OpenCV实现答题卡识别
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本文基于OpenCV实现了捕获答题卡中的每个填涂选项,并将获取的填涂选项与正确选项做对比计算其答题正确率。所涉及的图像操作有:灰度转换、高斯去噪、边缘检测、轮廓检测、透视变换、掩模操作。
步骤:
- 首先需要对输入的原始图像进行灰度转换、高斯去噪;然后进行轮廓检测,通过遍历拿到最大的轮廓也就是答题卡的部分,接着执行透视变换使图像只保留答题卡且规整,然后对透视变换后的图像再执行轮廓检测,检测每一个选项,最后,使用mask掩模来判断结果。
1.定位并规整答题卡
(1)图像预处理
读入的原始图像如下:
预处理原始图像,左图为经过高斯去噪后的结果,右图为Canny边缘检测的结果。(下一步的轮廓检测要求传入的图像是边缘检测后的结果)
image = cv2.imread(args["image"])
contours_img = image.copy()
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)#转化为灰度图
blurred = cv2.GaussianBlur(gray, (5, 5), 0)#高斯滤波操作
cv_show(\'blurred\',blurred)
edged = cv2.Canny(blurred, 75, 200)#边缘检测
cv_show(\'edged\',edged)
(2)轮廓检测(答题卡)
# 轮廓检测
cnts = cv2.findContours(edged.copy(), cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL,
cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)[0]
cv2.drawContours(contours_img,cnts,-1,(0,0,255),3)
cv_show(\'contours_img\',contours_img)
docCnt = None
# 确保检测到了
if len(cnts) > 0:
# 根据轮廓大小进行排序,最大的轮廓为答题卡的轮廓
cnts = sorted(cnts, key=cv2.contourArea, reverse=True)
# 遍历每一个轮廓
for c in cnts:
# 近似
peri = cv2.arcLength(c, True)#轮廓长度
approx = cv2.approxPolyDP(c, 0.02 * peri, True)# C表示输入的点集、epsilon表示从原始轮廓到近似轮廓的最大距离,它是一个准确度参数、True表示封闭的。
# 4个点的时候就拿出来,矩形
if len(approx) == 4:
docCnt = approx
break
(3)透视变换
- 用一个图片看一下透视变换做的事情
def order_points(pts):
# 一共4个坐标点
rect = np.zeros((4, 2), dtype = "float32")
# 按顺序找到对应坐标0123分别是 左上,右上,右下,左下
# 计算左上,右下
s = pts.sum(axis = 1)
rect[0] = pts[np.argmin(s)]
rect[2] = pts[np.argmax(s)]
# 计算右上和左下
diff = np.diff(pts, axis = 1)
rect[1] = pts[np.argmin(diff)]
rect[3] = pts[np.argmax(diff)]
return rect
def four_point_transform(image, pts):
# 获取输入坐标点
rect = order_points(pts)
(tl, tr, br, bl) = rect #tl指toplift左上, tr指右上, br指右下, bl指左下
# 计算输入的w和h值
widthA = np.sqrt(((br[0] - bl[0]) ** 2) + ((br[1] - bl[1]) ** 2))
widthB = np.sqrt(((tr[0] - tl[0]) ** 2) + ((tr[1] - tl[1]) ** 2))
maxWidth = max(int(widthA), int(widthB))
heightA = np.sqrt(((tr[0] - br[0]) ** 2) + ((tr[1] - br[1]) ** 2))
heightB = np.sqrt(((tl[0] - bl[0]) ** 2) + ((tl[1] - bl[1]) ** 2))
maxHeight = max(int(heightA), int(heightB))
# 变换后对应坐标位置
dst = np.array([
[0, 0],
[maxWidth - 1, 0],
[maxWidth - 1, maxHeight - 1],
[0, maxHeight - 1]], dtype = "float32")
# 计算变换矩阵3*3(歪歪扭扭的原图通过变换矩阵(平移旋转翻转)可变工整)二维坐标点--->三维空间进行变换(z坐标取1)--->二维(工整)
M = cv2.getPerspectiveTransform(rect, dst)#rect表示输入的4个点,dst表示输出的4个点(至少需8个方程求解变换矩阵中的8个未知数,最后一个为1,8个方程需要4组坐标求解)
