is_callable Callbacks / Callables What is a “callable”?
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php: Callback / Callable 类型 - Manual https://www.php.net/manual/zh/language.types.callable.php
Callback / Callable 类型
自 PHP 5.4 起可用 callable 类型指定回调类型 callback。本文档基于同样理由使用 callback 类型信息。
一些函数如 call_user_func() 或 usort() 可以接受用户自定义的回调函数作为参数。回调函数不止可以是简单函数，还可以是对象的方法，包括静态类方法。
传递
PHP是将函数以string形式传递的。 可以使用任何内置或用户自定义函数，但除了语言结构例如：array()，echo，empty()，eval()，exit()，isset()，list()，print 或 unset()。
一个已实例化的 object 的方法被作为 array 传递，下标 0 包含该 object，下标 1 包含方法名。 在同一个类里可以访问 protected 和 private 方法。
静态类方法也可不经实例化该类的对象而传递，只要在下标 0 中包含类名而不是对象。自 PHP 5.2.3 起，也可以传递 ‘ClassName::methodName‘。
除了普通的用户自定义函数外，也可传递 匿名函数 给回调参数。
Example #1 回调函数示例
<?php
// An example callback function
function my_callback_function() {
echo ‘hello world!‘;
}
// An example callback method
class MyClass {
static function myCallbackMethod() {
echo ‘Hello World!‘;
}
}
// Type 1: Simple callback
call_user_func(‘my_callback_function‘);
// Type 2: Static class method call
call_user_func(array(‘MyClass‘, ‘myCallbackMethod‘));
// Type 3: Object method call
$obj = new MyClass();
call_user_func(array($obj, ‘myCallbackMethod‘));
// Type 4: Static class method call (As of PHP 5.2.3)
call_user_func(‘MyClass::myCallbackMethod‘);
// Type 5: Relative static class method call (As of PHP 5.3.0)
class A {
public static function who() {
echo "A
";
}
}
class B extends A {
public static function who() {
echo "B
";
}
}
call_user_func(array(‘B‘, ‘parent::who‘)); // A
// Type 6: Objects implementing __invoke can be used as callables (since PHP 5.3)
class C {
public function __invoke($name) {
echo ‘Hello ‘, $name, "
";
}
}
$c = new C();
call_user_func($c, ‘PHP!‘);
?>
Example #2 使用 Closure 的示例
<?php
// Our closure
$double = function($a) {
return $a * 2;
};
// This is our range of numbers
$numbers = range(1, 5);
// Use the closure as a callback here to
// double the size of each element in our
// range
$new_numbers = array_map($double, $numbers);
print implode(‘ ‘, $new_numbers);
?>以上例程会输出：
2 4 6 8 10
Callbacks / Callables
Callbacks can be denoted by callable type hint as of PHP 5.4. This documentation used callback type information for the same purpose.
Some functions like call_user_func() or usort() accept user-defined callback functions as a parameter. Callback functions can not only be simple functions, but also object methods, including static class methods.
Passing
A PHP function is passed by its name as a string. Any built-in or user-defined function can be used, except language constructs such as:array(), echo, empty(), eval(), exit(), isset(), list(), print or unset().
A method of an instantiated object is passed as an array containing an object at index 0 and the method name at index 1. Accessing protected and private methods from within a class is allowed.
Static class methods can also be passed without instantiating an object of that class by passing the class name instead of an object at index 0. As of PHP 5.2.3, it is also possible to pass ‘ClassName::methodName‘.
Apart from common user-defined function, anonymous functions can also be passed to a callback parameter.
Example #1 Callback function examples
<?php
// An example callback function
function my_callback_function() {
echo ‘hello world!‘;
}
// An example callback method
class MyClass {
static function myCallbackMethod() {
echo ‘Hello World!‘;
}
}
// Type 1: Simple callback
call_user_func(‘my_callback_function‘);
// Type 2: Static class method call
call_user_func(array(‘MyClass‘, ‘myCallbackMethod‘));
// Type 3: Object method call
$obj = new MyClass();
call_user_func(array($obj, ‘myCallbackMethod‘));
// Type 4: Static class method call (As of PHP 5.2.3)
call_user_func(‘MyClass::myCallbackMethod‘);
// Type 5: Relative static class method call (As of PHP 5.3.0)
class A {
public static function who() {
echo "A
";
}
}
class B extends A {
public static function who() {
echo "B
";
}
}
call_user_func(array(‘B‘, ‘parent::who‘)); // A
// Type 6: Objects implementing __invoke can be used as callables (since PHP 5.3)
class C {
public function __invoke($name) {
echo ‘Hello ‘, $name, "
";
}
}
$c = new C();
call_user_func($c, ‘PHP!‘);
?>
Example #2 Callback example using a Closure
<?php
// Our closure
$double = function($a) {
return $a * 2;
};
// This is our range of numbers
$numbers = range(1, 5);
// Use the closure as a callback here to
// double the size of each element in our
// range
$new_numbers = array_map($double, $numbers);
print implode(‘ ‘, $new_numbers);
?>The above example will output:
2 4 6 8 10
PHP: Callbacks / Callables - Manual https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.callable.php
python - What is a "callable"? - Stack Overflow https://stackoverflow.com/questions/111234/what-is-a-callable
A callable is anything that can be called.
The built-in callable (PyCallable_Check in objects.c) checks if the argument is either:
- an instance of a class with a
__call__method or - is of a type that has a non null tp_call (c struct) member which indicates callability otherwise (such as in functions, methods etc.)
