Python之路第一篇：使用miniconda安装python多版本
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一、简介
Anaconda是一个发行包，里面集成打包了很多的软件包，使用conda包管理器来安装软件，比较方便，但是Anaconda软件包太大，个人不太喜欢，想自己定制。Miniconda中只有Conda包管理器，正是我想要的，下面简单介绍一下Miniconda的简单配置方法。
二、配置使用
1. 下载软件包：
2. 安装：
bash Miniconda3-4.3.14-Linux-x86_64.sh
####显示过程####：
Welcome to Miniconda3 4.3.14 (by Continuum Analytics, Inc.) In order to continue the installation process, please review the license agreement. Please, press ENTER to continue >>> # 按回车，之后按空格键显示完全license信息 ================= Miniconda License ================= Copyright 2016, Continuum Analytics, Inc. All rights reserved under the 3-clause BSD License: Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of Continuum Analytics, Inc. nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL CONTINUUM ANALYTICS, INC. BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Notice of Third Party Software Licenses ======================================= Anaconda contains open source software packages from third parties. These are available on an "as is" basis and subject to their individual license agreements. These licenses are available in Anaconda or at http://docs.continuum.io/anaconda/pkg-docs . Any binary packages of these third party tools you obtain via Anaconda are subject to their individual licenses as well as the Anaconda license. Continuum reserves the right to change which third party tools are provided in Anaconda. Cryptography Notice =================== This distribution includes cryptographic software. The country in which you currently reside may have restrictions on the import, possession, use, and/or re-export to another country, of encryption software. BEFORE using any encryption software, please check your country‘s laws, regulations and policies concerning the import, possession, or use, and re-export of encryption software, to see if this is permitted. See the Wassenaar Arrangement <http://www.wassenaar.org/> for more information. Continuum Analytics has self-classified this software as Export Commodity Control Number (ECCN) 5D002.C.1, which includes information security software using or performing cryptographic functions with asymmetric algorithms. The form and manner of this distribution makes it eligible for export under the License Exception ENC Technology Software Unrestricted (TSU) exception (see the BIS Export Administration Regulations, Section 740.13) for both object code and source code. The following packages are included in this distribution that relate to cryptography: openssl The OpenSSL Project is a collaborative effort to develop a robust, commercial-grade, full-featured, and Open Source toolkit implementing the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocols as well as a full-strength general purpose cryptography library. pycrypto A collection of both secure hash functions (such as SHA256 and RIPEMD160), and various encryption algorithms (AES, DES, RSA, ElGamal, etc.). Do you approve the license terms? [yes|no] >>> yes # 同意license条款 Miniconda3 will now be installed into this location: /home/gql/miniconda3 - Press ENTER to confirm the location - Press CTRL-C to abort the installation - Or specify a different location below [/home/gql/miniconda3] >>> # 此处可修改到其他目录，也可以默认 PREFIX=/home/gql/miniconda3 installing: python-3.6.0-0 ... installing: cffi-1.9.1-py36_0 ... installing: conda-env-2.6.0-0 ... installing: cryptography-1.7.1-py36_0 ... installing: idna-2.2-py36_0 ... installing: libffi-3.2.1-1 ... installing: openssl-1.0.2k-1 ... installing: pyasn1-0.1.9-py36_0 ... installing: pycosat-0.6.1-py36_1 ... installing: pycparser-2.17-py36_0 ... installing: pyopenssl-16.2.0-py36_0 ... installing: readline-6.2-2 ... installing: requests-2.12.4-py36_0 ... installing: ruamel_yaml-0.11.14-py36_1 ... installing: setuptools-27.2.0-py36_0 ... installing: six-1.10.0-py36_0 ... installing: sqlite-3.13.0-0 ... installing: tk-8.5.18-0 ... installing: xz-5.2.2-1 ... installing: yaml-0.1.6-0 ... installing: zlib-1.2.8-3 ... installing: conda-4.3.14-py36_0 ... installing: pip-9.0.1-py36_1 ... installing: wheel-0.29.0-py36_0 ... Python 3.6.0 :: Continuum Analytics, Inc. creating default environment... installation finished. Do you wish the installer to prepend the Miniconda3 install location to PATH in your /home/gql/.bashrc ? [yes|no] [no] >>> yes # 同意把conda添加到用户环境变量中 Prepending PATH=/home/gql/miniconda3/bin to PATH in /home/gql/.bashrc A backup will be made to: /home/gql/.bashrc-miniconda3.bak For this change to become active, you have to open a new terminal. Thank you for installing Miniconda3! Share your notebooks and packages on Anaconda Cloud! Sign up for free: https://anaconda.org