warped = cv2.warpPerspective(image, M, (maxWidth, maxHeight))
# 返回变换后结果
return warped
# 透视变换
warped = four_point_transform(gray, docCnt.reshape(4, 2))#gray表示原始输入图像的灰度图,docCnt表示轮廓的四个点的坐标
cv_show(\'warped\',warped)
2.答题卡结果检测
(1)自适应二值化处理
# Otsu\'s 阈值处理
thresh = cv2.threshold(warped, 0, 255,
cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV | cv2.THRESH_OTSU)[1]
cv_show(\'thresh\',thresh)
thresh_Contours = thresh.copy()
(2)轮廓检测(选项)
# 找到每一个圆圈轮廓(霍夫变换也可对圆形检测,但对于答题卡圆圈涂出的检测效果不好)
cnts = cv2.findContours(thresh.copy(), cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL,
cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)[0]
cv2.drawContours(thresh_Contours,cnts,-1,(0,0,255),3)
cv_show(\'thresh_Contours\',thresh_Contours)
questionCnts = []
(3)绘制掩模
传入的图像总共有25个选项,因此需要25个掩模,在此不挨个列举,下面左图为第一个掩模结果,右图为最后一个掩模结果。
# 遍历(筛除干扰项,只保留选项)
for c in cnts:
# 计算比例和大小
(x, y, w, h) = cv2.boundingRect(c)#对每个选项圆圈做外接矩形
ar = w / float(h)
# 根据实际情况指定标准
if w >= 20 and h >= 20 and ar >= 0.9 and ar <= 1.1:
questionCnts.append(c)
# 按照从上到下进行排序
questionCnts = sort_contours(questionCnts,
method="top-to-bottom")[0]
correct = 0
# 每排有5个选项
for (q, i) in enumerate(np.arange(0, len(questionCnts), 5)):
# 排序
cnts = sort_contours(questionCnts[i:i + 5])[0]#保证ABCDE的顺序正确
bubbled = None
# 遍历每一个结果
for (j, c) in enumerate(cnts):
# 使用mask来判断结果
mask = np.zeros(thresh.shape, dtype="uint8")
cv2.drawContours(mask, [c], -1, 255, -1) #-1表示填充,[c]表示选项轮廓
cv_show(\'mask\',mask)
(4)结果
由于填涂后的答题卡在二值图像中>0的像素点较多,而且掩模中的圆圈部分的像素值为255,其余部分的像素值为0,将掩模与原图像进行“与”操作,得到每一个圆圈的“与”运算结果,判断该选项的圆圈是否被填涂了。
- 提前设定好正确答案
# 正确答案
ANSWER_KEY = 0: 1, 1: 4, 2: 0, 3: 3, 4: 1
# 每排有5个选项
for (q, i) in enumerate(np.arange(0, len(questionCnts), 5)):
# 排序
cnts = sort_contours(questionCnts[i:i + 5])[0]#保证ABCDE的顺序正确
bubbled = None
# 遍历每一个结果
for (j, c) in enumerate(cnts):
# 使用mask来判断结果
mask = np.zeros(thresh.shape, dtype="uint8")
cv2.drawContours(mask, [c], -1, 255, -1) #-1表示填充,[c]表示选项轮廓
cv_show(\'mask\',mask)
# 通过计算非零点数量来算是否选择这个答案
mask = cv2.bitwise_and(thresh, thresh, mask=mask)#与操作,thresh二值处理后的图像
total = cv2.countNonZero(mask)#对比不同选项圈里面的像素点,计算非零的值
# 通过阈值判断(判断一道题中的5个圈哪个非零值最大)
if bubbled is None or total > bubbled[0]:
bubbled = (total, j)#j为0表示第一个答案,1234同理,bubbled保存最大值也就是填涂的选项
# 对比正确答案
color = (0, 0, 255)
k = ANSWER_KEY[q] #提前设定好正确答案,q表示第几题
# 判断正确
if k == bubbled[1]:
color = (0, 255, 0)
correct += 1 #正确数量
# 绘图
cv2.drawContours(warped, [cnts[k]], -1, color, 3)
score = (correct / 5.0) * 100
print("[INFO] score: :.2f%".format(score))