The method named __call__ is (according to the documentation)
Called when the instance is ‘‘called‘‘ as a function
Example
class Foo:
def __call__(self):
print ‘called‘
foo_instance = Foo()
foo_instance() #this is calling the __call__ method
From Python‘s sources object.c:
/* Test whether an object can be called */
int
PyCallable_Check(PyObject *x)
{
if (x == NULL)
return 0;
if (PyInstance_Check(x)) {
PyObject *call = PyObject_GetAttrString(x, "__call__");
if (call == NULL) {
PyErr_Clear();
return 0;
}
/* Could test recursively but don‘t, for fear of endless
recursion if some joker sets self.__call__ = self */
Py_DECREF(call);
return 1;
}
else {
return x->ob_type->tp_call != NULL;
}
}
It says:
- If an object is an instance of some class then it is callable iff it has
__call__attribute. - Else the object
xis callable iffx->ob_type->tp_call != NULL
Desciption of tp_call field:
ternaryfunc tp_callAn optional pointer to a function that implements calling the object. This should be NULL if the object is not callable. The signature is the same as for PyObject_Call(). This field is inherited by subtypes.
You can always use built-in callable function to determine whether given object is callable or not; or better yet just call it and catch TypeError later. callable is removed in Python 3.0 and 3.1, use callable = lambda o: hasattr(o, ‘__call__‘) or isinstance(o, collections.Callable).
Example, a simplistic cache implementation:
class Cached:
def __init__(self, function):
self.function = function
self.cache = {}
def __call__(self, *args):
try: return self.cache[args]
except KeyError:
ret = self.cache[args] = self.function(*args)
return ret
Usage:
@Cached
def ack(x, y):
return ack(x-1, ack(x, y-1)) if x*y else (x + y + 1)
Example from standard library, file site.py, definition of built-in exit() and quit() functions:
class Quitter(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __repr__(self):
return ‘Use %s() or %s to exit‘ % (self.name, eof)
def __call__(self, code=None):
# Shells like IDLE catch the SystemExit, but listen when their
# stdin wrapper is closed.
try:
sys.stdin.close()
except:
pass
raise SystemExit(code)
__builtin__.quit = Quitter(‘quit‘)
__builtin__.exit = Quitter(‘exit‘)
3.3.6. 模拟可调用对象
object.__call__(self[, args...])-
此方法会在实例作为一个函数被“调用”时被调用；如果定义了此方法，则
x(arg1, arg2, ...)就相当于x.__call__(arg1, arg2, ...)的快捷方式。
3.3.6. Emulating callable objects
object.__call__(self[, args...])-
Called when the instance is “called” as a function; if this method is defined,
x(arg1, arg2, ...)is a shorthand forx.__call__(arg1, arg2, ...).
3. Data model — Python 3.8.3 documentation https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__call__
Callback / Callable 类型
自 PHP 5.4 起可用 callable 类型指定回调类型 callback。本文档基于同样理由使用 callback 类型信息。
一些函数如 call_user_func() 或 usort() 可以接受用户自定义的回调函数作为参数。回调函数不止可以是简单函数，还可以是对象的方法，包括静态类方法。
传递
PHP是将函数以string形式传递的。 可以使用任何内置或用户自定义函数，但除了语言结构例如：array()，echo，empty()，eval()，exit()，isset()，list()，print 或 unset()。
一个已实例化的 object 的方法被作为 array 传递，下标 0 包含该 object，下标 1 包含方法名。 在同一个类里可以访问 protected 和 private 方法。
静态类方法也可不经实例化该类的对象而传递，只要在下标 0 中包含类名而不是对象。自 PHP 5.2.3 起，也可以传递 ‘ClassName::methodName‘。
除了普通的用户自定义函数外，也可传递 匿名函数 给回调参数。
Example #1 回调函数示例
<?php
// An example callback function
function my_callback_function() {
echo ‘hello world!‘;
}
// An example callback method
class MyClass {
static function myCallbackMethod() {
echo ‘Hello World!‘;
}
}
// Type 1: Simple callback
call_user_func(‘my_callback_function‘);
// Type 2: Static class method call
call_user_func(array(‘MyClass‘, ‘myCallbackMethod‘));
// Type 3: Object method call
$obj = new MyClass();
call_user_func(array($obj, ‘myCallbackMethod‘));
// Type 4: Static class method call (As of PHP 5.2.3)
call_user_func(‘MyClass::myCallbackMethod‘);
// Type 5: Relative static class method call (As of PHP 5.3.0)
class A {
public static function who() {
echo "A
";
}
}
class B extends A {
public static function who() {
echo "B
";
}
}
call_user_func(array(‘B‘, ‘parent::who‘)); // A
// Type 6: Objects implementing __invoke can be used as callables (since PHP 5.3)
class C {
public function __invoke($name) {
echo ‘Hello ‘, $name, "
";
}
}
$c = new C();
call_user_func($c, ‘PHP!‘);
?>
Example #2 使用 Closure 的示例
<?php
// Our closure
$double = function($a) {
return $a * 2;
};
// This is our range of numbers
$numbers = range(1, 5);
// Use the closure as a callback here to
// double the size of each element in our
// range
$new_numbers = array_map($double, $numbers);
print implode(‘ ‘, $new_numbers);
?>以上例程会输出：
2 4 6 8 10
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