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Linus wanted to run UNIX at home, but at the time the software cost $5,000, and it ran only on $10,000 workstations.
He began to work on his own UNIX clone, one that would bring all the hacking power of UNIX to a desktop PC. By early 1991, Linus had created a kernel--the heart of the operating system that works directly with the processor. He called it "Freax," a play on "free UNIX" or hacker "freaks," but when he tried to post it to the Web, the FTP site manager didn't like the implication. He named the FTP site "Linux," after the label Linus had put there for his personal use.
"I never wanted to use that name because I felt, OK, that's a little too egotistical," he remembers. "The name stuck, and right now I'm very happy I didn't call it 'Freax.' "
In October 1991, Linus announced the release of Linux .02, the first functional Linux operating system. Linus predicted the bare-bones code would appeal to shade-tree programmers who were then using a UNIX clone called Minix to tinker with their Intels.
"Do you pine for the nice days of Minix 1.1, when men were men and wrote their own device drivers?" Linux queried in a Minix newsgroup. "Are you without a nice project and just dying to cut your teeth on an OS you can modify for your needs?"
The post reads like a taunt: Come and get it if you're man enough.
He patented Linux under the Free Software Foundation's General Public License, which made it free and available and prevented anyone from distributing it without the source code.
Back then, in 1991, UNIX couldn't run on PCs. Linux made an impact at universities, where they were teaching UNIX and using Minix.
Linux's beauty is that it can do anything UNIX can do--on a $1,000 desktop PC. What's more, anyone can download it off the Internet for programming or hacking or to convert a desktop PC into a Web server.
His first surprise came when he got emails from five other people claiming to be running their PCs on Linux. "The source code got some people really excited," says Linus. "A lot of people who used it were people who wanted to play with it." Then Linus got emails from 100 other new Linux users. "After that," he says, "I stopped being surprised."
