虚幻4与现代C++:使用TaskGraph实现Fork-Join模型
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Fork-Join 模型简介
Fork-Join 是一种并行编程的设计模式,通过下面这个图片可以有一个直观的理解:
图片来自维基百科
在上图中,不同颜色的方块代表着可并行执行的“任务”,它们可以根据需要从主线程中“分叉(fork)”出来执行,在需要顺序执行的点上又“合并(join)”到主线程。
使用 TaskGraph 实现 Fork-Join 模型
虚幻4的 TaskGraph 可以为每个“任务”指定“一个或多个前置任务”,也就是组成所谓的 Graph 啦!在这种框架下,Fork-Join 也是一种常用的任务组织的手法。
下面我还是通过一个简单的例子,来看看具体的编程实现。
假定我们需要从一个 Json 格式的文本文件中读取过去 20 年的上证指数数据,然后需要统计出:
- 最大值,最小值,平均值
最后把这个三个值显示到一个 UMG 的界面上!
咋选了这么个古怪的例子呢?呃,本来是想做一个异步加载 N 个 Static Mesh 模型之类的例子,但是异步加载资源的话,其实用 FStreamableManager 更合适。为了避免误解,就想弄个简单计算的例子。
分拆任务
首先需要把上述需求分拆成多个小的任务,看看哪些可以并行执行:
任务 | 执行线程 | 说明 |
---|---|---|
加载并解析 Json | Any Thread | 加载和解析这两个动作就放在一起了 |
计算最大值 | Any Thread | 加载之后即可执行 |
计算最小值 | Any Thread | 同上 |
计算平均值 | Any Thread | 同上 |
完成通知 | Game Thread | 通知界面更新 |
看下面这个图可能更直观一点:
Task Context 对象
在正式开始编写任务之前,我们需要先解决数据在任务之间“传递”和“共享”的问题。
在这里,我打算使用一个 Context 对象存储所有数据,这种方式也是引擎中很多 TaskGraph 所使用的。
下面是一个任务数据的详细分析:
数据项 | 主线程:任务发起 | 异步任务:加载并解析 | 异步任务:计算X3 | 主线程:UI更新 | 完成通知 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
数据文件路径 | 写入 | 只读 | NA | NA | NA |
完成回调 | 写入 | NA | NA | NA | 只读 |
Json 数据对象 | NA | 写入 | 只读 | NA | NA |
计算结果X3 | NA | NA | 写入 | 只读 | 只读 |
经过上面的分析之后,我设计了下面的数据结构,这个对象将在主线程和几个异步任务之间共享。结合前面那个图片中的执行序列分析,我决定:不用给Context对象加锁!
struct FStockAnalyzeContext
bool bRunning = false;
FString DataFilePath;
FTaskDelegate_StockAnalyzeComplete CompletionDelegate;
TArray<TSharedPtr<FJsonValue>> StockData;
FVector Result; // X:max, Y:min, Z:average
;
那个 Json 对象,使用“ TSharedPtr<FJsonObject, ESPMode::ThreadSafe> StockData”感觉更好一点,不过,引擎中的 JSON 代码的参数写死了,只支持上面那个指针类型。我只能非常谨慎的编码,保证这些Json智能指针在访问的时候,不产生指针的复制。😦 如果你有更好的写法,请留言告诉我!
我们将在一个测试用的 Actor 对象里面存储一个 FStockAnalyzeContext 实例,然后在不同的 Task 之间共享它。
决定了这个 Context 数据结构之后,下面就是挨个实现每个 Task 了!
