lamp架构的部署
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lamp简介
lamp,是由Linux+Apache+mysql/MariaDB+php/Perl/Python的一组动态网站或者服务器的开源软件,除Linux外其它各部件本身都是各自独立的程序,但是因为经常被放在一起使用,拥有了越来越高的兼容度,共同组成了一个强大的Web应用程序平台。
LAMP指的是Linux(操作系统)、Apache(HTTP服务器)、MySQL(也指MariaDB,数据库软件)和PHP(有时也是指Perl或Python)的第一个字母,一般用来建立web应用平台。
web服务的工作流程
web服务器的资源分为两种,静态资源和动态资源
- 静态资源就是指静态内容,客户端从服务器获得的资源的表现形式与原文件相同。可以简单的理解为就是直接存储于文件系统中的资源
- 动态资源则通常是程序文件,需要在服务器执行之后,将执行的结果返回给客户端
那么web服务器如何执行程序并将结果返回给客户端呢?下面通过一张图来说明一下web服务器如何处理客户端的请求
如上图所示
阶段①显示的是httpd服务器(即apache)和php服务器通过FastCGI协议进行通信,且php作为独立的服务进程运行
阶段②显示的是php程序和mysql数据库间通过mysql协议进行通信。php与mysql本没有什么联系,但是由Php语言写成的程序可以与mysql进行数据交互。同理perl和python写的程序也可以与mysql数据库进行交互
CGI与FASTCGI
上图阶段①中提到了FastCGI,下面我们来了解下CGI与FastCGI
CGI(Common Gateway Interface,通用网关接口),CGI是外部应用程序(CGI程序)与WEB服务器之间的接口标准,是在CGI程序和Web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许Web服务器执行外部程序,并将它们的输出发送给Web浏览器,CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体
FastCGI(Fast Common Gateway Interface)是CGI的改良版,CGI是通过启用一个解释器进程来处理每个请求,耗时且耗资源,而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求,即启动一个master主进程,然后根据配置启动几个worker进程,当请求进来时,master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求,这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时
httpd与php结合的方式
httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种:
- modules:php将以httpd的扩展模块形式存在,需要加载动态资源时,httpd可以直接通过php模块来加工资源并返回给客户端
- httpd prefork:libphp5.so(多进程模型的php)
- httpd event or worker:libphp5-zts.so(线程模型的php)
- CGI:httpd需要加载动态资源时,通过CGI与php解释器联系,获得php执行的结果,此时httpd负责与php连接的建立和断开等
- FastCGI:利用php-fpm机制,启动为服务进程,php自行运行为一个服务,https通过socket与php通信
较于CGI方式,FastCGI更为常用,很少有人使用CGI方式来加载动态资源
web工作流程
通过上面的图说明一下web的工作流程:
- 客户端通过http协议请求web服务器资源
- web服务器收到请求后判断客户端请求的资源是静态资源或是动态资源
- 若是静态资源则直接从本地文件系统取之返回给客户端。
- 否则若为动态资源则通过FastCGI协议与php服务器联系,通过CGI程序的master进程调度worker进程来执行程序以获得客户端请求的动态资源,并将执行的结果通过FastCGI协议返回给httpd服务器,httpd服务器收到php的执行结果后将其封装为http响应报文响应给客户端。在执行程序获取动态资源时若需要获得数据库中的资源时,由Php服务器通过mysql协议与MySQL/MariaDB服务器交互,取之而后返回给httpd,httpd将从php服务器收到的执行结果封装成http响应报文响应给客户端。
LAMP构建
环境
- CentOS7/RedHat7-192.168.233.129
- httpd-2.4
- mysql-5.7
- php
- php-mysql
安装次序:
httpd --> mysql --> php
安装httpd
#安装开发环境
[root@localhost ~]# yum groupinstall "Development Tools"
#下载必要的插件
[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y opensll-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool
#下载依赖和httpd
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg apr-1.6.5.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 httpd-2.4.38.tar.bz2
[root@localhost ~]#
#创建apache用户和组(由于创建用户时顺便创建了组)
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -r apache
[root@localhost ~]# id apache
uid=997(apache) gid=995(apache) groups=995(apache)
[root@localhost ~]#
#解压 apr-1.6.5.tar.gz、apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2、httpd-2.4.38.tar.bz2
[root@localhost ~]# tar -xf apr-1.6.5.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg apr-1.6.5 apr-1.6.5.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 httpd-2.4.38.tar.bz2
[root@localhost ~]# tar -xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg apr-1.6.5 apr-1.6.5.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1 apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 httpd-2.4.38.tar.bz2
[root@localhost ~]# tar -xf httpd-2.4.38.tar.bz2
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg apr-1.6.5 apr-1.6.5.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1 apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 httpd-2.4.38 httpd-2.4.38.tar.bz2
[root@localhost ~]#
#进入apr-1.6.5进行编译安装
[root@localhost ~]# cd apr-1.6.5
[root@localhost apr-1.6.5]# vim configure
cfgfile=${ofile}T
trap "$RM "$cfgfile"; exit 1" 1 2 15
# $RM "$cfgfile" (添加注释或者删除)
[root@localhost apr-1.6.5]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
[root@localhost apr-1.6.5]# make && make install
#进入apr-util-1.6.1 目录
[root@localhost apr-1.6.5]# cd ..