分数有的是~可是最多就是100分 外加增加的100分还有最后采纳后加的50分。然后你还能白得到20分。最多就是270分啦。
Linux 操作系统的诞生
1981 年IBM 公司推出享誉全球的微型计算机IBM PC。在1981-1991 年间,MS-DOS 操作系统一直是微型计算机上操作系统的主宰。此时计算机硬件价格虽然逐年下降,但软件价格仍然是居高不下。当时Apple 的MACs 操作系统可以说是性能最好的,但是其天价没人能够轻易靠近。
当时的另一个计算机技术阵营是Unix世界。但是Unix操作系统就不仅是价格贵的问题了。为了寻求高利率,Unix经销商将价格抬得极高,PC小用户就根本不能靠近它。曾经一度受到Bell Labs的许可而可以在大学中用于教学的UNIX源代码一直被小心地守卫着不需公开。对于广大的PC用户,软件行业的大型供应商始终没有给出有效的解决该问题的手段。正在此时,出现了MINIX操作系统,并有一本详细的书本描述它的设计实现原理。由于AST的书写的非常详细,并且叙述有条有理,几乎全世界的计算机爱好者都在看这本书以理解操作系统的工作原理。其中也包括Linux系统的创始者Linus Benedict Torvalds。当时(1991年),Linus Benedict Torvalds 是赫尔辛基大学计算机科学系的二年级学生,也是一个自学hacker。这个21 岁的芬兰年轻人喜欢鼓捣计算机,测试计算机的能力和限制。但当时缺乏的是一个专业级的操作系统。MINIX 虽然很好,但只是一个用于教学目的简单操作系统,而不是一个强有力的实用操作系统。
到1991 年,GNU 计划已经开发出了许多工具软件。最受期盼的Gnu C 编译器已经出现,但还没有开发出免费的GNU 操作系统。即使是MINIX 也开始有了版权,需要购买才能得到源代码。而GNU 的操作系统HURD 一直在开发之中,但并不能在几年内完成。对于Linus 来说,已经不能等待了。从1991 年4 月份起,他开始酝酿并着手编制自己的操作系统。刚开始,他的目的很简单,只是为了学习Intel 386 体系结构保护模式运行方式下的编程技术。但后来Linux 的发展却完全改变了初衷。
1991 年初,Linux 开始在一台386sx 兼容微机上学习minix 操作系统。通过学习,他逐渐不能满足minix 系统的现有性能,并开始酝酿开发一个新的免费操作系统。根据Linus 在comp.os.minix 新闻组上发布的消息,我们可以知道他逐步从学习minix 系统到开发自己的Linux 的过程。
Linus 第1 次向comp.os.minix 投递消息是在1991 年3 月29 日。题目是"gcc on minix-386 doesn't optimize",是有关gcc 编译器在minix-386 上运行的优化问题,由此可知,Linus 在1991 年的初期已经开始深入研究了minix 系统,并在这段时间有了改进minix 操作系统的思想,而且在进一步学习minix系统中,逐步演变为想自己重新设计一个基于Intel 80386 体系结构的新操作系统。他在回答有人提出minix 上的一个问题时,所说的第一句话是"阅读源代码"("RTFSC (Read the Fucking Source Code :-)")。他认为答案就在源程序中。这也说明了对于学习系统软件来说,你不光需要懂得系统的工作基本原理,还需要结合实际系统,学习实际系统的实现方法。因为理论毕竟是理论,其中省略了许多枝节,而这些枝节问题虽然没有太多的理论含量,但却是一个系统必要的组成部分,就像麻雀身上的一根羽毛。
从1991 年的4 月份开始,Linus 几乎花了全部时间研究386-minix 系统(hack the kernel),并且尝试着移植GNU 的软件到该系统上(GNU gcc、bash、gdb 等)。并于4 月13 日在comp.os.minix 上发布说自己已经成功地将bash 移植到了minix 上,而且已经爱不释手、不能离开这个shell 软件了。
第一个与Linux 有关的消息是在1991 年7 月3 日在comp.os.minix 上发布的(当然此时还不存在Linux 这个名称,当时Linus 的脑子里想的可能是FREAX ,FREAX 的英文含义是怪诞的、怪物、异想天开等)。其中透露了他正在进行Linux 系统的开发,并且在Linux 最初的时候已经想到要实现与POSIX(UNIX 的国际标准)的兼容问题了。
在Linus 的下一发布的消息中(1991 年8 月25 日 comp.os.minix),他向所有minix 用户询问"What would you like to see in minix?"("你最想在minix 中见到什么?"),在该消息中他首次透露出正在开发一个(免费的)386(486)操作系统,并且说只是兴趣而已,代码不会很大,也不会象GNU 的那样专业。开发免费操作系统这个想法从4 月份就开始酝酿了,希望大家反馈一些对于minix 系统中喜欢那些特色不喜欢什么等信息,由于实际的和其它一些原因,新开发的系统刚开始与minix 很象(并且使用了minix 的文件系统)。并且已经成功地将bash(1.08 版)和gcc(1.40 版)移植到了新系统上,而且在过几个月就可以实用了。
