九模板层

Posted 2020-12-13 dangjingwei

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一、表单类1

#### 概述
表单既可以在模板页面利用html编写，也可以使用Django提供的表单类编写。

相关属性参考官网：https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/forms/fields/

#### 实现熟悉的用户登录功能

1. 创建新应用account
2. settings中添加应用
3. 配置URL
4. 在account应用中创建forms.py文件
5. 编写views函数
6. 创建模板页面
7. 启动服务器运行程序

#### 配置URL
```
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin

urlpatterns = [
url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
url(r‘^account/‘,include(‘account.urls‘,namespace=‘account‘,app_name=‘account‘))
]

```

```
#coding=utf-8

from django.conf.urls import url
import views

urlpatterns=[
url(r‘^login/$‘,views.login_view,name=‘login‘)
]

```

#### 编写表单类（account.forms.LoginForm）
```
#coding=utf-8

from django import forms

class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(label=u‘用户名‘)
password = forms.CharField(label=u‘密码‘,widget=forms.PasswordInput)

```

#### 配置视图函数
```
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render
from .forms import LoginForm
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate,login

# Create your views here.
def login_view(request):
    if request.method==‘GET‘:
        login_form = LoginForm()
        return render(request,‘login.html‘,{‘login_form‘:login_form})

else:
login_form= LoginForm(request.POST)

        #校验表单数据是否合法
        if login_form.is_valid():
            #以字典形式返回合法数据
            cd = login_form.cleaned_data
            print cd
            #检验用户输入的用户和密码是否正确
            user = authenticate(username=cd[‘username‘],password=cd[‘password‘])
            print user

            if user:
                #实现用户登录，将用户信息保存到session中完成登录操作
                login(request,user)
                return HttpResponse(‘success‘)

return HttpResponse(‘failed‘)

```

#### 配置模板页面(login.html)

```
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

    <form action="" method="post">
        {% csrf_token %}
        {{ login_form.as_p }}

{#        {% for field in login_form %}#}
{#            {{ field.label_tag }}{{ field }}#}
{#            {{ field.errors }}#}
{#        {% endfor %}#}

```

二、表单类2

#### 应用场景

1. 查询时表单类只需要继承于forms.Form。
2. 增删改时表单类需要继承于forms.ModelForm。

#### 学生注册案例

#### 创建模型类
```
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.

class Clazz(models.Model):
cno = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
cname = models.CharField(max_length=20)

    def __unicode__(self):
        return u‘Clazz:%s‘%self.cname

class Stu(models.Model):
    sno = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
    sname = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    clazz = models.ForeignKey(Clazz,on_delete=models.CASCADE)

def __unicode__(self):
return u‘Stu:%s,%s‘%(self.sno,self.sname)

```

#### 创建表单类(应用包下创建forms.py)

```
#coding=utf-8

from django import forms
from .models import *

class Add_Clazz(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Clazz
        #元组形式
        fields = (‘cname‘,)

class Add_Stu(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Stu
        fields = (‘sname‘,)

```

#### 配置URL
```
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin

urlpatterns = [
url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
url(r‘^student/‘, include(‘student.urls‘)),
]

```

```
#coding=utf-8

from django.conf.urls import url
import views

urlpatterns=[
url(r‘^register/$‘,views.register)

]

```

#### 创建视图
```
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render
from .forms import Add_Clazz,Add_Stu
# Create your views here.

def register(request):
    if request.method==‘POST‘:
        ac = Add_Clazz(request.POST)
        astu = Add_Stu(request.POST)

        if ac.is_valid()*astu.is_valid():
            new_clazz = ac.save()
            new_stu = astu.save(commit=False)
            new_stu.clazz = new_clazz
            new_stu.save()
            return HttpResponse(‘successfully‘)
        else:
            return HttpResponse(‘sorry,you can not register.‘)
    else:
        ac = Add_Clazz()
        astu = Add_Stu()
        return render(request,‘register.html‘,{‘ac‘:ac,‘astu‘:astu})

```

#### 创建模板

```
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<form action="/student/register/" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <p>
        <label for="{{ astu.sname.id_for_label }}">姓名：</label>{{ astu.sname }}
    </p>
    <p>
        <label for="{{ ac.cname.id_for_label }}">班级：</label>{{ ac.cname }}
    </p>
    <p>
        <input type="submit" value="注册" />
    </p>

</form>

</body>
</html>

```

三、表单校验

1. JS前端校验
2. forms表单类自定义校验

#### 表单类
```
#coding=utf-8

from django import forms
from .models import *

class Add_Clazz(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Clazz
        fields = (‘cname‘,)

class Add_Stu(forms.ModelForm):
password = forms.CharField(max_length=30,widget=forms.PasswordInput)
password2 = forms.CharField(max_length=30,widget=forms.PasswordInput)

    class Meta:
        model = Stu
        fields = (‘sname‘,)

    def clean_password2(self):
        cd = self.cleaned_data
        if cd[‘password‘]!=cd[‘password2‘]:
            self.errors[‘password2‘] = [‘密码不一致‘]

# raise forms.ValidationError(‘密码不一致！‘)
return cd[‘password2‘]

```

#### 视图函数

```
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render
from .forms import Add_Clazz,Add_Stu
from . models import *
# Create your views here.

def register(request):
    if request.method==‘POST‘:
        ac = Add_Clazz(request.POST)
        astu = Add_Stu(request.POST)

        if ac.is_valid()*astu.is_valid():
            try:
                new_clazz = Clazz.objects.get(cname=ac.cleaned_data[‘cname‘])
            except Clazz.DoesNotExist:
                #保存数据到数据库
                new_clazz = ac.save()
            #保存数据对象不提交数据库
            new_stu = astu.save(commit=False)
            new_stu.clazz = new_clazz
            new_stu.password = astu.clean_password2()
            new_stu.save()
            return HttpResponse(‘successfully‘)
        else:
            return render(request,‘register.html‘,{‘ac‘:ac,‘astu‘:astu})
    else:
        ac = Add_Clazz()
        astu = Add_Stu()
        return render(request,‘register.html‘,{‘ac‘:ac,‘astu‘:astu})