[root@localhost ~]# cd apr-util-1.6.1
[root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr/
[root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install
#进入httpd,并且编译
[root@localhost ~]# cd httpd-2.4.38
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.37]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache --sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 --enable-so --enable-ssl --enable-cgi --enable-rewrite --with-zlib --with-pcre --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ --enable-modules=most --enable-mpms-shared=all --with-mpm=prefork
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.38]# make && make install
#后续操作
[root@localhost ~]# echo ‘export PATH=/usr/local/apache/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@localhost ~]# ln -s /usr/local/apache/include/ /usr/include/httpd
[root@localhost ~]# sed -i ‘/#ServerName/s/#//g‘ /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
[root@localhost ~]# apachectl start
httpd (pid 56851) already running
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*
LISTEN 0 32 :::21 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22
二进制安装mysql
-glibc2.12-x86_64 src
games lib64 sbin
#创建软链接
[root@desktop local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
‘mysql’ -> ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/’
[root@desktop local]#
[root@desktop local]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 games
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 libexec
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 36 Apr 26 09:23 mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 129 Apr 26 09:23 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 49 Apr 17 14:55 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 src
[root@desktop local]#
[root@desktop local]# groupadd -r mysql
[root@desktop local]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g mysql mysql
[root@desktop local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql
[root@desktop local]# echo "export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin/:$PATH" > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@desktop local]# source /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
#数据库主目录
[root@desktop local]# mkdir /opt/data
#改属组属主
[root@desktop local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
#初始化数据
[root@desktop local]# mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2020-04-26T13:28:47.194209Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2020-04-26T13:28:47.739448Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2020-04-26T13:28:47.878674Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2020-04-26T13:28:48.064606Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: dc2dc2c2-87c1-11ea-b320-000c29361d6b.
2020-04-26T13:28:48.065569Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table ‘mysql.gtid_executed‘ cannot be opened.
2020-04-26T13:28:48.066537Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: ,8wypuC8Swht #密码
[root@desktop local]# cd
[root@desktop ~]# echo ",8wypuC8Swht" > passwd.txt
[root@desktop ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg passwd.txt
#创建mysql的配置文件
[root@desktop ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[root@desktop ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
[root@desktop ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@desktop ~]# sed -ri ‘s#^(datadir=).*#1/opt/data#g‘ /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@desktop ~]# sed -ri ‘s#^(basedir=).*#1/usr/local/mysql#g‘ /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@desktop ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!
