MySQL初级篇——视图的相关概念及应用举例
Posted 张起灵-小哥
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文章目录：
1.浅谈数据库对象
2.什么是视图？
视图一方面可以帮我们使用表的一部分而不是所有的表，另一方面也可以针对不同的用户制定不同的查询视图。比如，针对一个公司的销售人员，我们只想给他看部分数据，而某些特殊的数据，比如采购的 价格，则不会提供给他。再比如，人员薪酬是个敏感的字段，那么只给某个级别以上的人员开放，其他 人的查询视图中则不提供这个字段。
视图是一种 虚拟表 ，本身是 不具有数据 的，占用很少的内存空间，它是 SQL 中的一个重要概念。 视图建立在已有表的基础上, 视图赖以建立的这些表称为基表。 视图的创建和删除只影响视图本身，不影响对应的基表。但是当对视图中的数据进行增加、删除和修改操作时，数据表中的数据会相应地发生变化，反之亦然。 视图，是向用户提供基表数据的另一种表现形式。通常情况下，小型项目的数据库可以不使用视 图，但是在大型项目中，以及数据表比较复杂的情况下，视图的价值就凸显出来了，它可以帮助我 们把经常查询的结果集放到虚拟表中，提升使用效率。理解和使用起来都非常方便。
3.视图操作相关SQL
创建视图
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [ALGORITHM = UNDEFINED | MERGE | TEMPTABLE] VIEW 视图名称 [(字段列表)]
AS
查询语句 [WITH [CASCADED|LOCAL] CHECK OPTION]查看数据库中的表对象、视图对象
SHOW TABLES;查看视图的结构
DESC / DESCRIBE 视图名称;查看视图的属性信息
SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE '视图名称'\\G查看视图的详细定义信息
SHOW CREATE VIEW 视图名称;关于更新视图，要使视图可更新，视图中的行和底层基本表中的行之间必须存在 一对一 的关系。另外当视图定义出现如 下情况时，视图不支持更新操作：
在定义视图的时候指定了 “ALGORITHM = TEMPTABLE” ，视图将不支持 INSERT 和 DELETE 操作； 视图中不包含基表中所有被定义为非空又未指定默认值的列，视图将不支持 INSERT 操作； 在定义视图的 SELECT 语句中使用了 JOIN 联合查询 ，视图将不支持 INSERT 和 DELETE 操作； 在定义视图的 SELECT 语句后的字段列表中使用了 数学表达式 或 子查询 ，视图将不支持 INSERT ，也 不支持 UPDATE 使用了数学表达式、子查询的字段值； 在定义视图的 SELECT 语句后的字段列表中使用 DISTINCT 、 聚合函数 、 GROUP BY 、 HAVING 、 UNION 等，视图将不支持 INSERT 、 UPDATE 、 DELETE ； 在定义视图的 SELECT 语句中包含了子查询，而子查询中引用了 FROM 后面的表，视图将不支持 INSERT 、 UPDATE 、 DELETE ； 视图定义基于一个 不可更新视图 ； 常量视图。 虽然可以更新视图数据，但总的来说，视图作为 虚拟表 ，主要用于 方便查询 ，不建议更新视图的 数据。 对视图数据的更改，都是通过对实际数据表里数据的操作来完成的。
使用 CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW 子句 修改视图 删除视图只是删除视图的定义，并不会删除基表的数据。 删除视图的语法是：（ 说明：基于视图 a 、 b 创建了新的视图 c ，如果将视图 a 或者视图 b 删除，会导致视图 c 的查询失败。这 样的视图 c 需要手动删除或修改，否则影响使用。 ）
DROP VIEW IF EXISTS 视图名称;4.视图实操SQL
首先，我们会基于employees表来创建新的视图，下面先给出这个表的sql脚本代码。
/*Table structure for table `employees` */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `employees`;
CREATE TABLE `employees` (
`employee_id` int(6) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`first_name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`last_name` varchar(25) NOT NULL,
`email` varchar(25) NOT NULL,
`phone_number` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`hire_date` date NOT NULL,
`job_id` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
`salary` double(8,2) DEFAULT NULL,
`commission_pct` double(2,2) DEFAULT NULL,
`manager_id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL,
`department_id` int(4) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`employee_id`),
UNIQUE KEY `emp_email_uk` (`email`),
UNIQUE KEY `emp_emp_id_pk` (`employee_id`),
KEY `emp_dept_fk` (`department_id`),
KEY `emp_job_fk` (`job_id`),
KEY `emp_manager_fk` (`manager_id`),
CONSTRAINT `emp_dept_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`department_id`) REFERENCES `departments` (`department_id`),
CONSTRAINT `emp_job_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`job_id`) REFERENCES `jobs` (`job_id`),
CONSTRAINT `emp_manager_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`manager_id`) REFERENCES `employees` (`employee_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
/*Data for the table `employees` */
