python2.X与Python3.X区别
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__future__模块
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Python 3.x引入了一些与Python 2不兼容的关键字和特性,在Python 2中,可以通过内置的__future__模块导入这些新内容。如果你希望在Python 2环境下写的代码也可以在Python 3.x中运行,那么建议使用__future__模块。例如,如果希望在Python 2中拥有Python 3.x的整数除法行为,可以通过下面的语句导入相应的模块。
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from __future__ import division |
下表列出了__future__中其他可导入的特性:
特性 | 可选版本 | 强制版本 | 效果 |
---|---|---|---|
nested_scopes | 2.1.0b1 | 2.2 | PEP 227: Statically Nested Scopes |
generators | 2.2.0a1 | 2.3 | PEP 255: Simple Generators |
division | 2.2.0a2 | 3.0 | PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator |
absolute_import | 2.5.0a1 | 3.0 | PEP 328: Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative |
with_statement | 2.5.0a1 | 2.6 | PEP 343: The “with” Statement |
print_function | 2.6.0a2 | 3.0 | PEP 3105: Make print a function |
unicode_literals | 2.6.0a2 | 3.0 | PEP 3112: Bytes literals in Python 3000 |
(来源: https://docs.python.org/2/library/future.html)
示例:
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from platform import python_version |
print函数
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虽然print语法是Python 3中一个很小的改动,且应该已经广为人知,但依然值得提一下:Python 2中的print语句被Python 3中的print()函数取代,这意味着在Python 3中必须用括号将需要输出的对象括起来。
在Python 2中使用额外的括号也是可以的。但反过来在Python 3中想以Python2的形式不带括号调用print函数时,会触发SyntaxError。
Python 2
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print ‘Python‘ , python_version() print ‘Hello, World!‘ print ( ‘Hello, World!‘ ) print "text" , ; print ‘print more text on the same line‘ |
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Python 2.7.6 Hello, World! Hello, World! text print more text on the same line |
Python 3
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) print ( ‘Hello, World!‘ ) print ( "some text," , end = "") print ( ‘ print more text on the same line‘ ) |
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Python 3.4.1 Hello, World! some text, print more text on the same line |
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print ‘Hello, World!‘ |
File "<ipython-input-3-139a7c5835bd>", line 1 print ‘Hello, World!‘ ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax |
注意:
在Python中,带不带括号输出”Hello World”都很正常。但如果在圆括号中同时输出多个对象时,就会创建一个元组,这是因为在Python 2中,print是一个语句,而不是函数调用。
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print ‘Python‘ , python_version() print ( ‘a‘ , ‘b‘ ) print ‘a‘ , ‘b‘ |
Python 2.7.7 (‘a‘, ‘b‘) a b
整数除法
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由于人们常常会忽视Python 3在整数除法上的改动(写错了也不会触发Syntax Error),所以在移植代码或在Python 2中执行Python 3的代码时,需要特别注意这个改动。
所以,我还是会在Python 3的脚本中尝试用float(3)/2或 3/2.0代替3/2,以此来避免代码在Python 2环境下可能导致的错误(或与之相反,在Python 2脚本中用from __future__ import division来使用Python 3的除法)。
Python 2
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print ‘Python‘ , python_version() print ‘3 / 2 =‘ , 3 / 2 print ‘3 // 2 =‘ , 3 / / 2 print ‘3 / 2.0 =‘ , 3 / 2.0 print ‘3 // 2.0 =‘ , 3 / / 2.0 |
Python 2.7.6 3 / 2 = 1 3 // 2 = 1 3 / 2.0 = 1.5 3 // 2.0 = 1.0
Python 3
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) print ( ‘3 / 2 =‘ , 3 / 2 ) print ( ‘3 // 2 =‘ , 3 / / 2 ) print ( ‘3 / 2.0 =‘ , 3 / 2.0 ) print ( ‘3 // 2.0 =‘ , 3 / / 2.0 ) |
Python 3.4.1 3 / 2 = 1.5 3 // 2 = 1 3 / 2.0 = 1.5 3 // 2.0 = 1.0
Unicode
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Python 2有基于ASCII的str()类型,其可通过单独的unicode()函数转成unicode类型,但没有byte类型。
而在Python 3中,终于有了Unicode(utf-8)字符串,以及两个字节类:bytes和bytearrays。
Python 2
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print ‘Python‘ , python_version() |
Python 2.7.6
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print type ( unicode ( ‘this is like a python3 str type‘ )) |
<type ‘unicode‘>
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print type (b ‘byte type does not exist‘ ) |
<type ‘str‘>
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print ‘they are really‘ + b ‘ the same‘ |
they are really the same
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print type (bytearray(b ‘bytearray oddly does exist though‘ )) |
<type ‘bytearray‘>
Python 3
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) print ( ‘strings are now utf-8 u03BCnicou0394é!‘ ) |
Python 3.4.1 strings are now utf-8 μnicoΔé!