任务实现:异步加载 JSON
这个 Task 很简单,基本上就是把前一篇博客:基于任务的并行编程与TaskGraph 中的 FTask_LoadFileToString
稍加改造,在 DoTask()
中加上 Json 解析,并去掉派发子任务逻辑即可:
class FTask_LoadFileToJson
FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;
public:
FTask_LoadFileToJson(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
TStatId GetStatId() const
RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTask_LoadFileToJson, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() return CPrio_StockTasks.Get();
static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents;
void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
TSharedPtr<FJsonObject> JsonObject;
// load file from Content folder
FString FilePath = Context->DataFilePath;
FString FileContent;
FString FullPath = FPaths::Combine(FPaths::ProjectContentDir(), FilePath);
if (FPaths::FileExists(FullPath))
if (FFileHelper::LoadFileToString(FileContent, *FullPath))
TSharedRef< TJsonReader<> > Reader = TJsonReaderFactory<>::Create(FileContent);
FJsonSerializer::Deserialize(Reader, JsonObject);
// write resut to context
if (JsonObject)
Context->StockData = JsonObject->GetArrayField(TEXT("stock"));
;
为了代码简单,我没有做什么错误处理啊~
任务实现:数据统计计算
对“上证指数”求最大值、最小值、平均值,就是从 Context 中读取数据, 进行个简单的计算啦:
class FTask_StockMax
FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;
public:
FTask_StockMax(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
TStatId GetStatId() const
RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTask_StockMax, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() return CPrio_StockTasks.Get();
static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents;
void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
// process data
float Result = TNumericLimits<float>::Min();
int32 Count = Context->GetStockDataCount();
for (int32 i = 0; i < Count; i++)
float Value = Context->GetStockData(i);
if (Value > Result)
Result = Value;
// write resut to context
Context->Result.X = Result;
;
任务实现:完成通知
和前一篇博客一样:基于任务的并行编程与TaskGraph 我还是使用一个指定在 Game Thread 执行的 Task 来调用蓝图实现的事件:
class FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze
FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;
public:
FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
FORCEINLINE TStatId GetStatId() const
RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() return ENamedThreads::GameThread;
static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents;
void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
check(IsInGameThread());
Context->CompletionDelegate.ExecuteIfBound(Context->Result);
Context->bRunning = false;
;
派发所有任务
重点来了!我们需要把任务的执行组织成下面这个图片所示:
这个重点就是使用:TGraphTask::CreateTask()
函数的第一个个参数。
void AForkJoinDemo::AsyncAnalyzeStockData(const FString& FilePath)
if (TaskContext.bRunning)
return;
FTaskDelegate_StockAnalyzeComplete CompletionDelegate;
CompletionDelegate.BindUFunction(this, "OnAnalyzeComplete");
TaskContext = ;
TaskContext.bRunning = true;
TaskContext.CompletionDelegate = CompletionDelegate;
TaskContext.DataFilePath = FilePath;
FGraphEventRef LoadJson = TGraphTask<FTask_LoadFileToJson>::CreateTask().
ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);
// data process tasks
FGraphEventArray RootTasks = LoadJson ;
FGraphEventRef CalMax = TGraphTask<FTask_StockMax>::CreateTask(&RootTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);
FGraphEventRef CalMin = TGraphTask<FTask_StockMin>::CreateTask(&RootTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);
FGraphEventRef CalAverage = TGraphTask<FTask_StockAverage>::CreateTask(&RootTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);
// compeletion
FGraphEventArray CalTasks = CalMax, CalMin, CalAverage ;
TGraphTask<FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze>::CreateTask(&CalTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);
小结
通过指定任务的依赖关系,可以很方便的使用 TaskGraph 实现 Fork-Join 模型。
相关的样例工程在我的 GitHub :https://github.com/neil3d/UnrealCookBook/tree/master/MakingUseOfTaskGraph 。
本文相关的 Demo 完整源代码也附上:
ForkJoinDemo.h
#pragma once
#include "CoreMinimal.h"
#include "GameFramework/Actor.h"
#include "Dom/JsonObject.h" // Json
#include "Dom/JsonValue.h" // Json
#include "ForkJoinDemo.generated.h"
DECLARE_DELEGATE_OneParam(FTaskDelegate_StockAnalyzeComplete, FVector);
struct FStockAnalyzeContext
bool bRunning = false;
FString DataFilePath;
FTaskDelegate_StockAnalyzeComplete CompletionDelegate;
TArray<TSharedPtr<FJsonValue>> StockData;
FVector Result; // X:max, Y:min, Z:average
int32 GetStockDataCount() const;
float GetStockData(int32 Index) const;
;
UCLASS()
class MAKINGUSEOFTASKGRAPH_API AForkJoinDemo : public AActor
GENERATED_BODY()
public:
// Sets default values for this actor's properties
AForkJoinDemo();
UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)
void AsyncAnalyzeStockData(const FString& FilePath);
UFUNCTION(BlueprintImplementableEvent)
void OnAnalyzeComplete(FVector Result);
protected:
FStockAnalyzeContext TaskContext;
;