insert into `employees`(`employee_id`,`first_name`,`last_name`,`email`,`phone_number`,`hire_date`,`job_id`,`salary`,`commission_pct`,`manager_id`,`department_id`) values (100,'Steven','King','SKING','515.123.4567','1987-06-17','AD_PRES',24000.00,NULL,NULL,90),(101,'Neena','Kochhar','NKOCHHAR','515.123.4568','1989-09-21','AD_VP',17000.00,NULL,100,90),(102,'Lex','De Haan','LDEHAAN','515.123.4569','1993-01-13','AD_VP',17000.00,NULL,100,90),(103,'Alexander','Hunold','AHUNOLD','590.423.4567','1990-01-03','IT_PROG',9000.00,NULL,102,60),(104,'Bruce','Ernst','BERNST','590.423.4568','1991-05-21','IT_PROG',6000.00,NULL,103,60),(105,'David','Austin','DAUSTIN','590.423.4569','1997-06-25','IT_PROG',4800.00,NULL,103,60),(106,'Valli','Pataballa','VPATABAL','590.423.4560','1998-02-05','IT_PROG',4800.00,NULL,103,60),(107,'Diana','Lorentz','DLORENTZ','590.423.5567','1999-02-07','IT_PROG',4200.00,NULL,103,60),(108,'Nancy','Greenberg','NGREENBE','515.124.4569','1994-08-17','FI_MGR',12000.00,NULL,101,100),(109,'Daniel','Faviet','DFAVIET','515.124.4169','1994-08-16','FI_ACCOUNT',9000.00,NULL,108,100),(110,'John','Chen','JCHEN','515.124.4269','1997-09-28','FI_ACCOUNT',8200.00,NULL,108,100),(111,'Ismael','Sciarra','ISCIARRA','515.124.4369','1997-09-30','FI_ACCOUNT',7700.00,NULL,108,100),(112,'Jose Manuel','Urman','JMURMAN','515.124.4469','1998-03-07','FI_ACCOUNT',7800.00,NULL,108,100),(113,'Luis','Popp','LPOPP','515.124.4567','1999-12-07','FI_ACCOUNT',6900.00,NULL,108,100),(114,'Den','Raphaely','DRAPHEAL','515.127.4561','1994-12-07','PU_MAN',11000.00,NULL,100,30),(115,'Alexander','Khoo','AKHOO','515.127.4562','1995-05-18','PU_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,114,30),(116,'Shelli','Baida','SBAIDA','515.127.4563','1997-12-24','PU_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,114,30),(117,'Sigal','Tobias','STOBIAS','515.127.4564','1997-07-24','PU_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,114,30),(118,'Guy','Himuro','GHIMURO','515.127.4565','1998-11-15','PU_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,114,30),(119,'Karen','Colmenares','KCOLMENA','515.127.4566','1999-08-10','PU_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,114,30),(120,'Matthew','Weiss','MWEISS','650.123.1234','1996-07-18','ST_MAN',8000.00,NULL,100,50),(121,'Adam','Fripp','AFRIPP','650.123.2234','1997-04-10','ST_MAN',8200.00,NULL,100,50),(122,'Payam','Kaufling','PKAUFLIN','650.123.3234','1995-05-01','ST_MAN',7900.00,NULL,100,50),(123,'Shanta','Vollman','SVOLLMAN','650.123.4234','1997-10-10','ST_MAN',6500.00,NULL,100,50),(124,'Kevin','Mourgos','KMOURGOS','650.123.5234','1999-11-16','ST_MAN',5800.00,NULL,100,50),(125,'Julia','Nayer','JNAYER','650.124.1214','1997-07-16','ST_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,120,50),(126,'Irene','Mikkilineni','IMIKKILI','650.124.1224','1998-09-28','ST_CLERK',2700.00,NULL,120,50),(127,'James','Landry','JLANDRY','650.124.1334','1999-01-14','ST_CLERK',2400.00,NULL,120,50),(128,'Steven','Markle','SMARKLE','650.124.1434','2000-03-08','ST_CLERK',2200.00,NULL,120,50),(129,'Laura','Bissot','LBISSOT','650.124.5234','1997-08-20','ST_CLERK',3300.00,NULL,121,50),(130,'Mozhe','Atkinson','MATKINSO','650.124.6234','1997-10-30','ST_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,121,50),(131,'James','Marlow','JAMRLOW','650.124