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version(), end = "") print ( ‘ has‘ , type (b ‘ bytes for storing data‘ )) |
Python 3.4.1 has <class ‘bytes‘>
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print ( ‘and Python‘ , python_version(), end = "") print ( ‘ also has‘ , type (bytearray(b ‘bytearrays‘ ))) |
and Python 3.4.1 also has <class ‘bytearray‘>
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‘note that we cannot add a string‘ + b ‘bytes for data‘ |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-13-d3e8942ccf81> in <module>() ----> 1 ‘note that we cannot add a string‘ + b‘bytes for data‘ TypeError: Can‘t convert ‘bytes‘ object to str implicitly
xrange
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在Python 2.x中,经常会用xrange()创建一个可迭代对象,通常出现在“for循环”或“列表/集合/字典推导式”中。
这种行为与生成器非常相似(如”惰性求值“),但这里的xrange-iterable无尽的,意味着可能在这个xrange上无限迭代。
由于xrange的“惰性求知“特性,如果只需迭代一次(如for循环中),range()通常比xrange()快一些。不过不建议在多次迭代中使用range(),因为range()每次都会在内存中重新生成一个列表。
在Python 3中,range()的实现方式与xrange()函数相同,所以就不存在专用的xrange()(在Python 3中使用xrange()会触发NameError)。
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import timeit n = 10000 def test_range(n): return for i in range (n): pass def test_xrange(n): for i in xrange (n): pass |
Python 2
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print ‘Python‘ , python_version() print ‘ntiming range()‘ % timeit test_range(n) print ‘nntiming xrange()‘ % timeit test_xrange(n) |
Python 2.7.6 timing range() 1000 loops, best of 3: 433 μs per loop timing xrange() 1000 loops, best of 3: 350 μs per loop
Python 3
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) print ( ‘ntiming range()‘ ) % timeit test_range(n) |
Python 3.4.1 timing range() 1000 loops, best of 3: 520 μs per loop
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print ( xrange ( 10 )) |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- NameError Traceback (most recent call last) in () ----> 1 print(xrange(10)) NameError: name ‘xrange‘ is not defined
Python 3中的range对象中的__contains__方法
另一个值得一提的是,在Python 3.x中,range有了一个新的__contains__方法。__contains__方法可以有效的加快Python 3.x中整数和布尔型的“查找”速度。
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x = 10000000 def val_in_range(x, val): return val in range (x) def val_in_xrange(x, val): return val in xrange (x) print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) assert (val_in_range(x, x / 2 ) = = True ) assert (val_in_range(x, x / / 2 ) = = True ) % timeit val_in_range(x, x / 2 ) % timeit val_in_range(x, x / / 2 ) |
Python 3.4.1 1 loops, best of 3: 742 ms per loop 1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.19 μs per loop
根据上面的timeit的结果,查找整数比查找浮点数要快大约6万倍。但由于Python 2.x中的range或xrange没有__contains__方法,所以在Python 2中的整数和浮点数的查找速度差别不大。
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print ‘Python‘ , python_version() assert (val_in_xrange(x, x / 2.0 ) = = True ) assert (val_in_xrange(x, x / 2 ) = = True ) assert (val_in_range(x, x / 2 ) = = True ) assert (val_in_range(x, x / / 2 ) = = True ) % timeit val_in_xrange(x, x / 2.0 ) % timeit val_in_xrange(x, x / 2 ) % timeit val_in_range(x, x / 2.0 ) % timeit val_in_range(x, x / 2 ) |
Python 2.7.7 1 loops, best of 3: 285 ms per loop 1 loops, best of 3: 179 ms per loop 1 loops, best of 3: 658 ms per loop 1 loops, best of 3: 556 ms per loop
下面的代码证明了Python 2.x中没有__contain__方法:
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) range .__contains__ |
Python 3.4.1 <slot wrapper ‘__contains__‘ of ‘range‘ objects
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) range .__contains__ |
Python 2.7.7 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-7-05327350dafb> in <module>() 1 print ‘Python‘, python_version() ----> 2 range.__contains__ AttributeError: ‘builtin_function_or_method‘ object has no attribute ‘__contains__‘
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) xrange .__contains__ |