cv2.putText(warped, ":.2f%".format(score), (10, 30),
cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.9, (0, 0, 255), 2)
cv2.imshow("Original", image)
cv2.imshow("Exam", warped)
cv2.waitKey(0)
使用 OpenCV-Python 识别答题卡判卷
任务
识别用相机拍下来的答题卡,并判断最终得分(假设正确答案是B, E, A, D, B)
主要步骤
- 轮廓识别——答题卡边缘识别
- 透视变换——提取答题卡主体
- 轮廓识别——识别出所有圆形选项,剔除无关轮廓
- 检测每一行选择的是哪一项,并将结果储存起来,记录正确的个数
- 计算最终得分并在图中标注
分步实现
轮廓识别——答题卡边缘识别
输入图像
import cv2 as cv
import numpy as np
# 正确答案
right_key = 0: 1, 1: 4, 2: 0, 3: 3, 4: 1
# 输入图像
img = cv.imread('./images/test_01.png')
img_copy = img.copy()
img_gray = cv.cvtColor(img, cv.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
cvshow('img-gray', img_gray)
图像预处理
# 图像预处理
# 高斯降噪
img_gaussian = cv.GaussianBlur(img_gray, (5, 5), 1)
cvshow('gaussianblur', img_gaussian)
# canny边缘检测
img_canny = cv.Canny(img_gaussian, 80, 150)
cvshow('canny', img_canny)
轮廓识别——答题卡边缘识别
# 轮廓识别——答题卡边缘识别
cnts, hierarchy = cv.findContours(img_canny, cv.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
cv.drawContours(img_copy, cnts, -1, (0, 0, 255), 3)
cvshow('contours-show', img_copy)
透视变换——提取答题卡主体
对每个轮廓进行拟合,将多边形轮廓变为四边形
docCnt = None
# 确保检测到了
if len(cnts) > 0:
# 根据轮廓大小进行排序
cnts = sorted(cnts, key=cv.contourArea, reverse=True)
# 遍历每一个轮廓
for c in cnts:
# 近似
peri = cv.arcLength(c, True)
# arclength 计算一段曲线的长度或者闭合曲线的周长;
# 第一个参数输入一个二维向量,第二个参数表示计算曲线是否闭合
approx = cv.approxPolyDP(c, 0.02 * peri, True)
# 用一条顶点较少的曲线/多边形来近似曲线/多边形,以使它们之间的距离<=指定的精度;
# c是需要近似的曲线,0.02*peri是精度的最大值,True表示曲线是闭合的
# 准备做透视变换
if len(approx) == 4:
docCnt = approx
break
透视变换——提取答题卡主体
# 透视变换——提取答题卡主体
docCnt = docCnt.reshape(4, 2)
warped = four_point_transform(img_gray, docCnt)
cvshow('warped', warped)
def four_point_transform(img, four_points):
rect = order_points(four_points)
(tl, tr, br, bl) = rect
# 计算输入的w和h的值
widthA = np.sqrt((tr[0] - tl[0]) ** 2 + (tr[1] - tl[1]) ** 2)
widthB = np.sqrt((br[0] - bl[0]) ** 2 + (br[1] - bl[1]) ** 2)
maxWidth = max(int(widthA), int(widthB))
heightA = np.sqrt((tl[0] - bl[0]) ** 2 + (tl[1] - bl[1]) ** 2)
heightB = np.sqrt((tr[0] - br[0]) ** 2 + (tr[1] - br[1]) ** 2)
maxHeight = max(int(heightA), int(heightB))
# 变换后对应的坐标位置
dst = np.array([
[0, 0],
[maxWidth - 1, 0],
[maxWidth - 1, maxHeight - 1],
[0, maxHeight - 1]], dtype='float32')
# 最主要的函数就是 cv2.getPerspectiveTransform(rect, dst) 和 cv2.warpPerspective(image, M, (maxWidth, maxHeight))
M = cv.getPerspectiveTransform(rect, dst)
warped = cv.warpPerspective(img, M, (maxWidth, maxHeight))
