题24
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19、构造器Constructor是否可被override?
构造器Constructor不能被继承，因此不能重写Override，但可以被重载Overload。
20、接口是否可继承接口? 抽象类是否可实现(implements)接口? 抽象类是否可继承具体类(concrete class)? 抽象类中是否可以有静态的main方法？
接口可以继承接口。抽象类可以实现(implements)接口，抽象类是否可继承具体类。抽象类中可以有静态的main方法。
备注：只要明白了接口和抽象类的本质和作用，这些问题都很好回答，你想想，如果你是java语言的设计者，你是否会提供这样的支持，如果不提供的话，有什么理由吗？如果你没有道理不提供，那答案就是肯定的了。
只有记住抽象类与普通类的唯一区别就是不能创建实例对象和允许有abstract方法。
21、写clone()方法时，通常都有一行代码，是什么？
clone 有缺省行为，super.clone();因为首先要把父类中的成员复制到位，然后才是复制自己的成员。
22、面向对象的特征有哪些方面
计算机软件系统是现实生活中的业务在计算机中的映射，而现实生活中的业务其实就是一个个对象协作的过程。面向对象编程就是按现实业务一样的方式将程序代码按一个个对象进行组织和编写，让计算机系统能够识别和理解用对象方式组织和编写的程序代码，这样就可以把现实生活中的业务对象映射到计算机系统中。
面向对象的编程语言有封装、继承 、抽象、多态等4个主要的特征。
1封装：
封装是保证软件部件具有优良的模块性的基础，封装的目标就是要实现软件部件的“高内聚、低耦合”，防止程序相互依赖性而带来的变动影响。在面向对象的编程语言中，对象是封装的最基本单位，面向对象的封装比传统语言的封装更为清晰、更为有力。面向对象的封装就是把描述一个对象的属性和行为的代码封装在一个“模块”中，也就是一个类中，属性用变量定义，行为用方法进行定义，方法可以直接访问同一个对象中的属性。通常情况下，只要记住让变量和访问这个变量的方法放在一起，将一个类中的成员变量全部定义成私有的，只有这个类自己的方法才可以访问到这些成员变量，这就基本上实现对象的封装，就很容易找出要分配到这个类上的方法了，就基本上算是会面向对象的编程了。把握一个原则：把对同一事物进行操作的方法和相关的方法放在同一个类中，把方法和它操作的数据放在同一个类中。
例如，人要在黑板上画圆，这一共涉及三个对象：人、黑板、圆，画圆的方法要分配给哪个对象呢？由于画圆需要使用到圆心和半径，圆心和半径显然是圆的属性，如果将它们在类中定义成了私有的成员变量，那么，画圆的方法必须分配给圆，它才能访问到圆心和半径这两个属性，人以后只是调用圆的画圆方法、表示给圆发给消息而已，画圆这个方法不应该分配在人这个对象上，这就是面向对象的封装性，即将对象封装成一个高度自治和相对封闭的个体，对象状态（属性）由这个对象自己的行为（方法）来读取和改变。一个更便于理解的例子就是，司机将火车刹住了，刹车的动作是分配给司机，还是分配给火车，显然，应该分配给火车，因为司机自身是不可能有那么大的力气将一个火车给停下来的，只有火车自己才能完成这一动作，火车需要调用内部的离合器和刹车片等多个器件协作才能完成刹车这个动作，司机刹车的过程只是给火车发了一个消息，通知火车要执行刹车动作而已。
抽象：
抽象就是找出一些事物的相似和共性之处，然后将这些事物归为一个类，这个类只考虑这些事物的相似和共性之处，并且会忽略与当前主题和目标无关的那些方面，将注意力集中在与当前目标有关的方面。例如，看到一只蚂蚁和大象，你能够想象出它们的相同之处，那就是抽象。抽象包括行为抽象和状态抽象两个方面。例如，定义一个Person类，如下：
class Person
String name;
int age;
人本来是很复杂的事物，有很多方面，但因为当前系统只需要了解人的姓名和年龄，所以上面定义的类中只包含姓名和年龄这两个属性，这就是一种抽像，使用抽象可以避免考虑一些与目标无关的细节。我对抽象的理解就是不要用显微镜去看一个事物的所有方面，这样涉及的内容就太多了，而是要善于划分问题的边界，当前系统需要什么，就只考虑什么。
继承：
在定义和实现一个类的时候，可以在一个已经存在的类的基础之上来进行，把这个已经存在的类所定义的内容作为自己的内容，并可以加入若干新的内容，或修改原来的方法使之更适合特殊的需要，这就是继承。继承是子类自动共享父类数据和方法的机制，这是类之间的一种关系，提高了软件的可重用性和可扩展性。
多态：
多态是指程序中定义的引用变量所指向的具体类型和通过该引用变量发出的方法调用在编程时并不确定，而是在程序运行期间才确定，即一个引用变量倒底会指向哪个类的实例对象，该引用变量发出的方法调用到底是哪个类中实现的方法，必须在由程序运行期间才能决定。因为在程序运行时才确定具体的类，这样，不用修改源程序代码，就可以让引用变量绑定到各种不同的类实现上，从而导致该引用调用的具体方法随之改变，即不修改程序代码就可以改变程序运行时所绑定的具体代码，让程序可以选择多个运行状态，这就是多态性。多态性增强了软件的灵活性和扩展性。例如，下面代码中的UserDao是一个接口，它定义引用变量userDao指向的实例对象由daofactory.getDao()在执行的时候返回，有时候指向的是UserJdbcDao这个实现，有时候指向的是UserHibernateDao这个实现，这样，不用修改源代码，就可以改变userDao指向的具体类实现，从而导致userDao.insertUser()方法调用的具体代码也随之改变，即有时候调用的是UserJdbcDao的insertUser方法，有时候调用的是UserHibernateDao的insertUser方法：