最后,Linus 申明他开发的操作系统没有使用一行minix 的源代码;而且由于使用了386 的任务切换特性,所以该操作系统不好移植(没有可移植性),并且只能使用AT 硬盘。对于Linux 的移植性问题,Linus 当时并没有考虑。但是目前Linux 几乎可以运行在任何一种硬件体系结构上。
到了1991 年的10 月5 日,Linus 在comp.os.minix 新闻组上发布消息,正式向外宣布Linux 内核系统的诞生(Free minix-like kernel sources for 386-AT)。这段消息可以称为Linux 的诞生宣言,并且一直广为流传。因此10 月5 日对Linux 社区来说是一个特殊的日子,许多后来Linux 的新版本发布时都选择了这个日子。所以RedHat 公司选择这个日子发布它的新系统也不是偶然的。
Linux 操作系统版本的变迁 0.00 (1991.2-4?) 两个进程分别显示AAA BBB
将Linux 系统0.13 版内核直接改称0.95 版,Linus 的意思是让大家不要觉得离1.0 版还很遥远。同时,从0.95 版开始,对内核的许多改进之处(补丁程序的提供)均以其他人为主了,而Linus 的主要任务开始变成对内核的维护和决定是否采用某个补丁程序。
Linux 名称的来由
Linux 操作系统刚开始时并没有被称作Linux,Linus 给他的操作系统取名为FREAX,其英文含义是怪诞的、怪物、异想天开等意思。在他将新的操作系统上载到ftp.funet.fi 服务器上时,管理员Ari Lemke很不喜欢这个名称。他认为既然是Linus 的操作系统就取其谐音Linux 作为该操作系统的目录吧,于是Linux 这个名称就开始流传下来。
在Linus 的自传《Just for Fun》一书中,Linus 解释说:"坦白地说,我从来没有想到过要用Linux 这个名称发布这个操作系统,因为这个名字有些太自负了。而我为最终发布版准备的是什么名字呢?Freax。实际上,内核代码中某些早期的Makefile - 用于描述如何编译源代码的文件 - 文件中就已经包含有"Freax"这个名字了,大约存在了半年左右。但其实这也没什么关系,在当时还不需要一个名字,因为我还没有向任何人发布过内核代码。而Ari Lemke,他坚持要用自己的方式将内核代码放到ftp 站点上,并且非常不喜欢Freax 这个名字。他坚持要用现在这个名字(Linux),我承认当时我并没有跟他多争论。但这都是他取的名字。所以我可以光明正大地说我并不自负,或者部分坦白地说我并没有本位主义思想。但我想好吧,这也是个好名字,而且以后为这事我总能说服别人,就象我现在做的这样。"-- Linus Torvalds《Just for fun》第84-88 页。
通过上述说明,我们可以对上述Linux 的五大支柱归纳如下:
① UNIX 操作系统 -- UNIX 于1969 年诞生在Bell 实验室。Linux 就是UNIX 的一种克隆系统。UNIX的重要性就不用多说了。
② MINIX 操作系统 -- Minix 操作系统也是UNIX 的一种克隆系统,它于1987 年由著名计算机教授Andrew S. Tanenbaum 开发完成。由于MINIX 系统的出现并且提供源代码(只能免费用于大学内)在全世界的大学中刮起了学习UNIX 系统旋风。Linux 刚开始就是参照Minix 系统于1991 年才开始开发。
③ GNU 计划-- 开发Linux 操作系统,以及Linux 上所用大多数软件基本上都出自GNU 计划。Linux只是操作系统的一个内核,没有GNU 软件环境(比如说bash shell),则Linux 将寸步难行。
④ POSIX 标准 -- 该标准在推动Linux 操作系统以后朝着正规路上发展起着重要的作用。是Linux前进的灯塔。
⑤ INTERNET -- 如果没有Intenet 网,没有遍布全世界的无数计算机骇客的无私奉献,那么Linux最多只能发展到0.13(0.95)版的水平。 参考技术A 莱纳斯想在家里使用unix系统,但那时候买个unix软件需要花费5000美圆,并且它只能操作于价值10000美圆的工作区中。
他开始研究他自己的unix系统复制品,一个可以将unix系统中所有的功能应用于个人计算机中。1991年早期,莱纳斯研发出了操作系统直接与处理器共同运作的“核”,他称它为“Freax”,意思是“免费unix”或是“计算机迷怪胎”。但当他想把他的产品发到网上的时候,ftp站点经理却不喜欢它的含义。经理在ftp站点上将它的名字改成了“linux”,并把它放在莱纳斯名字标签后,以供给莱纳斯做为私人使用。
“我从来没有想过要用那个名字,因为我觉的,好吧,那个名字有点太任性了”,他回忆到,“实在想不出别的名字了,现在我真的很庆幸当初没有用Freax做名字”
1991年10月,莱纳斯声明推出第一个实用性linux操作系统linux.02,莱纳斯预测这开放性的源码会吸引那些使用另种unix复制品(minix)去修补他们英特尔产品的人群。
“当人人都自己去开发自己的设备驱动的时候,你还渴望minix1.1会得到辉煌吗?”莱纳斯对一个minix新闻组提出质疑。“你们是不是在缺少一套好的方案下,去垂死般的在操作系统上做些无用的修改来满足你们的需要呢?