[root@desktop ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25
LISTEN 0 128 :::22
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 #mysql端口号
[root@desktop ~]# mysql -uroot -p,8wypuC8Swht
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type ‘help;‘ or ‘h‘ for help. Type ‘c‘ to clear the current input
#修改密码
mysql> set password = password ("123");
安装php
#配置yum
[root@localhost~]# yum -y install epel-release
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm
#安装依赖
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libcurl libcurl-devel libicu-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel openldap-devel libpcre-devel freetype freetype-devel gmp gmp-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel readline readline-devel libxslt libxslt-devel mhash mhash-devel php72w-mysqlnd
#安装php
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@localhost src]# wget http://cn.php.net/distributions/php-7.2.8.tar.xz
[root@localhost src]# tar xf php-7.2.8.tar.xz
[root@localhost src]# cd php-7.2.8
[root@localhost php-7.2.8]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php7 --with-config-file-path=/etc --enable-fpm --enable-inline-optimization --disable-debug --disable-rpath --enable-shared --enable-soap --with-openssl --enable-bcmath --with-iconv --with-bz2 --enable-calendar --with-curl --enable-exif --enable-ftp --with-gd --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib-dir --with-freetype-dir --with-gettext --enable-json --enable-mbstring --enable-pdo --with-mysqli=mysqlnd --with-pdo-mysql=mysqlnd --with-readline --enable-shmop --enable-simplexml --enable-sockets --enable-zip --enable-mysqlnd-compression-support --with-pear --enable-pcntl --enable-posix
[root@localhost php-7.2.8]# make -j $(cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep processor|wc -l)
[root@lynk php-7.2.8]# make install
#配置php
[root@localhost php-7.2.8]# echo ‘export PATH=/usr/local/php7/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/php7.sh
[root@localhost php-7.2.8]# source /etc/profile.d/php7.sh
[root@localhost php-7.2.8]# php -v
PHP 7.2.8 (cli) (built: Feb 20 2019 16:45:01) ( NTS )
Copyright (c) 1997-2018 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v3.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2018 Zend Technologies
[root@localhost php-7.2.8]# cp php.ini-production /etc/php.ini -f
[root@localhost php-7.2.8]# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm -f
[root@localhost php-7.2.8]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/php-fpm
[root@localhost php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf -f
[root@localhost php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf -f
#编辑php-fpm配置文件
[root@localhost php-7.2.8]# cat >> /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf << EOF
pm.max_children = 50
pm.start_servers = 5
pm.min_spare_servers = 2
pm.max_spare_servers = 8
#启动php-fpm
[root@localhost php-7.2.8]# service php-fpm start
Starting php-fpm done
[root@localhost php-7.2.8]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:9000 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
配置apache
启用代理模块
在apache httpd 2.4以后已经专门有一个模块针对FastCGI的实现,此模块为mod_proxy_fcgi.so,它其实是作为mod_proxy.so模块的扩展,因此,这两个模块都要加载,编辑httpd.conf文件,取消以下两行内容的注释:
- LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so
- LoadModule proxy_fcgi_module modules/mod_proxy_fcgi.so
#启用httpd的相关模块
[root@localhost ~]# sed -i ‘/proxy_module/s/#//g‘ /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
[root@localhost ~]# sed -i ‘/proxy_fcgi_module/s/#//g‘ /etc/httpd24/httpd.c onf
配置虚拟主机
在需要使用fcgi的虚拟主机中添加类似如下两行:
#关闭正向代理
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/PATH/TO/DOCUMENT_ROOT/$
如:
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/var/www/html/idfsoft.com/$1
以上设置表示把以.php结尾的文件请求发送到php-fpm进程,php-fpm至少需要知道运行的目录和URI,所以这里直接在fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000后指明了这两个参数,其它参数的传递已经被mod_proxy_fcgi.so进行了封装,不需要手动指定。
注意:这里写的/var/www/html/是yum源安装方式生成的网页存放目录,这里需要改成你编译安装指定的网页存放路径,请勿直接复制我这里的路径
这里的idfsoft.com是域名,你需要改成你所使用的域名,请勿直接复制此处的域名
这里的$1表示匹配所有以.php结尾的http请求
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /usr/local/apache/htdocs/The_Legend_of_Zelda.com
[root@localhost ~]# cat > /usr/local/apache/htdocs/The_Legend_of_Zelda.com/index.php <<EOF
<?php
phpinfo();
?>
EOF
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R apache.apache /usr/local/apache/htdocs/
[root@localhost ~]# cat >> /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf <<EOF
#在末尾添加类似如下内容
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/The_Legend_of_Zelda.com"
ServerName www.LegendofZelda.com
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/local/apache/htdocs/The_Legend_of_Zelda.com/$1
<Directory "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/The_Legend_of_Zelda.com">
Options none
AllowOverride none
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
EOF
#然后搜索/AddType
在 AddType application/x-compress .Z
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
后面添加如下内容:
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php
AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps
[root@lynk ~]# sed -i ‘/ DirectoryIndex/s/index.html/index.php index.html/g‘ /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
#重启apache
[root@localhost ~]# apachectl stop
[root@localhostk ~]# apachectl start
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:9000 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
#关闭防火墙
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
验证
用IP或域名登录,看到以下界面代表部署成功
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