UserDao userDao = daofactory.getDao();
userDao.insertUser(user);
比喻：人吃饭，你看到的是左手，还是右手？
23、java中实现多态的机制是什么？
靠的是父类或接口定义的引用变量可以指向子类或具体实现类的实例对象，而程序调用的方法在运行期才动态绑定，就是引用变量所指向的具体实例对象的方法，也就是内存里正在运行的那个对象的方法，而不是引用变量的类型中定义的方法。
24、abstract class和interface有什么区别?
含有abstract修饰符的class即为抽象类，abstract 类不能创建的实例对象。含有abstract方法的类必须定义为abstract class，abstract class类中的方法不必是抽象的。abstract class类中定义抽象方法必须在具体(Concrete)子类中实现，所以，不能有抽象构造方法或抽象静态方法。如果的子类没有实现抽象父类中的所有抽象方法，那么子类也必须定义为abstract类型。
接口（interface）可以说成是抽象类的一种特例，接口中的所有方法都必须是抽象的。接口中的方法定义默认为public abstract类型，接口中的成员变量类型默认为public static final。
下面比较一下两者的语法区别：
1.抽象类可以有构造方法，接口中不能有构造方法。
2.抽象类中可以有普通成员变量，接口中没有普通成员变量
3.抽象类中可以包含非抽象的普通方法，接口中的所有方法必须都是抽象的，不能有非抽象的普通方法。
4. 抽象类中的抽象方法的访问类型可以是public，protected和（默认类型,虽然
eclipse下不报错，但应该也不行），但接口中的抽象方法只能是public类型的，并且默认即为public abstract类型。
5. 抽象类中可以包含静态方法，接口中不能包含静态方法
6. 抽象类和接口中都可以包含静态成员变量，抽象类中的静态成员变量的访问类型可以任意，但接口中定义的变量只能是public static final类型，并且默认即为public static final类型。
7. 一个类可以实现多个接口，但只能继承一个抽象类。
下面接着再说说两者在应用上的区别：
接口更多的是在系统架构设计方法发挥作用，主要用于定义模块之间的通信契约。而抽象类在代码实现方面发挥作用，可以实现代码的重用，例如，模板方法设计模式是抽象类的一个典型应用，假设某个项目的所有Servlet类都要用相同的方式进行权限判断、记录访问日志和处理异常，那么就可以定义一个抽象的基类，让所有的Servlet都继承这个抽象基类，在抽象基类的service方法中完成权限判断、记录访问日志和处理异常的代码，在各个子类中只是完成各自的业务逻辑代码，伪代码如下：
public abstract class BaseServlet extends HttpServlet
public final void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOExcetion,ServletException
记录访问日志
进行权限判断
if(具有权限)
try
doService(request,response);
catch(Excetpion e)
记录异常信息
protected abstract void doService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOExcetion,ServletException;
//注意访问权限定义成protected，显得既专业，又严谨，因为它是专门给子类用的
public class MyServlet1 extends BaseServlet
protected void doService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOExcetion,ServletException
本Servlet只处理的具体业务逻辑代码
父类方法中间的某段代码不确定，留给子类干，就用模板方法设计模式。
备注：这道题的思路是先从总体解释抽象类和接口的基本概念，然后再比较两者的语法细节，最后再说两者的应用区别。比较两者语法细节区别的条理是：先从一个类中的构造方法、普通成员变量和方法（包括抽象方法），静态变量和方法，继承性等6个方面逐一去比较回答，接着从第三者继承的角度的回答，特别是最后用了一个典型的例子来展现自己深厚的技术功底。
[ 2204阅读 ] 句子简化题 | 细节题 | 排除题 | 推理题 | 目的题 | 句子插入题 | 总结题
任务：课前资料01理论课、03句子分析(每天一个)、04语法课、02词汇题(324每天30)
[ 句子简化题 ] - [ 细节题 ] - [ 排除题 ] - [ 推理题 ] - [ 目的题 ] - [ 出题规律 ] - [ 句子插入题 ] - [ 总结题 ]
[ 句子简化题 ]
[ 句子简化题 - 题型识别 ]
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
[ 句子简化题 - 答题方法 ]
1. 找主干 ( 主干内容相近原则 )
① 原句中有1个主干时，选项不包含该主干，错误
② 原句中有多个主干时，遵循 " 宁多勿少，宁少勿错 "
2. 找逻辑词 ( 逻辑矛盾可排除 )
转折 和 因，转折 和 果，让步 和 因，让步 和 果
