JDKCGLIBJavassist和ASM的动态代理使用对比
Posted xiaoliuliu2050
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动态代理是指在运行时，动态生成代理类。正如标题所示，能够提供动态代理的方式有很多。既然选择这么有很多，那么如何选择会更好呢？
带着这个疑问，我找到了Dubbo的作者——梁飞大神的一篇文章。文章中对四种方式都做了性能测试，从当时测试的结果来看，Javassist成了最好的选择。
不过时间过了那么久，现在在JDK 1.8上，根据上面的测试用例测试，会发现JDK动态代理和CGLIB动态代理的性能提升了很多。
测试的版本信息如下：
1.8.0_201，cglib-3.2.5，javassist-3.12.1.GA，asm使用的是JDK自带的。
测试结果如下：
Create JDK Proxy: 4 ms
Create CGLIB Proxy: 108 ms
Create JAVAASSIST Proxy: 39 ms
Create JAVAASSIST Bytecode Proxy: 82 ms
Create ASM Proxy: 4 ms
================
Run JDK Proxy: 136 ms, 367,647,000 t/s
Run CGLIB Proxy: 215 ms, 232,558,000 t/s
Run JAVAASSIST Proxy: 1690 ms, 29,585,000 t/s
Run JAVAASSIST Bytecode Proxy: 183 ms, 273,224,000 t/s
Run ASM Bytecode Proxy: 172 ms, 290,697,000 t/s
----------------
Run JDK Proxy: 203 ms, 246,305,000 t/s
Run CGLIB Proxy: 288 ms, 173,611,000 t/s
Run JAVAASSIST Proxy: 1457 ms, 34,317,000 t/s
Run JAVAASSIST Bytecode Proxy: 183 ms, 273,224,000 t/s
Run ASM Bytecode Proxy: 188 ms, 265,957,000 t/s
----------------
Run JDK Proxy: 288 ms, 173,611,000 t/s
Run CGLIB Proxy: 272 ms, 183,823,000 t/s
Run JAVAASSIST Proxy: 1469 ms, 34,036,000 t/s
Run JAVAASSIST Bytecode Proxy: 188 ms, 265,957,000 t/s
Run ASM Bytecode Proxy: 179 ms, 279,329,000 t/s
----------------
从测试结果来看，JDK代理和CGLIB代理性能已经有很大的提升，ASM与Javassist在性能上已经拉不开差距了。
在易用性方面：
- JDK代理是最简单方便的，只需要使用Proxy和InvocationHandler两个类，不过只能代理接口。
- 其次是CGLIB，也很方便，不过需要引入CGLIB的JAR包。
- Javassist需要用用字符串拼接Java源代码，稍微会比较繁琐。
- 最麻烦的是ASM，需要手工写字节码，一般人可能还写不出来。
在代理对象的创建速度上，JDK代理与ASM都很快，比最慢的CGLIB快20倍以上。
结论
从上面的分析结果来看，性能上各种方式的差距不算太大。
考虑到易用性，在对接口进行动态代理时，使用JDK代理应该是最合适的。
在不能使用JDK代理的情况下，可以考虑使用CGLIB或者Javassist。
CGLIB的缺点是创建代理对象的速度慢，Javassist的缺点是需要手动编写Java源码。
如果非要在这个两个中选择一个，那么只有在对性能要求非常高的情况下选择Javassist，其他一般情况下，个人认为CGLIB是比较合适的。
测试代码
由于现在的机器运行速度较快，为了对比明显，我将原先1千万的数据计算，改成了5千万。
package fun.example.netty.proxy;
import javassist.*;
import javassist.util.proxy.MethodHandler;
import javassist.util.proxy.ProxyFactory;
import javassist.util.proxy.ProxyObject;
import jdk.internal.org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter;
import jdk.internal.org.objectweb.asm.FieldVisitor;
import jdk.internal.org.objectweb.asm.MethodVisitor;
import jdk.internal.org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes;
import net.sf.cglib.proxy.Enhancer;
import net.sf.cglib.proxy.MethodInterceptor;
import net.sf.cglib.proxy.MethodProxy;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class DynamicProxyPerformanceTest
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
CountService delegate = new CountServiceImpl();
long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
CountService jdkProxy = createJdkDynamicProxy(delegate);
time = System.currentTimeMillis() - time;
System.out.println("Create JDK Proxy: " + time + " ms");
time = System.currentTimeMillis();
CountService cglibProxy = createCglibDynamicProxy(delegate);
time = System.currentTimeMillis() - time;
System.out.println("Create CGLIB Proxy: " + time + " ms");
time = System.currentTimeMillis();
CountService javassistProxy = createJavassistDynamicProxy(delegate);
time = System.currentTimeMillis() - time;
System.out.println("Create JAVAASSIST Proxy: " + time + " ms");
time = System.currentTimeMillis();
CountService javassistBytecodeProxy = createJavassistBytecodeDynamicProxy(delegate);
time = System.currentTimeMillis() - time;
System.out.println("Create JAVAASSIST Bytecode Proxy: " + time + " ms");
time = System.currentTimeMillis();
CountService asmBytecodeProxy = createAsmBytecodeDynamicProxy(delegate);
time = System.currentTimeMillis() - time;
System.out.println("Create ASM Proxy: " + time + " ms");
System.out.println("================");
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
test(jdkProxy, "Run JDK Proxy: ");
test(cglibProxy, "Run CGLIB Proxy: ");
test(javassistProxy, "Run JAVAASSIST Proxy: ");
test(javassistBytecodeProxy, "Run JAVAASSIST Bytecode Proxy: ");
test(asmBytecodeProxy, "Run ASM Bytecode Proxy: ");
System.out.println("----------------");
private static void test(CountService service, String label)
throws Exception
service.count(); // warm up
int count = 50000000;
long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
service.count();
time = System.currentTimeMillis() - time;
System.out.println(label + time + " ms, " + new DecimalFormat().format(count / time * 1000) + " t/s");
private static CountService createJdkDynamicProxy(final CountService delegate)
CountService jdkProxy = (CountService) Proxy.newProxyInstance(ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader(),
new Class[]CountService.class, new JdkHandler(delegate));
return jdkProxy;
private static class JdkHandler implements InvocationHandler
