Pytorch实战 | 第P3周:天气识别

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⏲往期文章:

Pytorch实战

难度:新手入门⭐

🍺要求:

  1. 本地读取并加载数据。
  2. 测试集accuracy到达93%

🍻拔高:

  1. 测试集accuracy到达95%
  2. 调用模型识别一张本地图片

🏡 我的环境:

  • 语言环境:Python3.8
  • 编译器:jupyter notebook
  • 深度学习环境:Pytorch
  • 数据:公众号:K同学啊

文章目录

一、 前期准备

1. 设置GPU

如果设备上支持GPU就使用GPU,否则使用CPU

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
import torchvision
from torchvision import transforms, datasets

import os,PIL,pathlib

device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")

device
device(type='cuda')

2. 导入数据

import os,PIL,random,pathlib

data_dir = './data/'
data_dir = pathlib.Path(data_dir)

data_paths = list(data_dir.glob('*'))
classeNames = [str(path).split("\\\\")[1] for path in data_paths]
classeNames
['cloudy', 'rain', 'shine', 'sunrise']
total_datadir = './data/'

# 关于transforms.Compose的更多介绍可以参考:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38251616/article/details/124878863
train_transforms = transforms.Compose([
    transforms.Resize([224, 224]),  # 将输入图片resize成统一尺寸
    transforms.ToTensor(),          # 将PIL Image或numpy.ndarray转换为tensor,并归一化到[0,1]之间
    transforms.Normalize(           # 标准化处理-->转换为标准正太分布(高斯分布),使模型更容易收敛
        mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], 
        std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225])  # 其中 mean=[0.485,0.456,0.406]与std=[0.229,0.224,0.225] 从数据集中随机抽样计算得到的。
])

total_data = datasets.ImageFolder(total_datadir,transform=train_transforms)
total_data
Dataset ImageFolder
    Number of datapoints: 1125
    Root location: ./data/
    StandardTransform
Transform: Compose(
               Resize(size=[224, 224], interpolation=bilinear, max_size=None, antialias=None)
               ToTensor()
               Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
           )

3. 划分数据集

train_size = int(0.8 * len(total_data))
test_size  = len(total_data) - train_size
train_dataset, test_dataset = torch.utils.data.random_split(total_data, [train_size, test_size])
train_dataset, test_dataset
(<torch.utils.data.dataset.Subset at 0x1cd91e01ee0>,
 <torch.utils.data.dataset.Subset at 0x1cd91e01f70>)
train_size,test_size
(900, 225)
batch_size = 32

train_dl = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(train_dataset,
                                           batch_size=batch_size,
                                           shuffle=True,
                                           num_workers=1)
test_dl = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(test_dataset,
                                          batch_size=batch_size,
                                          shuffle=True,
                                          num_workers=1)
for X, y in test_dl:
    print("Shape of X [N, C, H, W]: ", X.shape)
    print("Shape of y: ", y.shape, y.dtype)
    break
Shape of X [N, C, H, W]:  torch.Size([32, 3, 224, 224])
Shape of y:  torch.Size([32]) torch.int64

二、构建简单的CNN网络

对于一般的CNN网络来说,都是由特征提取网络和分类网络构成,其中特征提取网络用于提取图片的特征,分类网络用于将图片进行分类。

⭐1. torch.nn.Conv2d()详解

函数原型

torch.nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, dilation=1, groups=1, bias=True, padding_mode=‘zeros’, device=None, dtype=None)

关键参数说明

  • in_channels ( int ) – 输入图像中的通道数
  • out_channels ( int ) – 卷积产生的通道数
  • kernel_size ( int or tuple ) – 卷积核的大小
  • stride ( int or tuple , optional ) – 卷积的步幅。默认值:1
  • padding ( int , tuple或str , optional ) – 添加到输入的所有四个边的填充。默认值:0
  • padding_mode (字符串,可选) – ‘zeros’, ‘reflect’, ‘replicate’或’circular’. 默认:‘zeros’

⭐2. torch.nn.Linear()详解

函数原型

torch.nn.Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=True, device=None, dtype=None)

关键参数说明

  • in_features:每个输入样本的大小
  • out_features:每个输出样本的大小

⭐3. torch.nn.MaxPool2d()详解

函数原型

torch.nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size, stride=None, padding=0, dilation=1, return_indices=False, ceil_mode=False)