although a, (but) b 尽管，但是
3. 找绝比概否 ( " 考点 + 内容 " 检验 )
① 绝对词：only，unique，rarely，just，have to / must，definitely，never ...
② 比较：more，the most，compare，contrast，-er，-est
③ 概括：all，whole，entire ...
④ 否定：
前缀：in- / im- / illegal / irregular，un-，mis-，anti-，dis- / de-(down)，
nonagricultural sector ...
否定单词：no，not，little，lack，replace，avoid，disregard / ignore / neglect ， vanish / perish (死亡，丧生; 毁灭; 腐烂，枯萎; 老化;)，hardly，seldom (不常; 很少; 难得;)，scarce，difficult，problem / problematic (成问题的，有疑问的)
否定词组：too...to，no longer，rather than (而不是) / other than (除...以外)，
lack of (缺乏) / void of (缺乏的)，instead of (而不是…)，take place of... (代替;)
[ 句子简化题 - 例题示范 ]
Animal Signals in the Rain Forest
In the green-to yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish background.
分析：
1. 找主干
① 黄绿最亮
② 信号 看不清
2. 找逻辑词：but
3. 找考点：比 brightest ，否 not be very visible
When an animal is signaling in an area with green-to yellow lighting condition, it's signal will not be visible if the background is brightly lit.
1. 文章主语是黄绿色， 选项主语是信号
2. 文章说的是背景色，选项说的是背景光
In the lowest levels of the forest, an animal's signals are not easily seen unless there is a yellowish or greenish background.
1. 文章主语是黄绿色， 选项主语是信号
2. unless = if not，除非
In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions at the lowest levels of the forest, only signals that are themselves green or yellow will be bright enough to be seen in most areas.
1. 选项中出现了绝对词only，原文没有
Although green and yellow would be the brightest colors near the forest floor, these colors would make poor signals whenever the forest background was also in the green-to-yellow range.
1. 让步( although (虽然; 尽管;) a, [ but ] b )，but在原文中出现了
2. 否定词 poor
[ 句子简化题 - 习题练习 ]
[ 习题 ] 句子简化题 细节题 排除题_we1less的博客-CSDN博客
[ 细节题 ] Factual Information Question 细节题 / 事实信息题
[ 细节题 - 题型识别 ]
第 1 组：问原因； 没有标点符号的从后看
1. According to paragraph 6,large batches of clay writing tablets were stored because the tablets
2. Paragraph 2 suggests that Thomas Edison’s early efforts to develop a motion-picture camera failed because he could not figure out how to
问原因 - 方式
3. According to paragraph 3, what was one cause of the economic problems in Europe of the fourteenth century?
4. According to paragraph 4, what may contribute to high mobility costs in Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan?
5. According to paragraph 3, what is one possible explanation for why American workers change jobs more frequently than workers elsewhere do?