.7234','1997-02-16','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,121,50),(132,'TJ','Olson','TJOLSON','650.124.8234','1999-04-10','ST_CLERK',2100.00,NULL,121,50),(133,'Jason','Mallin','JMALLIN','650.127.1934','1996-06-14','ST_CLERK',3300.00,NULL,122,50),(134,'Michael','Rogers','MROGERS','650.127.1834','1998-08-26','ST_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,122,50),(135,'Ki','Gee','KGEE','650.127.1734','1999-12-12','ST_CLERK',2400.00,NULL,122,50),(136,'Hazel','Philtanker','HPHILTAN','650.127.1634','2000-02-06','ST_CLERK',2200.00,NULL,122,50),(137,'Renske','Ladwig','RLADWIG','650.121.1234','1995-07-14','ST_CLERK',3600.00,NULL,123,50),(138,'Stephen','Stiles','SSTILES','650.121.2034','1997-10-26','ST_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,123,50),(139,'John','Seo','JSEO','650.121.2019','1998-02-12','ST_CLERK',2700.00,NULL,123,50),(140,'Joshua','Patel','JPATEL','650.121.1834','1998-04-06','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,123,50),(141,'Trenna','Rajs','TRAJS','650.121.8009','1995-10-17','ST_CLERK',3500.00,NULL,124,50),(142,'Curtis','Davies','CDAVIES','650.121.2994','1997-01-29','ST_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,124,50),(143,'Randall','Matos','RMATOS','650.121.2874','1998-03-15','ST_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50),(144,'Peter','Vargas','PVARGAS','650.121.2004','1998-07-09','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,124,50),(145,'John','Russell','JRUSSEL','011.44.1344.429268','1996-10-01','SA_MAN',14000.00,0.40,100,80),(146,'Karen','Partners','KPARTNER','011.44.1344.467268','1997-01-05','SA_MAN',13500.00,0.30,100,80),(147,'Alberto','Errazuriz','AERRAZUR','011.44.1344.429278','1997-03-10','SA_MAN',12000.00,0.30,100,80),(148,'Gerald','Cambrault','GCAMBRAU','011.44.1344.619268','1999-10-15','SA_MAN',11000.00,0.30,100,80),(149,'Eleni','Zlotkey','EZLOTKEY','011.44.1344.429018','2000-01-29','SA_MAN',10500.00,0.20,100,80),(150,'Peter','Tucker','PTUCKER','011.44.1344.129268','1997-01-30','SA_REP',10000.00,0.30,145,80),(151,'David','Bernstein','DBERNSTE','011.44.1344.345268','1997-03-24','SA_REP',9500.00,0.25,145,80),(152,'Peter','Hall','PHALL','011.44.1344.478968','1997-08-20','SA_REP',9000.00,0.25,145,80),(153,'Christopher','Olsen','COLSEN','011.44.1344.498718','1998-03-30','SA_REP',8000.00,0.20,145,80),(154,'Nanette','Cambrault','NCAMBRAU','011.44.1344.987668','1998-12-09','SA_REP',7500.00,0.20,145,80),(155,'Oliver','Tuvault','OTUVAULT','011.44.1344.486508','1999-11-23','SA_REP',7000.00,0.15,145,80),(156,'Janette','King','JKING','011.44.1345.429268','1996-01-30','SA_REP',10000.00,0.35,146,80),(157,'Patrick','Sully','PSULLY','011.44.1345.929268','1996-03-04','SA_REP',9500.00,0.35,146,80),(158,'Allan','McEwen','AMCEWEN','011.44.1345.829268','1996-08-01','SA_REP',9000.00,0.35,146,80),(159,'Lindsey','Smith','LSMITH','011.44.1345.729268','1997-03-10','SA_REP',8000.00,0.30,146,80),(160,'Louise','Doran','LDORAN','011.44.1345.629268','1997-12-15','SA_REP',7500.00,0.30,146,80),(161,'Sarath','Sewall','SSEWALL','011.44.1345.529268','1998-11-03','SA_REP',7000.00,0.25,146,80),(162,'Clara','Vishney','CVISHNEY','011.44.1346.129268','1997-11-11','SA_REP',10500.00,0.25,147,80),(163,'