这个言论看起来好像是一种辱骂:如果你够男人的话就来拥有它。
莱纳斯在免费软件基金会那获取了linux系统的专利权,这样就可以让大家免费享用这个系统并且避免任何人在无源代码的情况下发布他的系统。
在1991年的时候,unix不能在个人计算机上运行,莱纳斯在大学中引起了很大的反响,对那些正在教unix系统并使用minx系统的人造成了深远的影响。
linux系统的好处是它具有任何unix系统所具有的特性,可以在价值1000美圆的个人计算机中运行。更好的是,任何人都可以下载它之后,在脱离网络的情况下来做编程或是黑客或是将一个个人电脑转换成一个网络服务器。
第一个让他(莱纳斯)感到惊讶的事是当他收到5个人的邮件,声称他们将在他们的电脑上使用linux系统的时候。 开源的代码让一些人着实非常的兴奋,莱纳斯说道“很多使用它的人都是想在linux系统中得到乐趣”当他又收到100封来自其他linx用户的邮件的时候,他说“我也就不感到惊奇了”
全手动,累死我了。。
我尽力了楼主~本回答被提问者采纳 参考技术B Linus wanted to run UNIX at home, but at the time the software cost $5,000, and it ran only on $10,000 workstations.
Linus 想要在家里运行UNIX操作系统,但是那个时候一套软件需要5000美金,并且只能在10000美金的工作站里面运行。
He began to work on his own UNIX clone, one that would bring all the hacking power of UNIX to a desktop PC. By early 1991, Linus had created a kernel--the heart of the operating system that works directly with the processor. He called it "Freax," a play on "free UNIX" or hacker "freaks," but when he tried to post it to the Web, the FTP site manager didn't like the implication. He named the FTP site "Linux," after the label Linus had put there for his personal use.
他于是变开始研究自己的UNIX克隆,那是一个可以把所以UNIX的破解功能应用到个人电脑的克隆版本。
在1991年的早些时候,Linus终于研发出了一个系统核心,这个操作系统的核心能直接在处理器上工作。
他给它启了个名字叫“Freax",一个公开测试的“免费UNIX版本”或者“黑客创造的怪胎”。但是当他尝试把这个核心上传到互联网的时候,这个FTP网站的管理员却不喜欢这个称呼。他因为受到Linus标签(作为Linus个人使用标注的标签)的启发于是把它命名为“Linux。”
"I never wanted to use that name because I felt, OK, that's a little too egotistical," he remembers. "The name stuck, and right now I'm very happy I didn't call it 'Freax.' "
“我从未想到要用这个名字,因为我觉得,这个名字给人的感觉有点太自我了。”他回忆说:“这个名字就这样一直保留下来然后传开了,现在我很庆幸当初没有用“Freax”这个名字。”
In October 1991, Linus announced the release of Linux .02, the first functional Linux operating system. Linus predicted the bare-bones code would appeal to shade-tree programmers who were then using a UNIX clone called Minix to tinker with their Intels.
在1991年10月的时候,Linux宣布发行第一个测试版本的操作系统Linux.02,Linus预测这些开放性源代码会对吸引那些正在使用一款名为MINIX(UNIX的克隆版本)的程序员去完善他们的英特尔产品。
"Do you pine for the nice days of Minix 1.1, when men were men and wrote their own device drivers?" Linux queried in a Minix newsgroup. "Are you without a nice project and just dying to cut your teeth on an OS you can modify for your needs?"
“当人人都去开发他们自己的设备驱动的时候,你还期望Minix1.1会有好日子过吗?”Linux在Minix的新闻中心提出质疑。你们在没有一个好的项目的情况下,却急切地希望在操作系统上做些毫无意义的修改?
The post reads like a taunt: Come and get it if you're man enough.
这个报道让人感觉像在嘲弄说“你如果够男人就试试拿走它吧?”
He patented Linux under the Free Software Foundation's General Public License, which made it free and available and prevented anyone from distributing it without the source code.
他为Linux在免费软件基金会的名下申请了通用的许可证,这样可以有效地保持Linux的免费策略,并且可以防止任何人在没有附带源代码的情况下发布这个系统。
Back then, in 1991, UNIX couldn't run on PCs. Linux made an impact at universities, where they were teaching UNIX and using Minix.
在1991年,UNIX不能再个人电脑上运行,Linux却对大学里正在教授UNIX和使用Minix的人产生了很大影响,
Linux's beauty is that it can do anything UNIX can do--on a $1,000 desktop PC. What's more, anyone can download it off the Internet for programming or hacking or to convert a desktop PC into a Web server.
