python操作——RabbitMQ

Posted 2020-11-01 明王不动心

RabbitMQ是一个在AMQP基础上完整的，可服用的企业消息系统。他遵循Mozilla Public License开源协议。

MQ全称为Message Queue，消息队列（MQ）是一种应用程序对应用程序的通信方法。

应用程序通过读写出入队列的消息（针对应用程序的数据）来通信，而无需专用连接来链接它们。

消息传递指的是程序之间通过在消息中发送数据进行通信，而不是通过直接调用彼此来通信，直接调用通常是用于诸如远程过程调用的技术。

队列的使用除去了接收和发送应用程序同时执行的要求。

RabbitMQ安装

安装配置epel源
   $ rpm -ivh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
 
安装erlang
   $ yum -y install erlang
 
安装RabbitMQ
   $ yum -y install rabbitmq-server

注意：service rabbitmq-server start/stop

 安装API

pip install pika
or
easy_install pika
or
源码
 
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pika

使用API操作RabbitMQ

基于Queue实现生产者消费者模型

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 import Queue
 4 import threading
 5 
 6 
 7 message = Queue.Queue(10)
 8 
 9 
10 def producer(i):
11     while True:
12         message.put(i)
13 
14 
15 def consumer(i):
16     while True:
17         msg = message.get()
18 
19 
20 for i in range(12):
21     t = threading.Thread(target=producer, args=(i,))
22     t.start()
23 
24 for i in range(10):
25     t = threading.Thread(target=consumer, args=(i,))
26     t.start()

基于Queue

 

对于RabbitMQ来说，生产和消费不再针对内存里的一个Queue对象，而是某台服务器上的RabbitMQ Server实现的消息队列。

生产者：

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 import pika
 3  
 4 # ######################### 生产者 #########################
 5  
 6 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
 7         host=\'localhost\'))
 8 channel = connection.channel()
 9  
10 channel.queue_declare(queue=\'hello\')
11  
12 channel.basic_publish(exchange=\'\',
13                       routing_key=\'hello\',
14                       body=\'Hello World!\')
15 print(" [x] Sent \'Hello World!\'")
16 connection.close()

消费者：

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 import pika
 3  
 4 # ########################## 消费者 ##########################
 5  
 6 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
 7         host=\'localhost\'))
 8 channel = connection.channel()
 9  
10 channel.queue_declare(queue=\'hello\')
11  
12 def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
13     print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
14  
15 channel.basic_consume(callback,
16                       queue=\'hello\',
17                       no_ack=True)
18  
19 print(\' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C\')
20 channel.start_consuming()

 

1.acknowledgment消息不丢失

no-ack ＝ False，如果消费者遇到情况(its channel is closed, connection is closed, or TCP connection is lost)挂掉了，那么，RabbitMQ会重新将该任务添加到队列中。

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host=\'10.211.55.4\'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue=\'hello\')

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
    import time
    time.sleep(10)
    print \'ok\'
    ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue=\'hello\',
                      no_ack=False)

print(\' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C\')
channel.start_consuming()

消费者

 

2.durable消息不丢失

#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host=\'10.211.55.4\'))
channel = connection.channel()

# make message persistent
channel.queue_declare(queue=\'hello\', durable=True)

channel.basic_publish(exchange=\'\',
                      routing_key=\'hello\',
                      body=\'Hello World!\',
                      properties=pika.BasicProperties(
                          delivery_mode=2, # make message persistent
                      ))
print(" [x] Sent \'Hello World!\'")
connection.close()

生产者

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host=\'10.211.55.4\'))
channel = connection.channel()

# make message persistent
channel.queue_declare(queue=\'hello\', durable=True)


def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
    import time
    time.sleep(10)
    print \'ok\'
    ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue=\'hello\',
                      no_ack=False)

print(\' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C\')
channel.start_consuming()

消费者

 

3.消费获取顺序

默认消息队列里的数据是按照顺序被消费者拿走，例如：消费者1 去队列中获取 奇数 序列的任务，消费者1去队列中获取 偶数 序列的任务。

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) 表示谁来谁取，不再按照奇偶数排列

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host=\'10.211.55.4\'))
channel = connection.channel()

# make message persistent
channel.queue_declare(queue=\'hello\')


def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
    import time
    time.sleep(10)
    print \'ok\'
    ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue=\'hello\',
                      no_ack=False)

print(\' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C\')
channel.start_consuming()

消费者

 

4.发布订阅

发布订阅和简单的消息队列区别在于，发布订阅会将消息发送给所有的订阅者，而消息队列中的数据被消费一次便消失。

所以，RabbitMQ实现发布和订阅时，会为每一个订阅者创建一个队列，而发布者发布消息时，会将消息放置在所有相关队列中。

 exchange type = fanout

#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host=\'localhost\'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange=\'logs\',
                         type=\'fanout\')

message = \' \'.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "info: Hello World!"
channel.basic_publish(exchange=\'logs\',
                      routing_key=\'\',
                      body=message)
print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)
connection.close()

