07- django组件:中间件
Posted venicid
tags:
篇首语:本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理,主要介绍了07- django组件:中间件相关的知识,希望对你有一定的参考价值。
1、中间件的概念
中间件顾名思义,是介于request与response处理之间的一道处理过程,相对比较轻量级,并且在全局上改变django的输入与输出。因为改变的是全局,所以需要谨慎实用,用不好会影响到性能。
Django的中间件的定义:
Middleware is a framework of hooks into Django’s request/response processing. It’s a light, low-level “plugin” system for globally altering Django’s input or output.
如果你想修改请求,例如被传送到view中的HttpRequest对象。 或者你想修改view返回的HttpResponse对象,这些都可以通过中间件来实现。
可能你还想在view执行之前做一些操作,这种情况就可以用 middleware来实现。
Django 默认的Middleware
:
MIDDLEWARE = [ ‘django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware‘, ‘django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware‘, ‘django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware‘, ‘django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware‘, ‘django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware‘, ‘django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware‘, ‘django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware‘, ]
3、自定义中间件
中间件中一共有四个方法:
process_request process_view process_exception process_response
(1)添加process_request 请求方法
(2)添加到settings
(3)添加process_response响应方法
(4)添加中断
(5)process_view
process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)
midware1 也添加 视图
去掉 return
执行call_back 函数,实质就是执行 view视图函数
(6)process_exception 异常函数
当views出现错误时
django自带的报错页面
自定义这样的views视图错误
捕获顺序
mid1捕获异常,返回页面,mid2 不捕获
如果 mid1不捕获,mid2捕获
3、完整代码
url
from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path, re_path from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls), re_path(r"^index/$", views.index, name="index") ]
view视图
from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse def index(request): print("index ......") yuna return HttpResponse("index页面")
my_middlewares.py 自定义中间件
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse, render # Httprespnse对象 # 自定义中间件 class MyMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin): # 继承MiddlewareMixin def process_request(self, request): print("MyMiddleware 请求...") # return HttpResponse("forbidden 禁止") # 被禁止的 def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("MyMiddleware 视图") # return HttpResponse("视图 000") def process_exception(self, request, exception): print("MyMiddleware 异常") # return HttpResponse("md1 hello yuan" ) def process_response(self, request, response): print("MyMiddleware 响应!!!") return response class MyMiddleware2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self, request): print("MyMiddleware222 请求...") def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): # print("+++++++>>", callback(callback_args)) print("MyMiddleware22 视图") # ret = callback(callback_args) # return ret def process_exception(self, request, exception): print("MyMiddleware222 异常") return HttpResponse("<h1>mid2 %s<h1>" % exception) def process_response(self, request, response): print("MyMiddleware22 响应!!!") return response
settings中引入自定义中间件
MIDDLEWARE = [ ‘django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware‘, ‘django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware‘, ‘django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware‘, ‘django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware‘, ‘django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware‘, ‘django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware‘, ‘django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware‘, ‘app01.my_middlewares.MyMiddleware‘, ‘app01.my_middlewares.MyMiddleware2‘, ]
4、中间件应用之用户认证
通过中间件实现装饰器 @login_required 用户认证
(1)用户认证组件实现
url
from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path, re_path from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls), re_path(r"^login/$", views.login, name=‘login‘), re_path(r"^index/$", views.index, name=‘index‘), re_path(r"^order/$", views.order, name=‘order‘), re_path(r"^logout/$", views.logout, name=‘logout‘), re_path(r"^reg/$", views.reg, name=‘reg‘), ]
views
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect from django.contrib import auth # auth认证模块 from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required # 装饰器登录模块 from django.contrib.auth.models import User # 导入auth_user表对象 # Create your views here. def login(request): if request.method == ‘POST‘: user = request.POST.get("user") pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user = auth.authenticate(username=user, password=pwd) # 用户认证下 if user: auth.login(request, user) # request.user == user 当前登录用户对象 next_url = request.GET.get("next_url", "/index/") return redirect(next_url) return render(request, "login.html") @login_required def index(request): return render(request, "index.html") @login_required def order(request): return render(request, "order.html") def logout(request): auth.logout(request) return redirect("/login/") def reg(request): if request.method == "POST": user = request.POST.get("user") pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user_obj = User.objects.create_user(username=user,password=pwd) return redirect("/login/") return render(request, ‘reg.html‘)
settings
# 添加 LOGIN_URL = "/login/"
注册html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h3>注册页面</h3> <form action="" method="post"> {% csrf_token %} useranme <input type="text" name="user"> password <input type="text" name="pwd"> <input type="submit" value="注册"> </form> </body> </html>
登录
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h3>登录页面</h3> <form action="" method="post"> {% csrf_token %} username <input type="text" name="user"> password <input type="text" name="pwd"> <input type="submit" value="登录"> </form> </body> </html><!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h3>登录页面</h3> <form action="" method="post"> {% csrf_token %} username <input type="text" name="user"> password <input type="text" name="pwd"> <input type="submit" value="登录"> </form> </body> </html>
index
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h3>index页面</h3> <h3>hi {{ request.user.username }}</h3> <a href="/order/">前往order页面</a> <a href="/logout/">注销</a> </body> </html>
order
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h3>order 页面</h3> <h3>hi {{ request.user.username }}</h3> <a href="/index/">前往index页面</a> </body> </html>
数据迁移
C:PycharmProjectsauthorMid>python manage.py makemigrations C:PycharmProjectsauthorMid>python manage.py migrate
注销后返回login页面
没有认证,不能访问index,order
(2)中间件实现 @login_required
用户认证中间件my_middlewares
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import redirect from authorMid import settings class AuthMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): white_list = settings.WHITE_LIST if request.path in white_list: return None if not request.user.is_authenticated: return redirect("/login/")
settings添加中间件
MIDDLEWARE = [ ‘django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware‘, ‘django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware‘, ‘django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware‘, ‘django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware‘, ‘django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware‘, ‘django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware‘, ‘django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware‘, ‘app01.my_middlewares.AuthMiddleware‘, ] LOGIN_URL = "/login/" # 设置白名单 WHITE_LIST = ["/login/", "/reg/", "/logout/"]
views
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect, HttpResponse from django.contrib import auth # auth认证模块 from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required # 装饰器登录模块 from django.contrib.auth.models import User # 导入auth_user表对象 # Create your views here. def login(request): if request.method == ‘POST‘: user = request.POST.get("user") pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user = auth.authenticate(username=user, password=pwd) # 用户认证下 if user: auth.login(request, user) # request.user == user 当前登录用户对象 next_url = request.GET.get("next_url", "/index/") return redirect(next_url) return render(request, "login.html") # @login_required def index(request): return render(request, "index.html") # @login_required def order(request): return render(request, "order.html") def logout(request): auth.logout(request) return redirect("/login/") def reg(request): if request.method == "POST": user = request.POST.get("user") pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user_obj = User.objects.create_user(username=user,password=pwd) return redirect("/login/") return render(request, ‘reg.html‘)
5、应用案例
1、做IP访问频率限制
某些IP访问服务器的频率过高,进行拦截,比如限制每分钟不能超过20次。
2、URL访问过滤
如果用户访问的是login视图(放过)
如果访问其他视图,需要检测是不是有session认证,已经有了放行,没有返回login,这样就省得在多个视图函数上写装饰器了!
6、源码试读
作为延伸扩展内容,有余力的同学可以尝试着读一下以下两个自带的中间件:
‘django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware‘, ‘django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware‘,
以上是关于07- django组件:中间件的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章