Linux的亮点是UNIX在1000美金的台式个人电脑上具有的所有功能它都具备。更重要的是,任何人都可以从互联网上下载Linux并且用它来编程或者破解,亦或是用它把台式电脑转换为网站服务器。
His first surprise came when he got emails from five other people claiming to be running their PCs on Linux. "The source code got some people really excited," says Linus. "A lot of people who used it were people who wanted to play with it." Then Linus got emails from 100 other new Linux users. "After that," he says, "I stopped being surprised."
他第一次感到惊喜的是当他收到来自五个陌生人的邮件的时候,他们表示正在自己的电脑上使用Linux操作系统。“开放的源代码让一些人感到非常兴奋”。Linus说。“很多人之所以使用这个系统,是因为他们想从这个系统得到他们想要的乐趣。"后来他还收到了另外100个Linux用户的邮件。“从那以后”,他说,“我就不再感到吃惊了”。 参考技术C Linus wanted to run UNIX at home, but at the time the software cost $5,000, and it ran only on $10,000 workstations.
He began to work on his own UNIX clone, one that would bring all the hacking power of UNIX to a desktop PC. By early 1991, Linus had created a kernel--the heart of the operating system that works directly with the processor. He called it "Freax," a play on "free UNIX" or hacker "freaks," but when he tried to post it to the Web, the FTP site manager didn't like the implication. He named the FTP site "Linux," after the label Linus had put there for his personal use.
莱纳斯想在家运行UNIX的,但在当时的软件成本5,000元,并以一万元运行工作站只。
他开始工作,他自己的UNIX的克隆,因为只有这样才能对UNIX的所有黑客的权力台式机。 1991年年初,莱纳斯设立了一个内核 - 操作系统的心脏,直接与处理器。他称之为“Freax,”关于“自由的UNIX玩”或黑客“怪胎”,但是当他尝试将它张贴到Web,FTP站点管理器不喜欢做的含意。他命名为FTP站点“的Linux,”莱纳斯标签后,推出了他个人的利用。
“我从来没有想用这个名字,因为我觉得,行,这是一个有点太自私,”他回忆。 “这个名字大门,现在我非常高兴,我没有称之为'Freax。 “
1991年10月,莱纳斯宣布对Linux 0.02,第一个功能的Linux操作系统版本。莱纳斯预测准系统代码将呼吁遮荫树程序员谁当时使用的是UNIX的克隆称为Minix的修补与英特尔的。
“你对Minix的1.1,天松漂亮的男子时,男子说自己的设备驱动程序?” Linux的质疑,在Minix的新闻组。 “有没有一个很好的项目你,只是死削减操作系统您可以修改您的需要你的牙齿?”
后读起来就像嘲讽:让我们,如果你是男人不够。
他的专利在自由软件基金会的通用公共许可证,这使得Linux的自由,它可以分配,阻止未经源代码中任何人。
当时,在1991年,无法运行UNIX的PC上。 Linux的一个在大学教他们在那里UNIX和使用minix,的影响。
Linux的优点在于它可以在1000美元的台式机可以做任何事情的UNIX - 。更重要的是,任何人都可以下载它从编程或黑客或转化为Web服务器台式电脑互联网。
他的第一个吃惊的是,他从5人自称电子邮件,在Linux上运行他们的电脑。 “源代码都非常兴奋一些人说:”莱纳斯。 “很多人用它是谁的人谁想要玩它了。”然后,从100莱纳斯了其他新的Linux用户的电子邮件。 “然后,”他说,“我不再惊讶。”
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"I never wanted to use that name because I felt, OK, that's a little too egotistical," he remembers. "The name stuck, and right now I'm very happy I didn't call it 'Freax.' "
In October 1991, Linus announced the release of Linux .02, the first functional Linux operating system. Linus predicted the bare-bones code would appeal to shade-tree programmers who were then using a UNIX clone called Minix to tinker with their Intels.
"Do you pine for the nice days of Minix 1.1, when men were men and wrote their own device drivers?" Linux queried in a Minix newsgroup. "Are you without a nice project and just dying to cut your teeth on an OS you can modify for your needs?"