发布者

#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host=\'localhost\'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange=\'logs\',
                         type=\'fanout\')

result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue

channel.queue_bind(exchange=\'logs\',
                   queue=queue_name)

print(\' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C\')

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] %r" % body)

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue=queue_name,
                      no_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()

订阅者

 

5.关键字发送

 exchange type = direct

之前事例，发送消息时明确指定某个队列并向其中发送消息，RabbitMQ还支持根据关键字发送，即：队列绑定关键字，发送者将数据根据关键字发送到消息exchange，exchange根据 关键字 判定应该将数据发送至指定队列。

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 import pika
 3 import sys
 4 
 5 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
 6         host=\'localhost\'))
 7 channel = connection.channel()
 8 
 9 channel.exchange_declare(exchange=\'direct_logs\',
10                          type=\'direct\')
11 
12 result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
13 queue_name = result.method.queue
14 
15 severities = sys.argv[1:]
16 if not severities:
17     sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [info] [warning] [error]\\n" % sys.argv[0])
18     sys.exit(1)
19 
20 for severity in severities:
21     channel.queue_bind(exchange=\'direct_logs\',
22                        queue=queue_name,
23                        routing_key=severity)
24 
25 print(\' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C\')
26 
27 def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
28     print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))
29 
30 channel.basic_consume(callback,
31                       queue=queue_name,
32                       no_ack=True)
33 
34 channel.start_consuming()

消费者

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 import pika
 3 import sys
 4 
 5 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
 6         host=\'localhost\'))
 7 channel = connection.channel()
 8 
 9 channel.exchange_declare(exchange=\'direct_logs\',
10                          type=\'direct\')
11 
12 severity = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else \'info\'
13 message = \' \'.join(sys.argv[2:]) or \'Hello World!\'
14 channel.basic_publish(exchange=\'direct_logs\',
15                       routing_key=severity,
16                       body=message)
17 print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message))
18 connection.close()

生产者

 

6.模糊匹配

 exchange type = topic

在topic类型下，可以让队列绑定几个模糊的关键字，之后发送者将数据发送到exchange，exchange将传入”路由值“和 ”关键字“进行匹配，匹配成功，则将数据发送到指定队列。

• # 表示可以匹配 0 个 或 多个 单词
• *  表示只能匹配 一个 单词

1 发送者路由值              队列中
2 old.boy.python          old.*  -- 不匹配
3 old.boy.python          old.#  -- 匹配

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 import pika
 3 import sys
 4 
 5 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
 6         host=\'localhost\'))
 7 channel = connection.channel()
 8 
 9 channel.exchange_declare(exchange=\'topic_logs\',
10                          type=\'topic\')
11 
12 result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
13 queue_name = result.method.queue
14 
15 binding_keys = sys.argv[1:]
16 if not binding_keys:
17     sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [binding_key]...\\n" % sys.argv[0])
18     sys.exit(1)
19 
20 for binding_key in binding_keys:
21     channel.queue_bind(exchange=\'topic_logs\',
22                        queue=queue_name,
23                        routing_key=binding_key)
24 
25 print(\' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C\')
26 
27 def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
28     print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))
29 
30 channel.basic_consume(callback,
31                       queue=queue_name,
32                       no_ack=True)
33 
34 channel.start_consuming()

消费者

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 import pika
 3 import sys
 4 
 5 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
 6         host=\'localhost\'))
 7 channel = connection.channel()
 8 
 9 channel.exchange_declare(exchange=\'topic_logs\',
10                          type=\'topic\')
11 
12 routing_key = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else \'anonymous.info\'
13 message = \' \'.join(sys.argv[2:]) or \'Hello World!\'
14 channel.basic_publish(exchange=\'topic_logs\',
15                       routing_key=routing_key,
16                       body=message)
17 print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (routing_key, message))
18 connection.close()

生产者

 1 sudo rabbitmqctl add_user alex 123
 2 # 设置用户为administrator角色
 3 sudo rabbitmqctl set_user_tags alex administrator
 4 # 设置权限
 5 sudo rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p "/" alex \'.\'\'.\'\'.\'
 6 
 7 # 然后重启rabbiMQ服务
 8 sudo /etc/init.d/rabbitmq-server restart
 9  
10 # 然后可以使用刚才的用户远程连接rabbitmq server了。
11 
12 
13 ------------------------------
14 credentials = pika.PlainCredentials("alex","123")
15 
16 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(\'192.168.14.47\',credentials=credentials))

注意事项