Python 2.7.7 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last) in () 1 print ‘Python‘, python_version() ----> 2 xrange.__contains__ AttributeError: type object ‘xrange‘ has no attribute ‘__contains__‘
关于Python 2中xrange()与Python 3中range()之间的速度差异的一点说明:
有读者指出了Python 3中的range()和Python 2中xrange()执行速度有差异。由于这两者的实现方式相同,因此理论上执行速度应该也是相同的。这里的速度差别仅仅是因为Python 3的总体速度就比Python 2慢。
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def test_while(): i = 0 while i < 20000 : i + = 1 return |
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) % timeit test_while() |
Python 3.4.1 %timeit test_while() 100 loops, best of 3: 2.68 ms per loop
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print ‘Python‘ , python_version() % timeit test_while() |
Python 2.7.6 1000 loops, best of 3: 1.72 ms per loop
触发异常
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Python 2支持新旧两种异常触发语法,而Python 3只接受带括号的的语法(不然会触发SyntaxError):
Python 2
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print ‘Python‘ , python_version() |
Python 2.7.6
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raise IOError, "file error" |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- IOError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-8-25f049caebb0> in <module>() ----> 1 raise IOError, "file error" IOError: file error
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raise IOError( "file error" ) |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- IOError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-9-6f1c43f525b2> in <module>() ----> 1 raise IOError("file error") IOError: file error
Python 3
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) |
Python 3.4.1
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raise IOError, "file error" |
File "<ipython-input-10-25f049caebb0>", line 1 raise IOError, "file error" ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax The proper way to raise an exception in Python 3:
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) raise IOError( "file error" ) |
Python 3.4.1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- OSError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-11-c350544d15da> in <module>() 1 print(‘Python‘, python_version()) ----> 2 raise IOError("file error") OSError: file error
异常处理
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Python 3中的异常处理也发生了一点变化。在Python 3中必须使用“as”关键字。
Python 2
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print ‘Python‘ , python_version() try : let_us_cause_a_NameError except NameError, err: print err, ‘--> our error message‘ |
Python 2.7.6 name ‘let_us_cause_a_NameError‘ is not defined --> our error message
Python 3
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) try : let_us_cause_a_NameError except NameError as err: print (err, ‘--> our error message‘ ) |
Python 3.4.1 name ‘let_us_cause_a_NameError‘ is not defined --> our error message
next()函数和.next()方法
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由于会经常用到next()(.next())函数(方法),所以还要提到另一个语法改动(实现方面也做了改动):在Python 2.7.5中,函数形式和方法形式都可以使用,而在Python 3中,只能使用next()函数(试图调用.next()方法会触发AttributeError)。
Python 2
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print ‘Python‘ , python_version() my_generator = (letter for letter in ‘abcdefg‘ ) next (my_generator) my_generator. next () |
Python 2.7.6 ‘b‘
Python 3
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) my_generator = (letter for letter in ‘abcdefg‘ ) next (my_generator) |
Python 3.4.1 ‘a‘
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my_generator. next () |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-14-125f388bb61b> in <module>() ----> 1 my_generator.next() AttributeError: ‘generator‘ object has no attribute ‘next‘
For循环变量与全局命名空间泄漏
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好消息是:在Python 3.x中,for循环中的变量不再会泄漏到全局命名空间中了!