return warped
def order_points(points):
res = np.zeros((4, 2), dtype='float32')
# 按照从前往后0,1,2,3分别表示左上、右上、右下、左下的顺序将points中的数填入res中
# 将四个坐标x与y相加,和最大的那个是右下角的坐标,最小的那个是左上角的坐标
sum_hang = points.sum(axis=1)
res[0] = points[np.argmin(sum_hang)]
res[2] = points[np.argmax(sum_hang)]
# 计算坐标x与y的离散插值np.diff()
diff = np.diff(points, axis=1)
res[1] = points[np.argmin(diff)]
res[3] = points[np.argmax(diff)]
# 返回result
return res
轮廓识别——识别出选项
# 轮廓识别——识别出选项
thresh = cv.threshold(warped, 0, 255, cv.THRESH_BINARY_INV | cv.THRESH_OTSU)[1]
cvshow('thresh', thresh)
thresh_cnts, _ = cv.findContours(thresh, cv.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
w_copy = warped.copy()
cv.drawContours(w_copy, thresh_cnts, -1, (0, 0, 255), 2)
cvshow('warped_contours', w_copy)
questionCnts = []
# 遍历,挑出选项的cnts
for c in thresh_cnts:
(x, y, w, h) = cv.boundingRect(c)
ar = w / float(h)
# 根据实际情况指定标准
if w >= 20 and h >= 20 and ar >= 0.9 and ar <= 1.1:
questionCnts.append(c)
# 检查是否挑出了选项
w_copy2 = warped.copy()
cv.drawContours(w_copy2, questionCnts, -1, (0, 0, 255), 2)
cvshow('questionCnts', w_copy2)
成功将无关轮廓剔除
检测每一行选择的是哪一项,并将结果储存起来,记录正确的个数
# 检测每一行选择的是哪一项,并将结果储存在元组bubble中,记录正确的个数correct
# 按照从上到下t2b对轮廓进行排序
questionCnts = sort_contours(questionCnts, method="t2b")[0]
correct = 0
# 每行有5个选项
for (i, q) in enumerate(np.arange(0, len(questionCnts), 5)):
# 排序
cnts = sort_contours(questionCnts[q:q+5])[0]
bubble = None
# 得到每一个选项的mask并填充,与正确答案进行按位与操作获得重合点数
for (j, c) in enumerate(cnts):
mask = np.zeros(thresh.shape, dtype='uint8')
cv.drawContours(mask, [c], -1, 255, -1)
# cvshow('mask', mask)
# 通过按位与操作得到thresh与mask重合部分的像素数量
bitand = cv.bitwise_and(thresh, thresh, mask=mask)
totalPixel = cv.countNonZero(bitand)
if bubble is None or bubble[0] < totalPixel:
bubble = (totalPixel, j)
k = bubble[1]
color = (0, 0, 255)
if k == right_key[i]:
correct += 1
color = (0, 255, 0)
# 绘图
cv.drawContours(warped, [cnts[right_key[i]]], -1, color, 3)
cvshow('final', warped)
def sort_contours(contours, method="l2r"):
# 用于给轮廓排序,l2r, r2l, t2b, b2t
reverse = False
i = 0
if method == "r2l" or method == "b2t":
reverse = True
if method == "t2b" or method == "b2t":
i = 1
boundingBoxes = [cv.boundingRect(c) for c in contours]
(contours, boundingBoxes) = zip(*sorted(zip(contours, boundingBoxes), key=lambda a: a[1][i], reverse=reverse))
return contours, boundingBoxes
用透过mask的像素的个数来判断考生选择的是哪个选项
计算最终得分并在图中标注
# 计算最终得分并在图中标注
score = (correct / 5.0) * 100