The post reads like a taunt: Come and get it if you're man enough.
He patented Linux under the Free Software Foundation's General Public License, which made it free and available and prevented anyone from distributing it without the source code.
Back then, in 1991, UNIX couldn't run on PCs. Linux made an impact at universities, where they were teaching UNIX and using Minix.
Linux's beauty is that it can do anything UNIX can do--on a $1,000 desktop PC. What's more, anyone can download it off the Internet for programming or hacking or to convert a desktop PC into a Web server.
His first surprise came when he got emails from five other people claiming to be running their PCs on Linux. "The source code got some people really excited," says Linus. "A lot of people who used it were people who wanted to play with it." Then Linus got emails from 100 other new Linux users. "After that," he says, "I stopped being surprised." 参考技术D Linus wanted to run UNIX at home, but at the time the software cost $5,000, and it ran only on $10,000 workstations.
莱纳斯想在家里使用UNIX 系统,但是当时该软件价格高达五千美元,而且只能在一万元的工作站运行。
He began to work on his own UNIX clone, one that would bring all the hacking power of UNIX to a desktop PC. By early 1991, Linus had created a kernel--the heart of the operating system that works directly with the processor. He called it "Freax," a play on "free UNIX" or hacker "freaks," but when he tried to post it to the Web, the FTP site manager didn't like the implication. He named the FTP site "Linux," after the label Linus had put there for his personal use.
他开始钻研能够在个人电脑上应用UNIX所有编程功能的克隆系统。莱纳斯在1991年上旬研发了一种能够直接与处理器一起运行的操作系统内核;将之命名为“菲力士”(Freax), 它是‘免费UNIX’或是‘电脑编程怪胎’的谐音。可是,当他将之发布到网上时,ftp站点的经理不喜欢它的含义;他将之称为‘LINUX’,放在莱纳斯所贴的标签后面以供他个人使用。
"I never wanted to use that name because I felt, OK, that's a little too egotistical," he remembers. "The name stuck, and right now I'm very happy I didn't call it 'Freax.' "
莱纳斯回顾道:“我从未想要用这名称,因为我觉得,嗯,那有点太自负了。这名字甩不掉一直被延用下来,此刻,我很庆幸当初没称它为‘Freax’”。
In October 1991, Linus announced the release of Linux .02, the first functional Linux operating system. Linus predicted the bare-bones code would appeal to shade-tree programmers who were then using a UNIX clone called Minix to tinker with their Intels.
莱纳斯在1991年10月发布了第一款LINUX.02实用型操作系统。他预估那些正在使用一种克隆UNIX的MINIX系统在乱搞自己英特尔处理器的程序员,将会对这些开放性源代码产生兴趣。
"Do you pine for the nice days of Minix 1.1, when men were men and wrote their own device drivers?" Linux queried in a Minix newsgroup. "Are you without a nice project and just dying to cut your teeth on an OS you can modify for your needs?"
The post reads like a taunt: Come and get it if you're man enough.
在一个MINIX新闻讨论组上莱纳斯提问:“当人人都在编写自己的设备驱动程序时,你还盼望MINIX1.1 有好日子过?你是否没有好项目却渴望从更改符合自己需求的操作系统中获取经验?”
报导像在嘲讽:够胆的就放马过来取吧!
He patented Linux under the Free Software Foundation's General Public License, which made it free and available and prevented anyone from distributing it without the source code.
他通过自由软件基金会的通用公共许可证为LINUX申请专利,确保它的免费与流通性,并能防止他人散发不附带源代码的LINUX。
Back then, in 1991, UNIX couldn't run on PCs. Linux made an impact at universities, where they were teaching UNIX and using Minix.
在1991年,个人电脑不能运行UNIX;LINUX的出现对于当时使用MINIX系统教导UNIX的高等院校带来了冲击。
Linux's beauty is that it can do anything UNIX can do--on a $1,000 desktop PC. What's more, anyone can download it off the Internet for programming or hacking or to convert a desktop PC into a Web server.