这是Python 3.x中做的一个改动,在“What‘s New In Python 3.0”中有如下描述:
“列表推导不再支持[... for var in item1, item2, ...]这样的语法,使用[... for var in (item1, item2, ...)]代替。还要注意列表推导有不同的语义:现在列表推导更接近list()构造器中的生成器表达式这样的语法糖,特别要注意的是,循环控制变量不会再泄漏到循环周围的空间中了。”
Python 2
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print ‘Python‘ , python_version() i = 1 print ‘before: i =‘ , i print ‘comprehension: ‘ , [i for i in range ( 5 )] print ‘after: i =‘ , i |
Python 2.7.6 before: i = 1 comprehension: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] after: i = 4
Python 3
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) i = 1 print ( ‘before: i =‘ , i) print ( ‘comprehension:‘ , [i for i in range ( 5 )]) print ( ‘after: i =‘ , i) |
Python 3.4.1 before: i = 1 comprehension: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] after: i = 1
比较无序类型
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Python 3中另一个优秀的改动是,如果我们试图比较无序类型,会触发一个TypeError。
Python 2
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print ‘Python‘ , python_version() print "[1, 2] > ‘foo‘ = " , [ 1 , 2 ] > ‘foo‘ print "(1, 2) > ‘foo‘ = " , ( 1 , 2 ) > ‘foo‘ print "[1, 2] > (1, 2) = " , [ 1 , 2 ] > ( 1 , 2 ) |
Python 2.7.6 [1, 2] > ‘foo‘ = False (1, 2) > ‘foo‘ = True [1, 2] > (1, 2) = False
Python 3
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) print ( "[1, 2] > ‘foo‘ = " , [ 1 , 2 ] > ‘foo‘ ) print ( "(1, 2) > ‘foo‘ = " , ( 1 , 2 ) > ‘foo‘ ) print ( "[1, 2] > (1, 2) = " , [ 1 , 2 ] > ( 1 , 2 )) |
Python 3.4.1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-16-a9031729f4a0> in <module>() 1 print(‘Python‘, python_version()) ----> 2 print("[1, 2] > ‘foo‘ = ", [1, 2] > ‘foo‘) 3 print("(1, 2) > ‘foo‘ = ", (1, 2) > ‘foo‘) 4 print("[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2)) TypeError: unorderable types: list() > str()
通过input()解析用户的输入
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幸运的是,Python 3改进了input()函数,这样该函数就会总是将用户的输入存储为str对象。在Python 2中,为了避免读取非字符串类型会发生的一些危险行为,不得不使用raw_input()代替input()。
Python 2
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Python 2.7 . 6 [GCC 4.0 . 1 (Apple Inc. build 5493 )] on darwin Type "help" , "copyright" , "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> my_input = input ( ‘enter a number: ‘ ) enter a number: 123 >>> type (my_input) < type ‘int‘ > >>> my_input = raw_input ( ‘enter a number: ‘ ) enter a number: 123 >>> type (my_input) < type ‘str‘ > |
Python 3
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Python 3.4 . 1 [GCC 4.2 . 1 (Apple Inc. build 5577 )] on darwin Type "help" , "copyright" , "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> my_input = input ( ‘enter a number: ‘ ) enter a number: 123 >>> type (my_input) < class ‘str‘ > |
返回可迭代对象,而不是列表
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在xrange一节中可以看到,某些函数和方法在Python中返回的是可迭代对象,而不像在Python 2中返回列表。
由于通常对这些对象只遍历一次,所以这种方式会节省很多内存。然而,如果通过生成器来多次迭代这些对象,效率就不高了。
此时我们的确需要列表对象,可以通过list()函数简单的将可迭代对象转成列表。
Python 2
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print ‘Python‘ , python_version() print range ( 3 ) print type ( range ( 3 )) |
Python 2.7.6 [0, 1, 2] <type ‘list‘>
Python 3
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print ( ‘Python‘ , python_version()) print ( range ( 3 )) print ( type ( range ( 3 ))) print ( list ( range ( 3 ))) |
Python 3.4.1 range(0, 3) <class ‘range‘> [0, 1, 2]
下面列出了Python 3中其他不再返回列表的常用函数和方法:
- zip()
- map()
- filter()
- 字典的.key()方法
- 字典的.value()方法
- 字典的.item()方法
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