print(f"Score: score%")
cv.putText(warped, f"Score: score%", (10, 30), cv.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.9, (0, 0, 255), 2)
cv.imshow("Original", img)
cv.imshow("Exam", warped)
cv.waitKey(0)
完整代码
import cv2 as cv
import numpy as np
def cvshow(name, img):
cv.imshow(name, img)
cv.waitKey(0)
cv.destroyAllWindows()
def four_point_transform(img, four_points):
rect = order_points(four_points)
(tl, tr, br, bl) = rect
# 计算输入的w和h的值
widthA = np.sqrt((tr[0] - tl[0]) ** 2 + (tr[1] - tl[1]) ** 2)
widthB = np.sqrt((br[0] - bl[0]) ** 2 + (br[1] - bl[1]) ** 2)
maxWidth = max(int(widthA), int(widthB))
heightA = np.sqrt((tl[0] - bl[0]) ** 2 + (tl[1] - bl[1]) ** 2)
heightB = np.sqrt((tr[0] - br[0]) ** 2 + (tr[1] - br[1]) ** 2)
maxHeight = max(int(heightA), int(heightB))
# 变换后对应的坐标位置
dst = np.array([
[0, 0],
[maxWidth - 1, 0],
[maxWidth - 1, maxHeight - 1],
[0, maxHeight - 1]], dtype='float32')
# 最主要的函数就是 cv2.getPerspectiveTransform(rect, dst) 和 cv2.warpPerspective(image, M, (maxWidth, maxHeight))
M = cv.getPerspectiveTransform(rect, dst)
warped = cv.warpPerspective(img, M, (maxWidth, maxHeight))
return warped
def order_points(points):
res = np.zeros((4, 2), dtype='float32')
# 按照从前往后0,1,2,3分别表示左上、右上、右下、左下的顺序将points中的数填入res中
# 将四个坐标x与y相加,和最大的那个是右下角的坐标,最小的那个是左上角的坐标
sum_hang = points.sum(axis=1)
res[0] = points[np.argmin(sum_hang)]
res[2] = points[np.argmax(sum_hang)]
# 计算坐标x与y的离散插值np.diff()
diff = np.diff(points, axis=1)
res[1] = points[np.argmin(diff)]
res[3] = points[np.argmax(diff)]
# 返回result
return res
def sort_contours(contours, method="l2r"):
# 用于给轮廓排序,l2r, r2l, t2b, b2t
reverse = False
i = 0
if method == "r2l" or method == "b2t":
reverse = True
if method == "t2b" or method == "b2t":
i = 1
boundingBoxes = [cv.boundingRect(c) for c in contours]
(contours, boundingBoxes) = zip(*sorted(zip(contours, boundingBoxes), key=lambda a: a[1][i], reverse=reverse))
return contours, boundingBoxes
# 正确答案
right_key = 0: 1, 1: 4, 2: 0, 3: 3, 4: 1
# 输入图像
img = cv.imread('./images/test_01.png')
img_copy = img.copy()
img_gray = cv.cvtColor(img, cv.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
cvshow('img-gray', img_gray)
# 图像预处理
# 高斯降噪
img_gaussian = cv.GaussianBlur(img_gray, (5, 5), 1)
cvshow('gaussianblur', img_gaussian)
# canny边缘检测
img_canny = cv.Canny(img_gaussian, 80, 150)
cvshow('canny', img_canny)
# 轮廓识别——答题卡边缘识别
cnts, hierarchy = cv.findContours(img_canny, cv.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