Danielle','Greene','DGREENE','011.44.1346.229268','1999-03-19','SA_REP',9500.00,0.15,147,80),(164,'Mattea','Marvins','MMARVINS','011.44.1346.329268','2000-01-24','SA_REP',7200.00,0.10,147,80),(165,'David','Lee','DLEE','011.44.1346.529268','2000-02-23','SA_REP',6800.00,0.10,147,80),(166,'Sundar','Ande','SANDE','011.44.1346.629268','2000-03-24','SA_REP',6400.00,0.10,147,80),(167,'Amit','Banda','ABANDA','011.44.1346.729268','2000-04-21','SA_REP',6200.00,0.10,147,80),(168,'Lisa','Ozer','LOZER','011.44.1343.929268','1997-03-11','SA_REP',11500.00,0.25,148,80),(169,'Harrison','Bloom','HBLOOM','011.44.1343.829268','1998-03-23','SA_REP',10000.00,0.20,148,80),(170,'Tayler','Fox','TFOX','011.44.1343.729268','1998-01-24','SA_REP',9600.00,0.20,148,80),(171,'William','Smith','WSMITH','011.44.1343.629268','1999-02-23','SA_REP',7400.00,0.15,148,80),(172,'Elizabeth','Bates','EBATES','011.44.1343.529268','1999-03-24','SA_REP',7300.00,0.15,148,80),(173,'Sundita','Kumar','SKUMAR','011.44.1343.329268','2000-04-21','SA_REP',6100.00,0.10,148,80),(174,'Ellen','Abel','EABEL','011.44.1644.429267','1996-05-11','SA_REP',11000.00,0.30,149,80),(175,'Alyssa','Hutton','AHUTTON','011.44.1644.429266','1997-03-19','SA_REP',8800.00,0.25,149,80),(176,'Jonathon','Taylor','JTAYLOR','011.44.1644.429265','1998-03-24','SA_REP',8600.00,0.20,149,80),(177,'Jack','Livingston','JLIVINGS','011.44.1644.429264','1998-04-23','SA_REP',8400.00,0.20,149,80),(178,'Kimberely','Grant','KGRANT','011.44.1644.429263','1999-05-24','SA_REP',7000.00,0.15,149,NULL),(179,'Charles','Johnson','CJOHNSON','011.44.1644.429262','2000-01-04','SA_REP',6200.00,0.10,149,80),(180,'Winston','Taylor','WTAYLOR','650.507.9876','1998-01-24','SH_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,120,50),(181,'Jean','Fleaur','JFLEAUR','650.507.9877','1998-02-23','SH_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,120,50),(182,'Martha','Sullivan','MSULLIVA','650.507.9878','1999-06-21','SH_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,120,50),(183,'Girard','Geoni','GGEONI','650.507.9879','2000-02-03','SH_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,120,50),(184,'Nandita','Sarchand','NSARCHAN','650.509.1876','1996-01-27','SH_CLERK',4200.00,NULL,121,50),(185,'Alexis','Bull','ABULL','650.509.2876','1997-02-20','SH_CLERK',4100.00,NULL,121,50),(186,'Julia','Dellinger','JDELLING','650.509.3876','1998-06-24','SH_CLERK',3400.00,NULL,121,50),(187,'Anthony','Cabrio','ACABRIO','650.509.4876','1999-02-07','SH_CLERK',3000.00,NULL,121,50),(188,'Kelly','Chung','KCHUNG','650.505.1876','1997-06-14','SH_CLERK',3800.00,NULL,122,50),(189,'Jennifer','Dilly','JDILLY','650.505.2876','1997-08-13','SH_CLERK',3600.00,NULL,122,50),(190,'Timothy','Gates','TGATES','650.505.3876','1998-07-11','SH_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,122,50),(191,'Randall','Perkins','RPERKINS','650.505.4876','1999-12-19','SH_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,122,50),(192,'Sarah','Bell','SBELL','650.501.1876','1996-02-04','SH_CLERK',4000.00,NULL,123,50),(193,'Britney','Everett','BEVERETT','650.501.2876','1997-03-03','SH_CLERK',3900.00,NULL,123,50),(194,'Samuel','McCain','SMCCAIN','650.501.3876','1998-07-01','SH_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