ForkJoinDemo.cpp
FStockAnalyzeContext::GetStockData() 的效率有很大优化空间,这里请忽略,咱们是谈 TaskGraph 为主。
#include "ForkJoinDemo.h"
#include "Misc/Paths.h"
#include "Misc/FileHelper.h"
#include "Math/NumericLimits.h"
#include "Async/TaskGraphInterfaces.h" // Core
#include "Serialization/JsonReader.h" // Json
#include "Serialization/JsonSerializer.h" // Json
int32 FStockAnalyzeContext::GetStockDataCount() const
return StockData.Num();
float FStockAnalyzeContext::GetStockData(int32 Index) const
const TSharedPtr<FJsonValue>& Element = StockData[Index];
const TSharedPtr<FJsonObject>& Stock = Element->AsObject();
const TSharedPtr<FJsonValue>* FieldPtr = Stock->Values.Find(TEXT("close"));
if (!FieldPtr)
return 0.0f;
const TSharedPtr<FJsonValue>& Field = *FieldPtr;
check(Field && !Field->IsNull());
return FCString::Atof(*(Field->AsString()));
FAutoConsoleTaskPriority CPrio_StockTasks(
TEXT("TaskGraph.TaskPriorities.StockTasks"),
TEXT("Task and thread priority for stock analyzation."),
ENamedThreads::HighThreadPriority,
ENamedThreads::NormalTaskPriority,
ENamedThreads::HighTaskPriority
);
class FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze
FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;
public:
FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
FORCEINLINE TStatId GetStatId() const
RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() return ENamedThreads::GameThread;
static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents;
void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
check(IsInGameThread());
Context->CompletionDelegate.ExecuteIfBound(Context->Result);
Context->bRunning = false;
;
class FTask_StockMax
FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;
public:
FTask_StockMax(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
TStatId GetStatId() const
RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTask_StockMax, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() return CPrio_StockTasks.Get();
static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents;
void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
// process data
float Result = TNumericLimits<float>::Min();
int32 Count = Context->GetStockDataCount();
for (int32 i = 0; i < Count; i++)
float Value = Context->GetStockData(i);
if (Value > Result)
Result = Value;
// write resut to context
Context->Result.X = Result;
;
class FTask_StockMin
FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;
public:
FTask_StockMin(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
TStatId GetStatId() const
RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTask_StockMin, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() return CPrio_StockTasks.Get();
static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents;
void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
// process data
float Result = TNumericLimits<float>::Max();
int32 Count = Context->GetStockDataCount();
for (int32 i = 0; i < Count; i++)
float Value = Context->GetStockData(i);
if (Value < Result)
Result = Value;
// write resut to context
Context->Result.Y = Result;
;
class FTask_StockAverage
FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;
public:
FTask_StockAverage(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
TStatId GetStatId() const
RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTask_StockAverage, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() return CPrio_StockTasks.Get();
static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents;
void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
// process data
float Result = 0;
int32 Count = Context->GetStockDataCount();
for (int32 i = 0; i < Count; i++)
float Value = Context->GetStockData(i);
Result += Value;
// write resut to context
Context->Result.Z = Result / Count;
;
class FTask_LoadFileToJson
FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;
public:
FTask_LoadFileToJson(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
TStatId GetStatId() const
RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTask_LoadFileToJson, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() return CPrio_StockTasks.Get();
static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents;
void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
TSharedPtr<FJsonObject> JsonObject;
// load file from Content folder
FString FilePath = Context->DataFilePath;
FString FileContent;
FString FullPath = FPaths::Combine(FPaths::ProjectContentDir(), FilePath);
if (FPaths::FileExists(FullPath))
if (FFileHelper::LoadFileToString(FileContent, *FullPath))
TSharedRef< TJsonReader<> > Reader = TJsonReaderFactory<>::Create(FileContent);
FJsonSerializer::Deserialize(Reader, JsonObject);
// write resut to context
if (JsonObject)
Context->StockData = JsonObject->GetArrayField(以上是关于虚幻4与现代C++:使用TaskGraph实现Fork-Join模型的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章
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