第 2 组：问结果
1. According to paragraph 2, researchers discovered which of the following by playing recordings of songs to chaffinches?
发现了什么
2. According to paragraph 2, what do students reveal about the tendency for workers to change jobs?
揭露了什么
3. Which of the following is a probable effect of the fact mentioned in paragraph 4 that there are few available nesting locations near the Humboldt Current?
影响了
第 3 组：问结果 | 积极 / 消极
1. According to paragraph 3, what advantage do birds gain by hatching all the colony’s eggs at the same time?
积极
2. According to paragraph 2, why did the government place restrictions on dyers?
消极
第 4 组：EXCEPT 排除题的题干是段落的主旨
1. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 2 as characteristic of wild chaffinches EXCEPT :
2. Paragraph 2 claims that yellow-rumped cacique colonies defend themselves from predators in all of the following ways EXCEPT :
[ 细节题 - 答题方法 ] S D S G
S 审题：审题型，问什么 [ 辅助定位答案句 ]
1 疑问句：疑问词 [ what + 相关词汇 ，why，when，where，who，how ... ]
2 陈述句：题干最后 [ was 补全主语，becsuse ]
D 定位：从题干找出 2+ 名词，找到原文的定位句
[ 注：名词为主、考点为辅；名词不与文章标题重复 / 相似；不用人名 ]
特殊情况：剩余部分，没有符合答案的情况
代词：定位句中出现代词 ( 指代前文内容的this )，答案句 = 定位句 + 前句
定位句后一句出现代词， 答案句 = 定位句 + 后句
并列：定位句后一句出现并列 ( at the same time / and / in addition )
答案句 = 定位句 + 后句
全部删减：定位句与题干重复，用选项定位
S 删减： 找到原文定位句后，定位句与题干重复内容删减，保留剩余部分 [ 审题词校验定位句 ]
G 改写：剩余部分 = 选项的改写形式
[ 细节题 - 习题练习 ]
[ 排除题 ]
[ 排除题 - 题型识别 ] EXPECT / NOT
[ 排除题 - 答题方法 ] S D SG
S 审题： 判断题型 EXPECT / NOT，找出该题主要问的内容
D 定位： 提取4选项名词，2+
名词为主、考点为辅
不与文章 [ 标题 | 题干 | 其他选项 ] 重复 / 相似
记忆每个选项最核心的定位词用于在原文找定位句
SG 顺序改写： 按照原文句子顺序，分别定位(完整)选项， 选择错误的一项
错误选项特征：原文没有(无)、与原文相反(反)、不符合题意(偏题，指的是与题干答非所问)
[ 排除题 - 习题练习 ]
[ 推理题 ]
[ 推理题 - 题型识别 ] infer imply suggest support conclude
[ 推理题 - 答题方法 ] S D SG
1. S审题 D定位 S删减 G改写 [ 题干有有效定位词 ] 细节题方式
2. S审题 D定位 S + G 顺序改写 排除题方式
[ 推理题 - 分类 ]
直接对比推理
① unlike a, b ...
b部分出现代词，指代的是句子前面的部分
a = not b
② compare, whereas, while, in contrast, however ...
隐含对比推理
a 少 b 多 --> a < b
a ... are limited，as most ... b
时间对比推理
标志词
① 原文：after, since, later, now, recently, currently ...
② 题干：before, prior to , past, last, of his time
应用：时间对比，相应的事件对比，答案加not
推理题规律：答案句通常为 观点句、解释句、过渡句，不是纯例子
[ 推理题 - 习题练习 ]
[ 目的题 ] 考核作者观点
[ 目的题 - 题型识别 ]
通用问法：
① 疑问句形式：[ why / what reason ] ... the author ... ?
② 陈述句形式：[ the author / passage ] include / offer / mention ... in order to / to suggest / to demonstrate / to emphasize / to
in order to 为了
[ 目的题 - 分类 ]
[ 总分 / 总分总 ] 经常出现的情况：
段落目的 / 段落关系
① what is the main purpose ... paragraph X ?
② how ... paragraph X related to paragraph Y ? / what ... relationship between paragraph X and paragraph Y ?
答案句：(段落目的) 某一段的主旨句 / (段落关系) 某两段中间部分
例子说明观点：重要
① 定位句为纯例子，答案在例子前
② 例子与观点合二为一，答案在本句 ( 主干 + 抽象词汇 )
[ 分总 / 总分总 ] 特殊情况：
标志词：总结 / 结果
therefore / thereby / hence / so / thus / this meant that / making / giving / allowing ...