关键参数说明

  • kernel_size:最大的窗口大小
  • stride:窗口的步幅,默认值为kernel_size
  • padding:填充值,默认为0
  • dilation:控制窗口中元素步幅的参数

import torch.nn.functional as F

class Network_bn(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Network_bn, self).__init__()
        """
        nn.Conv2d()函数:
        第一个参数(in_channels)是输入的channel数量
        第二个参数(out_channels)是输出的channel数量
        第三个参数(kernel_size)是卷积核大小
        第四个参数(stride)是步长,默认为1
        第五个参数(padding)是填充大小,默认为0
        """
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=3, out_channels=12, kernel_size=5, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(12)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=12, out_channels=12, kernel_size=5, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(12)
        self.pool = nn.MaxPool2d(2,2)
        self.conv4 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=12, out_channels=24, kernel_size=5, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.bn4 = nn.BatchNorm2d(24)
        self.conv5 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=24, out_channels=24, kernel_size=5, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.bn5 = nn.BatchNorm2d(24)
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(24*50*50, len(classeNames))

    def forward(self, x):
        x = F.relu(self.bn1(self.conv1(x)))      
        x = F.relu(self.bn2(self.conv2(x)))     
        x = self.pool(x)                        
        x = F.relu(self.bn4(self.conv4(x)))     
        x = F.relu(self.bn5(self.conv5(x)))  
        x = self.pool(x)                        
        x = x.view(-1, 24*50*50)
        x = self.fc1(x)

        return x

device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
print("Using  device".format(device))

model = Network_bn().to(device)
model
Using cuda device

Network_bn(
  (conv1): Conv2d(3, 12, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1))
  (bn1): BatchNorm2d(12, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
  (conv2): Conv2d(12, 12, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1))
  (bn2): BatchNorm2d(12, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
  (pool): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)
  (conv4): Conv2d(12, 24, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1))
  (bn4): BatchNorm2d(24, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
  (conv5): Conv2d(24, 24, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1))
  (bn5): BatchNorm2d(24, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
  (fc1): Linear(in_features=60000, out_features=4, bias=True)
)

三、 训练模型

1. 设置超参数

loss_fn    = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # 创建损失函数
learn_rate = 1e-4 # 学习率
opt        = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(),lr=learn_rate)

2. 编写训练函数

1. optimizer.zero_grad()

函数会遍历模型的所有参数,通过内置方法截断反向传播的梯度流,再将每个参数的梯度值设为0,即上一次的梯度记录被清空。

2. loss.backward()

PyTorch的反向传播(即tensor.backward())是通过autograd包来实现的,autograd包会根据tensor进行过的数学运算来自动计算其对应的梯度。

具体来说,torch.tensor是autograd包的基础类,如果你设置tensor的requires_grads为True,就会开始跟踪这个tensor上面的所有运算,如果你做完运算后使用tensor.backward(),所有的梯度就会自动运算,tensor的梯度将会累加到它的.grad属性里面去。

更具体地说,损失函数loss是由模型的所有权重w经过一系列运算得到的,若某个w的requires_grads为True,则w的所有上层参数(后面层的权重w)的.grad_fn属性中就保存了对应的运算,然后在使用loss.backward()后,会一层层的反向传播计算每个w的梯度值,并保存到该w的.grad属性中。

如果没有进行tensor.backward()的话,梯度值将会是None,因此loss.backward()要写在optimizer.step()之前。

3. optimizer.step()

step()函数的作用是执行一次优化步骤,通过梯度下降法来更新参数的值。因为梯度下降是基于梯度的,所以在执行optimizer.step()函数前应先执行loss.backward()函数来计算梯度。

注意:optimizer只负责通过梯度下降进行优化,而不负责产生梯度,梯度是tensor.backward()方法产生的。

# 训练循环
def train(dataloader, model, loss_fn, optimizer):
    size = len(dataloader.dataset)  # 训练集的大小,一共60000张图片
    num_batches = len(dataloader)   # 批次数目,1875(60000/32)

    train_loss, train_acc = 0, 0  # 初始化训练损失和正确率
    
    for X, y in dataloader:  # 获取图片及其标签
        X, y = X.to(device), y.to(device)
        
        # 计算预测误差
        pred = model(X)          # 网络输出
        loss = loss_fn(pred, y)  # 计算网络输出和真实值之间的差距,targets为真实值,计算二者差值即为损失
        
        # 反向传播
        optimizer.zero_grad()  # grad属性归零
        loss.backward()        # 反向传播
        optimizer.step()       # 每一步自动更新
        
        # 记录acc与loss
        train_acc  += (pred.argmax(1) == y).type(torch.float).sum().item()
        train_loss += loss.item()
            
    train_acc  /= size
    train_loss /= num_batches

    return train_acc, train_loss

3. 编写测试函数

测试函数和训练函数大致相同,但是由于不进行梯度下降对网络权重进行更新,所以不需要传入优化器

def test (dataloader, model, loss_fn):
    size        = len(dataloader.dataset)  # 测试集的大小,一共10000张图片
    num_batches = len(dataloader)          # 批次数目,313(10000/32=312.5,向上取整)
    test_loss, test_acc = 0, 0
    
    # 当不进行训练时,停止梯度更新,节省计算内存消耗
    with torch.no_grad():
        for imgs, target in dataloader:
            imgs, target = imgs.to(device), target.to(device)
            