```

#### 模板页面

```
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<form action="/student/register/" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <p>
        <label for="{{ astu.sname.id_for_label }}">姓名：</label>{{ astu.sname }}
    </p>
    <p>
        <label for="{{ astu.password.id_for_label }}">密码：</label>{{ astu.password }}
    </p>
    <p>
        <label for="{{ astu.password2.id_for_label }}">密码：</label>{{ astu.password2 }}<span style="color: red;">{{ astu.errors.password2.0 }}</span>
    </p>
     <p>
        <label for="{{ ac.cname.id_for_label }}">班级：</label>{{ ac.cname }}
    </p>
    <p>
        <input type="submit" value="注册" />
    </p>

</form>

</body>
</html>

```

四、AJAX

#### 概要

Ajax 即“Asynchronous javascript And XML”（异步 JavaScript 和 XML），是指一种创建交互式网页应用的网页开发技术。

局部刷新技术。

应用场景：
    在页面比较复杂情况下，只需要更新局部内容。



#### 语法

1. GET请求
```
var data = {‘uname‘:‘zhangsan‘}

//发送ajax请求
$.get(‘/student/getinfo/‘,data,function(result){

        alert(result.hello)
    })


```

2. POST请求
```
var csrf = $(‘input[name="csrfmiddlewaretoken"]‘).val();
var data = {‘uname‘:‘zhangsan‘,‘csrfmiddlewaretoken‘:csrf}
$.post(‘/student/getinfo/‘,data,function(result){
                alert(result.hello)
            })

```
3. 自定义AJAX请求
```

$.ajax({
            url:‘/student/getinfo/‘,
            type:‘get‘,
            data:‘uname=lisi&pwd=123‘,
            async:true,
            success:function (result) {
                var test = result.hello

$(‘#hid‘).html(test)
}

})

```

五、Ajax用户名唯一校验

#### 确定需求
```
#访问路径：
http://127.0.0.1:8000/student/only/

```

#### 配置URL

```
# 项目包/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin

urlpatterns = [
url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
url(r‘^student/‘, include(‘stu.urls‘)),
]

# 应用包/urls.py
#coding=utf-8

from django.conf.urls import url
import views

urlpatterns=[
url(r‘^only/$‘,views.onlyView),
url(r‘^isExist/$‘,views.existView),
]

```

#### 创建视图
```
def onlyView(request):

return render(request,‘only.html‘)

def existView(request):
#接收请求参数
uname = request.GET.get(‘uname‘,‘‘)

#判断数据库中是否存在
stuList = Student.objects.filter(sname=uname)

    if stuList:
        return JsonResponse({‘flag‘:True})
    return JsonResponse({‘flag‘:False})

```

#### 创建模板页面（only.html）
```

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>

        function checkUname(){
            //1.获取文本框内容
            var uname = $(‘#uname‘).val();

            //2.非空校验
            if(uname.length==0){
                $(‘#unameSpan‘).html(‘*‘);
                $(‘#unameSpan‘).css(‘color‘,‘red‘);

            }else{
            //3.判断唯一性
                $.get(‘/student/isExist/‘,{‘uname‘:uname},function(result){
                    //alert(typeof result.flag)
                    r = result.flag;

                    //4.根据服务器端的响应信息进行页面更新
                    if(r){
                        $(‘#unameSpan‘).html(‘此用户名太受欢迎了，请换一个吧~‘);
                        $(‘#unameSpan‘).css(‘color‘,‘red‘);
                    }else{
                        $(‘#unameSpan‘).html(‘√‘);
                        $(‘#unameSpan‘).css(‘color‘,‘green‘);

}
})

}

</script>
</head>
<body>
用户名：<input type="text" name="uname" id="uname" onblur="checkUname()"/><span id="unameSpan"></span>

</body>
</html>

```

六、Ajax三级联动菜单

#### 配置视图

```

from django.core import serializers

def showMenuInfo(request):
    pid = request.GET.get(‘pid‘,-1)
    pid = int(pid)
    areaList = Area.objects.filter(parentid=pid)
    jAreaList = serializers.serialize(‘json‘,areaList)

return JsonResponse({‘areaList‘:jAreaList})

```

#### 配置模板页面

```
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="http://apps.bdimg.com/libs/jquery/1.9.0/jquery.min.js"></script>

        function showProvince(){
            showArea(‘province‘,0,showCity);
        }

        function showCity(){
            showArea(‘city‘,$(‘#province‘).val(),showTown);
        }

        function showTown(){
            showArea(‘town‘,$(‘#city‘).val());
        }

        function showArea(selectId,pid,nextLoad){
            $(‘#‘+selectId).empty();
            $.get(‘/stu/showMenu/‘,{‘pid‘:pid},function(result){
                //将JSON字符串转成JSON对象
                areaList = JSON.parse(result.areaList);

                for(var i=0;i<areaList.length;i++){
                    var area = areaList[i];
                    $(‘#‘+selectId).append("<option value=‘"+area.pk+"‘>"+area.fields.areaname+"</option>")

}

                if(nextLoad!=null){
                    nextLoad();
                }

})
}

</script>
</head>
<body>

    <select id="province" onchange="showCity();"></select>
    <select id="city" onchange="showTown();"></select>
    <select id="town"></select>
</body>
</html>
‘‘‘‘‘‘‘

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