① 分总 / 总分总：段落靠后位置
② 代词：this meant that
[ 目的题 - 例题示范 ]
TPO-16 Trade and the Ancient Middle East
Paragraph 3
This mode of craft production favored the growth of self-governing and ideologically egalitarian craft guilds everywhere in the Middle Eastern city. These were essentially professional associations that provided for the mutual aid and protection of their members, and allowed for the maintenance of professional standards. The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading; the government left working people to govern themselves, much as shepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders. In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations for fellowship, worship, and production that flourished in this laissez-faire environment, individuals could interact with one another within a community of harmony and ideological equality, following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power.
guilds n. (行业)协会;(中世纪的)行会，同业公会
furthered v. 促进;增进
surplus n. 盈余;剩余;过剩;顺差;过剩量;剩余额
primarily adv. 主要地;根本地
left leave过去式 v. 让…处于 离开(某人或某处);遗弃;丢弃
much as 就像 = much as = like
shepherds n. 牧羊人;羊倌
16. The author includes the information that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading in order to
○support the claim that the mode of production made possible by the craft guilds very good for trade
the mode of production 生产方式
trade n. 贸易;买卖;商业;
○contrast the economic base of the city government with that of the tribal confederacies
contrast n. 明显的差异;对比;对照;
○provide a reason why the government allowed the guilds to be self-controlled
○suggest that the government was missing out on a valuable opportunity to tax the guilds
S：The author ... in order to 目的题
D：阴影
S：阴影标红
G：C 答案标红
[ 目的题 - 习题练习 ]
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[ 出题规律 ]
文章标题
文章标题的用法
1. 定位：有效定位词不与文章标题重复或相似的内容
2. 出题点：逻辑词 + 新内容 [ 不与文章标题重复或相似的内容 ]
应用：辅助定位
文章标题剖析
Europe's Early See trade with Asia
内容模块：地点、时间、事件、方式、关系
成分分析：中心词 (名词) + 定语
新旧观点判断
政治的发展切断了陆路 [ 新 ]
剖析练习
Trade with ancient Middle East
Roman Cultural Influence on Britain [ 时间对比推理 ]
Effects of Commercial revolution
比较 / 对比，分类，因果，问题 / 解决方案
[ 句子插入题 ]
[ 句子插入题 - 题型识别 ]
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
The cheeping provides important information to the parent, but it could also attract the attention of others.
Where would the sentence best fit?
[ 句子插入题 - 笔记格式 ]
定位：题目主干 + 具体内容 -- 找到原文相似的句子 (定位句)
位置：根据...，放前 / 后
[ 句子插入题 - 题型方法 ]
定位：题目主干 + 具体内容 -- 找到原文相似的句子 (定位句)
① 句子主干信息 (具体)
② 主干为抽象内容时，选用其他成分的内容来定位
位置：
指代关系：代词，the + 名词，指代前文内容，放在定位句后
① 正向考核：题干出现代词
② 逆向思维：原文句子出现代词
段落结构：[ 总 分 ] 题干句子
① 总：句子较短，抽象概括，放在定位句前
② 分：句子较长，具体细节 (包含 for example)，放到定位句后
逻辑检验：
题干句子中出现 however / therefor / further / additional / at the same time / and / then / again 等逻辑词，表示题干句子与原文前句内容有密切联系，放到定位句后
[ 句子插入题 - 例题示范 ]
Begging by Nestlings
Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. ■A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. ■These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. ■In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials. ■
3. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
The cheeping provides important information to the parent, but it could also attract the attention of others.
Where would the sentence best fit?
定位：the parent -- a parent
位置：the 放后
[ 句子插入题 - 习题练习 ]
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[ 总结题 ]
[ 总结题 - 题型识别 ]
10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong to remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT
Answer Choices
[ 总结题 - 笔记格式 ]
① 对应段落
② 对应题目
[ 总结题 - 题型方法 ]
1. 审题 [ 正向做题 ] ：
① 文章标题
② 题干句子：主干
2. 借题做题：借助前面题目对应原文答案的内容 [ 提炼 ]
3. 反向排除 [ minor idears 次要信息 ]
① 例子：时间、地点、人物、事物等。特殊 ( 不作为排除依据 ) ：[ such as ]
② 数字：时间 (second，minute，hour，day，week，month，times，degree)
③ 片面信息：文章标题 / 主题包含2个以上的内容，选项只有一个
[ 总结题 - 习题练习 ]
Step1: 主题
TPO42-2 Explaining Dinosaur Extinction
Over the years, scientists have proposed a number of theories as to why dinosaurs suddenly became extinct about 65 million years ago. 1、2
A. Many explanations for dinosaur extinction have been proposed, but most of them are either called into question by known facts or are merely unsupported hypotheses.