####安装完成######
3. 查看并使得conda命令生效（windows不用）
（1）查看：
tail -3 ~/.bashrc
若显示如下，则表示命令已经添加到用户环境变量中：
# added by Miniconda3 4.3.14 installer
export PATH="/home/gql/miniconda3/bin:$PATH"
（2）使生效
source ~/.bashrc # .bashrc文件生效
4. 更换conda源和pip源：
（1）conda源：（使用清华开源镜像站的源）
编写配置文件：
vim ~/.condarc # 新建配置文件并打开
若windows：
C:Users用户名.condarc
channels: - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/ - defaults show_channel_urls: true
英文输入法条件下，按i进入输入模式，把上述配置拷贝进去即可。
输入完之后，按esc键，然后按 :x 保存并退出。
（2）pip源：（使用清华开源镜像站的源）
mkdir ~/.pip # 在用户家目录下创建.pip 隐藏文件夹
vim ~/.pip/pip.conf # 新建配置文件并打开
若windows：
C:Users用户名pippip.ini
[global] index-url = https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
或豆瓣源：
[global] trusted-host = pypi.douban.com index-url = http://pypi.douban.com/simple
5. 创建python任意版本虚拟环境：
比如：python2.7
conda create --name py2 python=2.7
查看当前conda管理的虚拟环境有哪些：
conda info --envs
6. 修改进入虚拟环境的命令（windows不用）
vim ~/.bashrc # 在文件的最下面添加下面两行，不是必须（个人喜好 ^_^）
alias workon=‘source activate‘
alias pybye=‘source deactivate‘
修改环境变量之后使生效：
source ~/.bashrc
此时进入虚拟环境的命令：
workon py2
离开虚拟环境的命令：
pybye
7. 进入虚拟环境安装软件包：
workon py2 # 进入虚拟环境，或 source activate py2 / windows：activate py2
pip install 软件包名 # 安装软件包
附加常用命令：
pip list # 查看当前虚拟环境存在的软件包
pip freeze # 查看当前虚拟环境存在的软件包，同时显示处具体版本
比如在某个相同环境软件包重定向到文件：pip freeze > py2.txt
再使用相同环境的文件安装软件包：pip install -r py2.txt
pip的所有命令：
Usage: pip <command> [options] Commands: install Install packages. download Download packages. uninstall Uninstall packages. freeze Output installed packages in requirements format. list List installed packages. show Show information about installed packages. check Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies. config Manage local and global configuration. search Search PyPI for packages. wheel Build wheels from your requirements. hash Compute hashes of package archives. completion A helper command used for command completion. help Show help for commands. General Options: -h, --help Show help. --isolated Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring environment variables and user configuration. -v, --verbose Give more output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times. -V, --version Show version and exit. -q, --quiet Give less output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times (corresponding to WARNING, ERROR, and CRITICAL logging levels). --log <path> Path to a verbose appending log. --proxy <proxy> Specify a proxy in the form [user:[email protected]]proxy.server:port. --retries <retries> Maximum number of retries each connection should attempt (default 5 times). --timeout <sec> Set the socket timeout (default 15 seconds). --exists-action <action> Default action when a path already exists: (s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup, (a)bort). --trusted-host <hostname> Mark this host as trusted, even though it does not have valid or any HTTPS. --cert <path> Path to alternate CA bundle. --client-cert <path> Path to SSL client certificate, a single file containing the private key and the certificate in PEM format. --cache-dir <dir> Store the cache data in <dir>. --no-cache-dir Disable the cache. --disable-pip-version-check Don‘t periodically check PyPI to determine whether a new version of pip is available for download. Implied with --no-index. --no-color Suppress colored output
Ps: 若没有配置，命令行使用其他源安装：
pip install numpy.py -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple --trusted-host pypi.douban.com
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