Python基础day03：集合

Posted 2020-09-28

一、概述

集合是无序的，天生不重复的数据组合，它的作用如下：

• 去重，即：把一个列表变成集合，就去重了
• 关系测试，即：测试两组集合的交集、并集和差集等

二、定义

1、语法

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
#把列表转换为集合
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
#转换后，去重
>>> print(name_1,type(name_1))
{1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10} <class ‘set‘>

 三、关系测试

1、交集(intersection())

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
#输出结果
>>> name_1.intersection(name_2)
{8, 1, 10, 3}

2、并集(union())

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
#输出结果
>>> name_1.union(name_2)
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10}

 3、差集(difference())

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
#输出结果
>>> name_1.difference(name_2)
{2, 4, 7}

 注：差集取的是数值在第一个集合中，但是不在第二个集合中（在我不在你）

4、issubset()

判断一个集合是否是另一个集合的子集

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_3 = [1,2,3,4]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
>>> name_3 = set(name_3)
#输出结果
>>> name_3.issubset(name_1)
True

 5、issuperset()

判断一个集合是否是另一个集合的父集

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_3 = [1,2,3,4]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
>>> name_3 = set(name_3)
#输出结果
>>> name_1.issuperset(name_3)
True

 6、对称差集(symmetric_difference())

 把两个集合没有交集的数值取出来

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
#输出结果
>>> name_1.symmetric_difference(name_2)
{2, 4, 5, 7}

 7、isdisjoint()

判断两个集合是否有交集，没有交集，则返回True

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_3 = [11]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
>>> name_3 = set(name_3)
#有交集
>>> name_1.isdisjoint(name_2)
False
#无交集
>>> name_1.isdisjoint(name_3)
True

 四、关系测试(特殊符号)

1、交集(&)

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
#结果输出
>>> name_1 & name_2
{8, 1, 10, 3}

2、并集(|)

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
#结果输出
>>> name_1 | name_2
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10}

 3、差集(-)

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
#结果输出
>>> name_1 - name_2
{2, 4, 7}

4、对称差集(^)

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
#输出
>>> name_1 ^ name_2
{2, 4, 5, 7}

5、是否是子集(<=)

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,10]
>>> name_3 = [1,2,3,4]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
>>> name_3 = set(name_3)
#输出
>>> name_3 <= name_1
True

6、是否是父集(>=)

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,10]
>>> name_3 = [1,2,3,4]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
>>> name_3 = set(name_3)
#输出
>>> name_1 >= name_3
True

 五、基本操作

1、添加(add())

>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
#添加已存在，不报错
>>> name_2.add(1)
>>> name_2
{8, 1, 10, 3, 5}
#添加不存在，添加一个新的数值
>>> name_2.add(11)
>>> name_2
{1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11}

 2、添加多项(update())

>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
>>> name_2.update([12,13,14])
#输出结果
>>> name_2
{1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14}

 3、删除(remove(),pop(),discard())

①remove()

>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
>>> name_2
{8, 1, 10, 3, 5}
>>> name_2.remove(1)
#输出
>>> name_2
{8, 10, 3, 5}
#删除不存在的元素，会报错
>>> name_2.remove(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 1

 注：用remove删除时，当元素不存在，会报错

②pop()

>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
>>> name_2
{8, 1, 10, 3, 5}
#输出
>>> name_2.pop()
8

 注：pop是随机删除集合中的某个元素，并且打印

③discard()

>>> name_2 = [1,3,5,8,10]
>>> name_2 = set(name_2)
>>> name_2.discard(10)
#输出结果
>>> name_2
{8, 1, 3, 5}
#删除不存在元素，不报错
>>> name_2.discard(10)

注：用discard删除不存在的元素，不会出现报错

4、长度(len())

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
#结果输出
>>> len(name_1)
7

 5、x in s

测试 x 是否是 s 的成员

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
#结果输出
>>> 1 in name_1
True

 6、x not in s

测试 x 是否不是 s 的成员

>>> name_1 = [1,2,3,4,7,8,7,10]
>>> name_1 = set(name_1)
#输出
>>> 12 not in name_1
True