question n. 问题;疑问;
B. Although mammals and dinosaurs appeared at about the same time in the Late Triassic, the K-T event, which marked the end of the dinosaurs, apparently had relatively little impact on mammals.
impact n. 影响;撞击;
C. Focusing on dinosaurs misses the point that the extinction, at about the same time, of the shelled squid-like creatures that dominated the Mesozoic seas was far more scientifically significant.
D. Any satisfactory explanation of the mass extinction of dinosaurs must take into account the fact that the disappearance of dinosaurs was part of global mass extinction.
E. Computerized climate models of global temperature fluctuations support the theory that a huge rock from space hit the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico about 65 million years ago.
F. A huge bolide striking Earth would have created conditions in which most plants
would have died, thus explaining the mass extinction of organisms—including
dinosaurs—further up the food chain.
TPO 10 p3 Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth
In late sixteenth-and early seventeenth-century Europe, increased agricultural production and the expansion of trade were important in economic growth.
Answer choices
○ Bringing more land under cultivation produced enough food to create surpluses for trade and investment as well as for supporting the larger populations that led to the growth of rural industry.
○ Most rural villages established an arrangement with a nearby urban center that enabled villagers to take advantage of urban markets to sell any handicrafts they produced.
arrangement n. 商定; 约定;
urban adj. 城市的;都市的;城镇的
○ Increases in population and the expansion of trade led to increased manufacturing, much of it small-scale in character but some requiring significant capital investment.
○ Increased capital was required for the production of goods, for storage, for trade, and for the provision of credit throughout of Europe as well as distant markets overseas.
○ Bills of exchange were invented in medieval Italy but became less important as banks began to provide loans for merchants.
○ The expansion of trade was facilitated by developments in banking and financial services and benefitted from the huge influx of capital in the form of gold silver from the Americas.
真题 Effects of Commercial Revolution
A. New kinds of urban centers emerged that focused on commerce and encouraged craft and occupational specializations.
B. Rulers in the last millennium began to promote the material prosperity of their people through support and improvement of commerce.
C. More established commercial centers supplied final products to newer regions in exchange for raw materials.
D. During the first millennium B. C., new political and religious centers arose that based their power on their ability to protect their lands and people.
E. The focus on raw materials switched the balance of power from the manufacturing centers to the control of the exporters of the natural products.
F. Military occupation of neighboring lands became a major means of expanding trade into new territories.
Step2: 借题做题 [ 综合出题情况 & 主题 & 排除法 ]
TPO 10 P2 Variations in the Climate
Climate n. 气候;气候区;倾向;思潮;风气;环境气氛
1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following must we find out in order to determine the impact of human activities upon climate?
2. According to paragraph 2, an advantage of proxy records over instrumental records is that
instrumental n. 器乐曲;工具格;工具词
4. According to paragraph 3, scientists are able to reconstruct proxy temperature records by
6. According to paragraphs 3 and 4, proxy data have suggested all of the following about the climate EXCEPT:
8. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as natural causes of climate change EXCEPT
9. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is true of computer models of the global climate?
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Indeed, the contribution of volcanoes and solar activity would more likely have been to actually reduce the rate of warming slightly.
14. A number of different and complex factors influence changes in the global climate over long periods of time.
Answer choices
A. In the absence of instrumental records, proxy data allow scientists to infer information about past climates.
B. Scientists see a consistent pattern in the global temperature variations that have occurred in the past.
pattern n. 图案;模式;方式;范例;
C. Computer models are used to estimate how the different causes of climate variability combine to account for the climate variability that occurs.
D. Scientists have successfully separated natural climate variation from changes related to human activities.
separated v. (使)分开，分离;分割;划分;
E. Scientists believe that activities outside the global climate system, such as volcanoes and solar activity may have significant effects on the system.
F. Scientists have concluded that human activity accounts for the rapid global warming in recent decades.
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