cv.drawContours(img_copy, cnts, -1, (0, 0, 255), 3)
cvshow('contours-show', img_copy)
docCnt = None
# 确保检测到了
if len(cnts) > 0:
# 根据轮廓大小进行排序
cnts = sorted(cnts, key=cv.contourArea, reverse=True)
# 遍历每一个轮廓
for c in cnts:
# 近似
peri = cv.arcLength(c, True) # arclength 计算一段曲线的长度或者闭合曲线的周长;
# 第一个参数输入一个二维向量,第二个参数表示计算曲线是否闭合
approx = cv.approxPolyDP(c, 0.02 * peri, True)
# 用一条顶点较少的曲线/多边形来近似曲线/多边形,以使它们之间的距离<=指定的精度;
# c是需要近似的曲线,0.02*peri是精度的最大值,True表示曲线是闭合的
# 准备做透视变换
if len(approx) == 4:
docCnt = approx
break
# 透视变换——提取答题卡主体
docCnt = docCnt.reshape(4, 2)
warped = four_point_transform(img_gray, docCnt)
cvshow('warped', warped)
# 轮廓识别——识别出选项
thresh = cv.threshold(warped, 0, 255, cv.THRESH_BINARY_INV | cv.THRESH_OTSU)[1]
cvshow('thresh', thresh)
thresh_cnts, _ = cv.findContours(thresh, cv.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
w_copy = warped.copy()
cv.drawContours(w_copy, thresh_cnts, -1, (0, 0, 255), 2)
cvshow('warped_contours', w_copy)
questionCnts = []
# 遍历,挑出选项的cnts
for c in thresh_cnts:
(x, y, w, h) = cv.boundingRect(c)
ar = w / float(h)
# 根据实际情况指定标准
if w >= 20 and h >= 20 and ar >= 0.9 and ar <= 1.1:
questionCnts.append(c)
# 检查是否挑出了选项
w_copy2 = warped.copy()
cv.drawContours(w_copy2, questionCnts, -1, (0, 0, 255), 2)
cvshow('questionCnts', w_copy2)
# 检测每一行选择的是哪一项,并将结果储存在元组bubble中,记录正确的个数correct
# 按照从上到下t2b对轮廓进行排序
questionCnts = sort_contours(questionCnts, method="t2b")[0]
correct = 0
# 每行有5个选项
for (i, q) in enumerate(np.arange(0, len(questionCnts), 5)):
# 排序
cnts = sort_contours(questionCnts[q:q+5])[0]
bubble = None
# 得到每一个选项的mask并填充,与正确答案进行按位与操作获得重合点数
for (j, c) in enumerate(cnts):
mask = np.zeros(thresh.shape, dtype='uint8')
cv.drawContours(mask, [c], -1, 255, -1)
cvshow('mask', mask)
# 通过按位与操作得到thresh与mask重合部分的像素数量
bitand = cv.bitwise_and(thresh, thresh, mask=mask)
totalPixel = cv.countNonZero(bitand)
if bubble is None or bubble[0] < totalPixel:
bubble = (totalPixel, j)
k = bubble[1]
color = (0, 0, 255)
if k == right_key[i]:
correct += 1
color = (0, 255, 0)
# 绘图
cv.drawContours(warped, [cnts[right_key[i]]], -1, color, 3)
cvshow('final', warped)
# 计算最终得分并在图中标注
score = (correct / 5.0) * 100
print(f"Score: score%")
cv.putText(warped, f"Score: score%", (10, 30), cv.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.9, (0, 0, 255), 2)
cv.imshow("Original", img)
cv.imshow("Exam", warped)
cv.waitKey(0)
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