模式下,控制变量的类型仍未HTuple,而图形数据可以由多种类型,如HImage等;

其他语言(略)

 

4、Halcon数据结构

两类参数:图形参数Iconic (image, region, XLD)与控制参数Control (string, integer, real, handle),在Halcon算子的参数中,依次为:输入图形参数、输出图形参数、输入控制参数、输出控制参数;并且其输入参数不会被算子改变。

图形参数Iconic:

Images

? Multiple channels

? Arbitrary region of interest

? Multiple pixel types(byte, (u)int1/2/4,real, complex, direction, cyclic, vector_field)

byte, uint2 //灰度图像的标准编码

int1, int2 //Difference of two images or derivates with integer precision(??)int4 //两幅灰度图的频谱

direction //图片边缘的梯度方向

real //边缘提取及特定灰度值的轮廓

complex //图片频率分布

cyclic //Assigning one "gray" value to each color(??)

vector_field //连续图形的光学流分布

Regions

? Efficient data structure (runlength encoding)

? Extensive set of operators

? Fastest morphology on the market

图形编码中,需要了解 row 和 run 两个术语;也是Halcon Region存储的方式

Extended Line Description (XLD)

? Subpixel accurate line and edge detection

? Generic point list based data structure

? Handling of contours, polygons, lines, parallels, etc.

此外,Halcon支持的类型还包括图形元组、控制变量元组及句柄:

元组的概念,使得可以用一个变量传递数个对象,可以由重载后的函数来进行处理;图形元组的下标从1开始,控制变量元组下标从0开始;句柄则可以用来描述窗体、文件等等,句柄不能是常量。

 

5、Halcon语言

输入控制参数可以是表达式,但图形参数、输出参数均应为变量;

String类型变量由单引号’括起来;此外还有一些特殊字符;

Boolean型变量包括 true ( = 1 )、 false ( = 0 ) ;不为零的整数将被认为true;但绝大多数的Halcon函数接受字符串型的表达:’true’‘false’,而非逻辑型表达;

函数返回常量用于标识错误:

? H_MSG_TRUE no error 2

? H_MSG_FALSE logical false 3

? H_MSG_FAIL operator did not succeed  5

可以放在try…catch…endtry块中,也可以用dev_error_var()与 dev_set_check() 来捕获;

控制语句结构:(与一般语言略有不同,它们也有输入输出变量)

? if  ...  endif / if ... else  ... endif / if ... elseif ... else ... endif

? for  ...  endfor

? while  ...  endwhile

? repeat ... until

此外,也有关键字 break、continue、return、exit、stop 用来控制语句的执行;

赋值语句在Halcon中也被当作函数来使用:

标准赋值

? assign(Expression, ResultVariable) //编辑形式,永远都是输入在前,输出在后

? ResultVariable := Expression //代码形式

元组插入赋值

? insert(Tuple, NewValue, Index, Tuple) //编辑形式

? Tuple[Index] := NewValue //代码形式

控制变量元组操作

? [t,t] concatenation of tuples

? |t|  number of elements

? t[i]  selection of an element

? t[i:j]  selection of a part of a tuple

? subset(t1,t2) selection from t1 by indices in t2

图形元组操作对应函数

? []  gen_empty_obj ()

? |t|  count_obj (p, num)

? [t1,t2]  concat_obj (p1, p2, q)

? t[i]  select_obj (p, q, i+1)

? t[i:j]  copy_obj (p, q, i+1, j-i+1)

? subset(t1,t2) select_obj (p, q, t2+1)

元组的数学运算,如:A * B,令 m = |A|, n = |B|;

若m、n不相等,且都大于1,则错误;否则返回三种情况:

? m=n=1,返回一个值;

? m=n>1,返回一个包含m个数的元组,值为两元组各对于值的操作结果;

? m>1,n=1,返回一个包含m个数的元组,值为第二个数与第一元组各值的操作结果;

Halcon 的数学运算

算术运算

? a / a division

? a % a rest of the integer division

? a * a multiplication

? v + v addition and concatenation of strings

? a - a subtraction

? -a  negation

位运算

? lsh(i,i)  left shift

? rsh(i,i)  right shift

? i band i  bit-wise and

? i bor i  bit-wise or

? i bxor i  bit-wise xor

? bnot i  bit-wise complement

字符串操作

? v$s  conversion to string //字符串的格式化,有很丰富的参数

? v + v  concatenation of strings and addition

? strchr(s,s)  search character in string

? strstr(s,s)  search substring

? strrchr(s,s)  search character in string (reverse)