final Object delegate;
JdkHandler(Object delegate)
this.delegate = delegate;
public Object invoke(Object object, Method method, Object[] objects)
throws Throwable
return method.invoke(delegate, objects);
private static CountService createCglibDynamicProxy(final CountService delegate) throws Exception
Enhancer enhancer = new Enhancer();
enhancer.setCallback(new CglibInterceptor(delegate));
enhancer.setInterfaces(new Class[]CountService.class);
CountService cglibProxy = (CountService) enhancer.create();
return cglibProxy;
private static class CglibInterceptor implements MethodInterceptor
final Object delegate;
CglibInterceptor(Object delegate)
this.delegate = delegate;
public Object intercept(Object object, Method method, Object[] objects,
MethodProxy methodProxy) throws Throwable
return methodProxy.invoke(delegate, objects);
private static CountService createJavassistDynamicProxy(final CountService delegate) throws Exception
ProxyFactory proxyFactory = new ProxyFactory();
proxyFactory.setInterfaces(new Class[]CountService.class);
Class<?> proxyClass = proxyFactory.createClass();
CountService javassistProxy = (CountService) proxyClass.newInstance();
((ProxyObject) javassistProxy).setHandler(new JavaAssitInterceptor(delegate));
return javassistProxy;
private static class JavaAssitInterceptor implements MethodHandler
final Object delegate;
JavaAssitInterceptor(Object delegate)
this.delegate = delegate;
public Object invoke(Object self, Method m, Method proceed,
Object[] args) throws Throwable
return m.invoke(delegate, args);
private static CountService createJavassistBytecodeDynamicProxy(CountService delegate) throws Exception
ClassPool mPool = new ClassPool(true);
CtClass mCtc = mPool.makeClass(CountService.class.getName() + "JavaassistProxy");
mCtc.addInterface(mPool.get(CountService.class.getName()));
mCtc.addConstructor(CtNewConstructor.defaultConstructor(mCtc));
mCtc.addField(CtField.make("public " + CountService.class.getName() + " delegate;", mCtc));
mCtc.addMethod(CtNewMethod.make("public int count() return delegate.count(); ", mCtc));
Class<?> pc = mCtc.toClass();
CountService bytecodeProxy = (CountService) pc.newInstance();
Field filed = bytecodeProxy.getClass().getField("delegate");
filed.set(bytecodeProxy, delegate);
return bytecodeProxy;
private static CountService createAsmBytecodeDynamicProxy(CountService delegate) throws Exception
ClassWriter classWriter = new ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_FRAMES | ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS);
String className = CountService.class.getName() + "AsmProxy";
String classPath = className.replace('.', '/');
String interfacePath = CountService.class.getName().replace('.', '/');
classWriter.visit(Opcodes.V1_5, Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC, classPath, null, "java/lang/Object", new String[]interfacePath);
MethodVisitor initVisitor = classWriter.visitMethod(Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC, "<init>", "()V", null, null);
initVisitor.visitCode();
initVisitor.visitVarInsn(Opcodes.ALOAD, 0);
initVisitor.visitMethodInsn(Opcodes.INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Object", "<init>", "()V");
initVisitor.visitInsn(Opcodes.RETURN);
initVisitor.visitMaxs(0, 0);
initVisitor.visitEnd();
FieldVisitor fieldVisitor = classWriter.visitField(Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC, "delegate", "L" + interfacePath + ";", null, null);
fieldVisitor.visitEnd();
MethodVisitor methodVisitor = classWriter.visitMethod(Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC, "count", "()I", null, null);
methodVisitor.visitCode();
methodVisitor.visitVarInsn(Opcodes.ALOAD, 0);
methodVisitor.visitFieldInsn(Opcodes.GETFIELD, classPath, "delegate", "L" + interfacePath + ";");
methodVisitor.visitMethodInsn(Opcodes.INVOKEINTERFACE, interfacePath, "count", "()I");
methodVisitor.visitInsn(Opcodes.IRETURN);
methodVisitor.visitMaxs(0, 0);
methodVisitor.visitEnd();
classWriter.visitEnd();
byte[] code = classWriter.toByteArray();
CountService bytecodeProxy = (CountService) new ByteArrayClassLoader().getClass(className, code).newInstance();
Field filed = bytecodeProxy.getClass().getField("delegate");
filed.set(bytecodeProxy, delegate);
return bytecodeProxy;
private static class ByteArrayClassLoader extends ClassLoader
public ByteArrayClassLoader()
super(ByteArrayClassLoader.class.getClassLoader());
public synchronized Class<?> getClass(String name, byte[] code)
if (name == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("");
return defineClass(name, code, 0, code.length);
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