LINUX 的可取之处是它可以在一千美元的个人电脑上操作UNIX的所有功能。而且,任何人都可以从网上下载它以供编程或入侵(黑客)使用,或将个人电脑转换成网络服务器。
His first surprise came when he got emails from five other people claiming to be running their PCs on Linux. "The source code got some people really excited," says Linus. "A lot of people who used it were people who wanted to play with it." Then Linus got emails from 100 other new Linux users. "After that," he says, "I stopped being surprised."
五个宣称正在自己电脑上使用LINUX的电子邮件为莱纳斯带来他的第一次惊喜。他说:“开放的源代码让一些人感到非常兴奋;许多使用者是来探究它的”。随后,莱纳斯又收到一百个其他LINUX用户的电邮;他说:“此后,我便处之泰然了”。
急需以下内容翻译!各位高手帮帮忙啊!中文翻译成英文!不要机译!先谢了!
四、几种代表性嵌入式操作系统比较
(一)VxWorks
VxWorks操作系统是美国WindRiver公司于1983年设计开发的一种嵌入式实时操作系统(RTOS),是Tornado嵌入式开发环境的关键组成部分。良好的持续发展能力、高性能的内核以及友好的用户开发环境,在嵌人式实时操作系统领域逐渐占据一席之地。VxWorks具有可裁剪微内核结构;高效的任务管理;灵活的任务间通讯;微秒级的中断处理;支持POSIX 1003.1b实时扩展标准;支持多种物理介质及标准的、完整的TCP/IP网络协议等。
然而其价格昂贵。由于操作系统本身以及开发环境都是专有的,价格一般都比较高,通常需花费10万元人民币以上才能建起一个可用的开发环境,对每一个应用一般还要另外收取版税。一般不通供源代码,只提供二进制代码。由于它们都是专用操作系统,需要专门的技术人员掌握开发技术和维护,所以软件的开发和维护成本都非常高。支持的硬件数量有限。
(二)Windows CE
Windows CE与Windows系列有较好的兼容性,无疑是Windows CE推广的一大优势。其中WinCE3.0是一种针对小容量、移动式、智能化、32位、了解设备的模块化实时嵌人式操作系统。为建立针对掌上设备、无线设备的动态应用程序和服务提供了一种功能丰富的操作系统平台,它能在多种处理器体系结构上运行,并且通常适用于那些对内存占用空间具有一定限制的设备。它是从整体上为有限资源的平台设计的多线程、完整优先权、多任务的操作系统。它的模块化设计允许它对从掌上电脑到专用的工业控制器的用户电子设备进行定制。操作系统的基本内核需要至少200KB的ROM。由于嵌入式产品的体积、成本等方面有较严格的要求,所以处理器部分占用空间应尽可能的小。系统的可用内存和外存数量也要受限制,而嵌入式操作系统就运行在有限的内存(一般在ROM或快闪存储器)中,因此就对操作系统的规模、效率等提出了较高的要求。从技术角度上讲,Windows CE作为嵌入式操作系统有很多的缺陷:没有开放源代码,使应用开发人员很难实现产品的定制;在效率、功耗方面的表现并不出色,而且和Windows一样占用过的系统内存,运用程序庞大;版权许可费也是厂商不得不考虑的因素。
(三)嵌入式Linux
这是嵌入式操作系统的一个新成员,其最大的特点是源代码公开并且遵循GPL协议,在近一年多以来成为研究热点,据IDG预测嵌入式Linux将占未来两年的嵌入式操作系统份额的50%。
由于其源代码公开,人们可以任意修改,以满足自己的应用,并且查错也很容易。遵从GPL,无须为每例应用交纳许可证费。有大量的应用软件可用。其中大部分都遵从GPL,是开放源代码和免费的。可以稍加修改后应用于用户自己的系统。 有大量的免费的优秀的开发工具,且都遵从GPL,是开放源代码的。有庞大的开发人员群体。无需专门的人才,只要懂Unix/Linux和C语言即可。随着Linux在中国的普及,这类人才越来越多。所以软件的开发和维护成本很低。优秀的网络功能,这在Internet时代尤其重要。稳定——这是Linux本身具备的一个很大优点。内核精悍,运行所需资源少,十分适合嵌入式应用。
支持的硬件数量庞大。嵌入式Linux和普通Linux并无本质区别,PC上用到的硬件嵌入式Linux几乎都支持。而且各种硬件的驱动程序源代码都可以得到,为用户编写自己专有硬件的驱动程序带来很大方便。
在嵌入式系统上运行Linux的一个缺点是Linux体系提供实时性能需要添加实时软件模块。而这些模块运行的内核空间正是操作系统实现调度策略、硬件中断异常和执行程序的部分。由于这些实时软件模块是在内核空间运行的,因此代码错误可能会破坏操作系统从而影响整个系统的可靠性,这对于实时应用将是一个非常严重的弱点。
(1) VxWorks
WindRiver VxWorks operating system companies in the United States in 1983 the design and development of an embedded real-time operating systems (RTOS), Tornado embedded development is a key component of the environment. Good sustainable development capacity, high-performance core and user-friendly development environment, in the embedded real-time operating system fields occupy a place gradually. VxWorks can be cut with micro-kernel structure; efficient task management; flexible mandate communication; microsecond interrupt handling; support POSIX 1003.1b real-time extensions to support multiple physical media and standards, and complete TCP / IP network protocols.