? strrstr(s,s)  search substring (reverse)

? strlen(s)  length of string

? s{i} selection of one character

? s{i:i}  selection of substring

? split(s,s)  splitting to substrings

比较操作符

? t < t  less than

? t > t  greater than

? t <= t   less or equal

? t >= t  greater or equal

? t = t  equal

? t # t  not equal

逻辑操作符

? not l  negation

? l and l  logical ’and’

? l or l logical ’or’

? l xor l  logical ’xor’

数学函数

? sin(a)  sine of a

? cos(a)  cosine of a

? tan(a)  tangent of a

? asin(a)  arc sine of a in the interval [-p/2, p/ 2], a ? [-1, 1]

? acos(a)  arc cosine a in the interval [-p/2, p/2], a ? [-1, 1]

? atan(a)  arc tangent a in the interval [-p/2, p/2], a ? [-1, 1]

? atan2(a,b)  arc tangent a/b in the interval [-p, p]

? sinh(a)  hyperbolic sine of a

? cosh(a)  hyperbolic cosine of a

? tanh(a)  hyperbolic tangent of a

? exp(a)  exponential function

? log(a)  natural logarithm, a> 0

? log10(a)  decade logarithm, a> 0

? pow(a1,a2)  power

? ldexp(a1,a2)  a1 pow(2,a2)

其他操作(统计、随机数、符号函数等)

? min(t)  minimum value of the tuple

? max(t)  maximum value of the tuple

? min2(t1,t2)  element-wise minimum of two tuples

? max2(t1,t2)  element-wise maximum of two tuples

? find(t1,t2) indices of all occurrences of t1 within t2

? rand(i) create random values from 0..1 (number specified by i)

? sgn(a) element-wise sign of a tuple

? sum(t)  sum of all elements or string concatenation

? cumul(t) cumulative histogram of a tuple

? mean(a)  mean value

? deviation(a)  standard deviation

? sqrt(a)  square root of a

? deg(a)  convert radians to degrees

? rad(a)  convert degrees to radians

? real(a)  convert integer to real

? int(a) convert a real to integer

? round(a)  convert real to integer

? number(v)  convert string to a number

? is_number(v)  test if value is a number

? abs(a)  absolute value of a (integer or real)

? fabs(a)  absolute value of a (always real)

? ceil(a)  smallest integer value not smaller than a

? floor(a)  largest integer value not greater than a

? fmod(a1,a2) fractional part of a1/a2, with the same sign as a1

? sort(t)  sorting in increasing order

? uniq(t) eliminate duplicates of neighboring values(typically used in combination with sort)

? sort_index(t)  return index instead of values

? median(t) Median value of a tuple (numbers)

? select_rank(t,v) Select the element (number) with the given rank

? inverse(t)  reverse the order of the values

? subset(t1,t2) selection from t1 by indices in t2

? remove(t1,t2) Remove of values with the given indices

? environment(s)  value of an environment variable

? ord(a)  ASCII number of a character

? chr(a)  convert an ASCII number to a character

? ords(s)  ASCII number of a tuple of strings

? chrt(i)  convert a tuple of integers into a string

 

6、Halcon名称解释

? Operator: A procedure of  the HALCON library used in HDevelop or one of the language interfaces.

? Procedure (of HDevelop): A subroutine defined for the use inside HDevelop.

? Region: Result of a segmentation like threshold. In other systems called blob, area, binary image, or island. Implemented using runlength encoding.

? XLD: Extended Line Description. Universal data structure used to handle contour based data. Mainly used in the context of subpixel precise measurement.

? Domain: Part of the image which is used for processing. In other systems called ROI (region of interest).

? Channel: One image matrix of a multi-spectral image. One example is the red channel of an RGB image.

? Iconic data: Overall term for images, regions, and XLD data. In object oriented languages (C++ and COM) and in HDevelop iconic data is represented by a polymorphic data type. In object oriented languages iconic data is also called iconic object.

? Control data: All non iconic data. Examples are single values (integer, real, and string), coordinates, arrays of values.