            # 计算loss
            target_pred = model(imgs)
            loss        = loss_fn(target_pred, target)
            
            test_loss += loss.item()
            test_acc  += (target_pred.argmax(1) == target).type(torch.float).sum().item()

    test_acc  /= size
    test_loss /= num_batches

    return test_acc, test_loss

4. 正式训练

1. model.train()

model.train()的作用是启用 Batch Normalization 和 Dropout。

如果模型中有BN层(Batch Normalization)和Dropout,需要在训练时添加model.train()model.train()是保证BN层能够用到每一批数据的均值和方差。对于Dropoutmodel.train()是随机取一部分网络连接来训练更新参数。

2. model.eval()

model.eval()的作用是不启用 Batch Normalization 和 Dropout。

如果模型中有BN层(Batch Normalization)和Dropout,在测试时添加model.eval()model.eval()是保证BN层能够用全部训练数据的均值和方差,即测试过程中要保证BN层的均值和方差不变。对于Dropoutmodel.eval()是利用到了所有网络连接,即不进行随机舍弃神经元。

训练完train样本后,生成的模型model要用来测试样本。在model(test)之前,需要加上model.eval(),否则的话,有输入数据,即使不训练,它也会改变权值。这是model中含有BN层和Dropout所带来的的性质。

epochs     = 20
train_loss = []
train_acc  = []
test_loss  = []
test_acc   = []

for epoch in range(epochs):
    model.train()
    epoch_train_acc, epoch_train_loss = train(train_dl, model, loss_fn, opt)
    
    model.eval()
    epoch_test_acc, epoch_test_loss = test(test_dl, model, loss_fn)
    
    train_acc.append(epoch_train_acc)
    train_loss.append(epoch_train_loss)
    test_acc.append(epoch_test_acc)
    test_loss.append(epoch_test_loss)
    
    template = ('Epoch::2d, Train_acc::.1f%, Train_loss::.3f, Test_acc::.1f%,Test_loss::.3f')
    print(template.format(epoch+1, epoch_train_acc*100, epoch_train_loss, epoch_test_acc*100, epoch_test_loss))
print('Done')
Epoch: 1, Train_acc:61.4%, Train_loss:0.986, Test_acc:72.0%,Test_loss:0.865
Epoch: 2, Train_acc:76.7%, Train_loss:0.674, Test_acc:83.6%,Test_loss:0.558
Epoch: 3, Train_acc:80.8%, Train_loss:0.561, Test_acc:88.4%,Test_loss:0.447
Epoch: 4, Train_acc:83.6%, Train_loss:0.485, Test_acc:90.2%,Test_loss:0.431
Epoch: 5, Train_acc:86.3%, Train_loss:0.423, Test_acc:89.8%,Test_loss:0.354
Epoch: 6, Train_acc:86.3%, Train_loss:0.418, Test_acc:88.4%,Test_loss:0.306
Epoch: 7, Train_acc:87.6%, Train_loss:0.389, Test_acc:88.4%,Test_loss:0.401
Epoch: 8, Train_acc:90.0%, Train_loss:0.340, Test_acc:92.9%,Test_loss:0.488
Epoch: 9, Train_acc:90.7%, Train_loss:0.321, Test_acc:92.4%,Test_loss:0.260
Epoch:10, Train_acc:91.0%, Train_loss:0.316, Test_acc:92.9%,Test_loss:0.240
Epoch:11, Train_acc:92.6%, Train_loss:0.288, Test_acc:93.3%,Test_loss:0.254
Epoch:12, Train_acc:91.3%, Train_loss:0.291, Test_acc:92.4%,Test_loss:0.231
Epoch:13, Train_acc:93.9%, Train_loss:0.238, Test_acc:92.4%,Test_loss:0.226
Epoch:14, Train_acc:93.9%, Train_loss:0.255, Test_acc:93.3%,Test_loss:0.200
Epoch:15, Train_acc:93.7%, Train_loss:0.239, Test_acc:94.7%,Test_loss:0.236
Epoch:16, Train_acc:93.4%, Train_loss:0.224, Test_acc:93.3%,Test_loss:0.201
Epoch:17, Train_acc:94.1%, Train_loss:0.265, Test_acc:94.7%,Test_loss:0.187
Epoch:18, Train_acc:93.7%, Train_loss:0.222, Test_acc:94.2%,Test_loss:0.193
Epoch:19, Train_acc:95.4%, Train_loss:0.224, Test_acc:93.8%,Test_loss:0.199
Epoch:20, Train_acc:95.1%, Train_loss:0.201, Test_acc:93.3%,Test_loss:0.175
Done

四、 结果可视化

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#隐藏警告
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")               #忽略警告信息
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif']    = ['SimHei'] # 用来正常显示中文标签
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False      # 用来正常显示负号
plt.rcParams['figure.dpi']         = 100        #分辨率

epochs_range = range(epochs)

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 3))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)

plt.plot(epochs_range, train_acc, label='Training Accuracy')
plt.plot(epochs_range, test_acc, label='Test Accuracy')
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Accuracy')

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(epochs_range, train_loss, label='Training Loss')
plt.plot(epochs_range, test_loss, label='Test Loss')
plt.legend(loc='upper right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Loss')
plt.show()

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