But its high price. The operating system itself is proprietary, as well as the development environment, a higher than normal price, and typically costs more than 100,000 yuan to set up a development environment available for general application to every other charge royalties. General unreasonable for the source code, binary code only. Because they are dedicated operating system, the need for specialized technical staff in the development of technology and maintenance, software development and maintenance costs are very high. A limited number of hardware support.
(B) Windows CE
Windows CE and Windows series better compatibility, Windows CE is a big advantage of the promotion. WinCE3.0 which is a capacity for small, mobile, intelligent, 32, understand the modular equipment for real-time embedded operating system. For the establishment for handheld devices, wireless devices dynamic applications and services provides a feature-rich operating system platforms, it can in a variety of processor architecture on the run, and usually applies to those who have some memory space restrictions equipment. It is from the limited resources for the overall design of the platform's multi-threading, complete priority, multi-task operating system. Its modular design allows it to the Pocket PC controller for industrial users customized electronic equipment. The basic core operating system needs at least 200 KB of ROM. As the volume of embedded products, the costs have more stringent requirements, processor space should be part of the small as possible. System Disk and the number of available memory to the limit, and embedded operating system running on the limited memory (usually in the ROM or flash memory), and therefore on the size of the operating system, and put forward a high efficiency requirements . From a technical standpoint, as an embedded operating system Windows CE has a lot of shortcomings: no open-source code, application developers to be very difficult to achieve product customization; efficiency, power consumption performance is not outstanding, and in Windows Like the occupation of the system memory, using procedures huge; copyright licensing fees to companies is taken into account.
(3) Embedded Linux
This is the embedded operating system a new member of its greatest feature of the source code is open and follow the GPL agreement, in the past year or so become a hotspot, according to IDG forecasts Embedded Linux will account for the next two years embedded operating system share of 50 per cent.
Because of its open source code, it can be modified to meet their applications, and Chaxi also very easy. Comply with the GPL, the need for the application of each pay permit fees. A large number of applications available. Most of them follow the GPL, the open source and free of charge. Little can be modified for the user's own system. A large number of outstanding free development tools, and follow the GPL is the open-source. A large group of developers. Without specialized personnel, as long as understood Unix / Linux and C language can be. With the popularity of Linux in China, more and more such talents. Therefore, software development and maintenance costs low. Excellent networking capabilities, which is particularly important in the Internet era. Stability - this is Linux itself have a great advantage. Jinghan core operation for less resources, and is very suitable for embedded applications.
The large number of hardware support. Embedded Linux, and there is no essential difference between ordinary Linux, PC hardware used on virtually all embedded Linux support. Various hardware and driver source code can be for users to prepare their own proprietary hardware drivers have a great convenience.
In the embedded Linux operating system is a shortcoming of the Linux system to provide real-time performance need to add real-time software modules. These modules run the operating system kernel space is the realization of scheduling strategy, the hardware interrupt abnormal and part of the implementation process. As a result of these real-time software module is the core of the operating room, coding errors could undermine the entire operating system thereby affecting the reliability of the system, which will be for real-time applications is a very serious weakness.
好多啊,累人,下次记得悬赏多点. 参考技术A ....在线翻译的。。。。
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