? Tuple: an array of values where each element can be of a different type. One can have both iconic and control tuples.

? HALCON object: Synonym for Iconic object / data

? Image acquisition interface: Interface between the frame grabber /camera driver (SDK) and the HALCON library. The Image acquisition interface is a DLL which is dynamically loaded when calling open_framegrabber.

? Language interface: Software that enables the programmer to use the HALCON library in a given language (e.g., C++).

? Extension Package: A mechanism that enables the user to fully integrate user-defined procedures into the HALCON environment. The extension package concept gives full access to the internal data structures of HALCON.

? License file: File “license.dat“ in the directory “license“.  This file is used together with hardware components (dongle or Ethernet card) to check if a correct license is available.

? Help files: Files in the directory “help“ which are used to get online information about all HALCON operators. This is extensively used by HDevelop.

? Shape-Based Matching: Finding of an object in an image based on a predefined model. The shape based matching uses features to quickly locate objects very precisely.

? Variation Model: A method to do print checking by presenting multiple good patterns to the system. The variation model learns the normal variation a good pattern and based on this information can detect real defects.

? Measure Tool: A set of operators to find the exact location of edges along lines or circular arcs. Other systems call the similar tool, e.g., caliper.

? Accuracy: The deviation from the true value

? Precision: The standard deviation of the measurement

 

7、Halcon函数

典型函数

? Filtering (noise, smoothing, edge, bit, arithmetic, enhancement)

? Segmentation (thresholding, topology, region growing, classification, comparison)

? Region processing

? Morphology

? Feature extraction

? Edge detection

? Color processing and classification

? OCR / OCV

? Bar code / data code

? Measurement

? Rectification

? Gray value matching

 

8、Halcon HDevEngine

HDevEngine允许用户在应用程序中直接调用Halcon程序(*.hdvp),适用范围包括C++、COM、.NET语言。具体功能为:

? 载入并执行Halcon程序(HDevelop programs)

? 载入、删除、执行HDevelop过程(HDevelop procedures)

? 查询以载入的HDevelop过程的接口

? 将正确的参数值传递给HDevelop过程,执行并获得结果

? 重新实现了HDevelop的某些内部算子(operator),例如dev_display

? HDevEngine错误处理

在C++中,使用HDevEngine需要包括头文件#include "HDevEngineCpp.h",并包含附加的可执行文件hdevenginecpp.lib,具体见示例。

利用HDevEngine,可以很方便得实现多线程。

 

9、Halcon数据结构(2)

Halcon中,Image = Channel + Domain , 像素点存放在Channel矩阵中,根据ROI来描述Image。

Image相关操作:

? 输入:从文件、从设备

? 生成:外部图像数据、空内存区域;

? 显示:disp_image()图像首通道灰度图;disp_color() 彩色图;disp_channel()某特定通道;disp_obj() 自动判别类别;

? 缩放:set_part() 设置显示区域;set_part_style() 设置显示参数;

? 3D显示:(略)

Rules to Display Gray Images没特别懂

边界点的处理:镜像、常数、延续、周期(略):

域的局限性:一些算子总是要处理周围的矩形区域,比如mean_image(),并且总是先处理小的区域;

测量工具中的ROIs比较特殊,这种ROIs并不依附于Image上,而是在算子gen_measure_*()后产生,并且也只能是任意朝向的矩形、圆弧形区域;

处理多通道图像:

? 分割:Gray operators仅适用第一通道,Color operators: 使用前三个通道,Multi channel operator会使用全部通道;

//对“Gray operators仅适用第一通道”的解释:实际上,灰度图,就是用第一通道(Red)像素点值所构建出来的那幅图。

? 过滤:所有通道被处理时均使用相同的参数,并且结果的通道数与处理的图片相同;

? 可以将域的处理结果,与原图像结合在一起作为输入图像;

? 通道处理:count_channels(),decompose*(), compose*(), access_channel(), append_channel(), channels_to_image(), image_to_channels()

图像金字塔中,第一个图像为最大的图像,各图像有各自的区域

标准图形(Shape):circle、ellipse、rectangle1、rectangle2、line、polygon

特殊区域图形:gen_grid_region(): grid、lines、points, gen_checker_region()

图像处理:

? 修改:set_grayval() : Modify one or more pixels of the input image;paint_gray(): Paint part of an image into another image; overpaint_gray(): Paint part of an image into the input image; paint_region(): Paint the region with a constant gray value into an image; overpaint_region() : Paint the region with a constant gray value into the input image

? 复制:crop_part(): Crop a rectangle, given by upper left corner and size; crop_rectangle1(): Crop a rectangle, given by upper left and lower right corner; crop_domain(): Crop area of the smallest rectangle1 of the domain; crop_domain_rel(): Like crop_domain but with the possibility to change the size of bounding box; change_format(): Limit the size of the image at the lower or the right part; get_grayval(): Access one or multiple pixel values

? Tile: tile_images(), tile_images_offset(), tile_channels()

 

10、Halcon数据结构(3)

区域运算:

? 并:union1()、union2();

? 交:intersection();

? 差:difference();

? 补:complement();

图形显示参数设置:

? 显示模式:set_draw(); 参数:margin、filled

? 线宽线形:set_line_width(); set_line_style();

? 颜色:set_color(); set_colored(); set_rgb(); set_gray();

? 显示图形:set_shape(); 参数:original、outer circle、inner circle、rectangle1、rectangle2、ellipse、icon

? set_icon

 

11、Halcon数据结构(4)

关于XLD,简要写一下:

图像均用像素点保存,而像素点是整型的,不连续的;Halcon做了拓展,定义了亚像素(subpixel)的对象:xld;其实xld已经用过了,比如提取边缘、构建轮廓等等,xld在模板匹配、图形校准等多方面有重要的用途。

 

12、色彩 color

在视网膜底部,有三类感光细胞,它们分别探测不同频率的光,产生RGB神经冲动,并把这些神经冲动传递下去;经过另外的细胞的处理,转换成1个亮度通道、两个色彩通道。

? The RGB stimulus is converted to a luminance and 2 chrominance channels

所以,RGB图是原始的感光图,而人眼的感觉,却不是RGB三通道的叠加;更直观地描述人的感觉,需要用到其他的色彩空间,比如hsv空间。

不同频率的光,会产生不同的颜色;而光只有三种颜色,这是因为人眼只有三种光感受器。

所以有,任何光产生的颜色,都能够由这三种纯色来合成,这就是光的三元色。

 技术分享

对于相机来说,能够检测到的光谱范围比人眼要宽泛,比如红外相机等;为了获得人眼类似的图像,可以加上过滤装置,滤去超出400-700nm范围的光线。

 

13、色彩空间及 Halcon颜色处理

CCD彩色相机有R、G、B三种感光芯片,捕捉不同颜色,然后转换为RGB三通道。

颜色空间:

? RGB Red、Green、Blue三色通道,对光来说,犹如在黑暗中点亮各分色。

? CMY Cyan、Magenta、Yellow 三颜色通道,犹如在白纸上图颜料

? YUV、YIQ Y描述亮度、其余两通道描述颜色(的差值),用于电视转播

? ARgYb 与上类似,A描述亮度,其余两者描述颜色差值

? I1i2i3 与上类似,i1描述亮度

? HSI Hue、Saturation、Intensity 分别描述颜色、饱和度、亮度

? HSV 与上类似,这里的V描述亮度,方法与上不同

? HSL 与HSI类似,L描述亮度,但Hue与之不同

? HIS 与HIS类似

? Uniform Color Space、CIE uv 用二维图描述色彩

? CIE Lab 高级色彩空间,较少使用

 

颜色空间的转换,依靠GPU进行运算:trans_from_rgb(),速度快

Scale_image() 可以对单通道(RGB、或HSV中的)进行重新渲染;

颜色的选取,通过对Hue通道进行threshold()

2D Histogram 可用来描述两通道(RGB、HSV等中的)相应值对应关系,可用来选取颜色相近区域:histo_2dim()

N维像素分类:learn_ndim_norm()、learn_ndim_box()

LUT:MLP、SVM、GMM

彩色过滤器:用于彩色图像的分割等:edges_color()、edges_color_sub_pix()、lines_color()

 

14、Halcon 窗体

Halcon窗体的坐标系统:(Row, Column) (Width, Height)

图形:可以显示灰度图、彩色图、3D;定义要显示的区域,插值

区域:绘图模式(Fill、Margin),边界、线宽,定义色彩模式,自动图形转换

绘图:点、线、xld等

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