,123,50),(195,'Vance','Jones','VJONES','650.501.4876','1999-03-17','SH_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,123,50),(196,'Alana','Walsh','AWALSH','650.507.9811','1998-04-24','SH_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,124,50),(197,'Kevin','Feeney','KFEENEY','650.507.9822','1998-05-23','SH_CLERK',3000.00,NULL,124,50),(198,'Donald','OConnell','DOCONNEL','650.507.9833','1999-06-21','SH_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50),(199,'Douglas','Grant','DGRANT','650.507.9844','2000-01-13','SH_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50),(200,'Jennifer','Whalen','JWHALEN','515.123.4444','1987-09-17','AD_ASST',4400.00,NULL,101,10),(201,'Michael','Hartstein','MHARTSTE','515.123.5555','1996-02-17','MK_MAN',13000.00,NULL,100,20),(202,'Pat','Fay','PFAY','603.123.6666','1997-08-17','MK_REP',6000.00,NULL,201,20),(203,'Susan','Mavris','SMAVRIS','515.123.7777','1994-06-07','HR_REP',6500.00,NULL,101,40),(204,'Hermann','Baer','HBAER','515.123.8888','1994-06-07','PR_REP',10000.00,NULL,101,70),(205,'Shelley','Higgins','SHIGGINS','515.123.8080','1994-06-07','AC_MGR',12000.00,NULL,101,110),(206,'William','Gietz','WGIETZ','515.123.8181','1994-06-07','AC_ACCOUNT',8300.00,NULL,205,110);首先，我们基于上表创建一个新的视图。
CREATE TABLE emps
AS
SELECT *
FROM employees;创建视图 emp_v1, 要求查询电话号码以 ‘011’ 开头的员工姓名和工资、邮箱
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v1
AS
SELECT last_name, salary, email
FROM emps
WHERE phone_number LIKE '011%';
要求将视图 emp_v1 修改为查询电话号码以 ‘011’ 开头的并且邮箱中包含 e 字符的员工姓名和邮箱、电话号码
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v1
AS
SELECT last_name, salary, email, phone_number
FROM emps
WHERE phone_number LIKE '011%' AND email LIKE '%e%';
向 emp_v1 插入一条记录，是否可以？
DESC emps;
DESC emp_v1;
INSERT INTO emp_v1(last_name,salary,email,phone_number)
VALUES('Tom',2300,'tom@126.com','1322321312');
#实测不可以修改 emp_v1 中员工的工资，每人涨薪 1000
UPDATE emp_v1
SET salary = salary + 1000;
SELECT * FROM emp_v1;
SELECT * FROM emps;
删除 emp_v1 中姓名为 Olsen 的员工
DELETE FROM emp_v1
WHERE last_name = 'Olsen';
SELECT *
FROM emp_v1
WHERE last_name = 'Olsen';
创建视图 emp_v2 ，要求查询部门的最高工资高于 12000 的部门 id 和其最高工资
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v2
AS
SELECT department_id, MAX(salary) max_sal
FROM emps
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 12000;
SELECT * FROM emp_v2;
向 emp_v2 中插入一条记录，是否可以？
INSERT INTO emp_v2
VALUES(400, 18000);
删除刚才的 emp_v2 和 emp_v1
DROP VIEW IF EXISTS emp_v1, emp_v2;
SHOW TABLES;5.视图的优缺点
1. 操作简单 将经常使用的查询操作定义为视图，可以使开发人员不需要关心视图对应的数据表的结构、表与表之间 的关联关系，也不需要关心数据表之间的业务逻辑和查询条件，而只需要简单地操作视图即可，极大简 化了开发人员对数据库的操作。 2. 减少数据冗余 视图跟实际数据表不一样，它存储的是查询语句。所以，在使用的时候，我们要通过定义视图的查询语 句来获取结果集。而视图本身不存储数据，不占用数据存储的资源，减少了数据冗余。 3. 数据安全 mysql 将用户对数据的 访问限制 在某些数据的结果集上，而这些数据的结果集可以使用视图来实现。用 户不必直接查询或操作数据表。这也可以理解为视图具有 隔离性 。视图相当于在用户和实际的数据表之 间加了一层虚拟表。 同时， MySQL 可以根据权限将用户对数据的访问限制在某些视图上， 用户不需要查询数据表，可以直接 通过视图获取数据表中的信息 。这在一定程度上保障了数据表中数据的安全性。 4. 适应灵活多变的需求 当业务系统的需求发生变化后，如果需要改动数据表的结构，则工作量相对较 大，可以使用视图来减少改动的工作量。这种方式在实际工作中使用得比较多。 5. 能够分解复杂的查询逻辑 数据库中如果存在复杂的查询逻辑，则可以将问题进行分解，创建多个视图 获取数据，再将创建的多个视图结合起来，完成复杂的查询逻辑。
如果我们在实际数据表的基础上创建了视图，那么， 如果实际数据表的结构变更了，我们就需要及时对相关的视图进行相应的维护 。特别是嵌套的视图（就是在视图的基础上创建视图），维护会变得比较复 杂， 可读性不好 ，容易变成系统的潜在隐患。因为创建视图的 SQL 查询可能会对字段重命名，也可能包 含复杂的逻辑，这些都会增加维护的成本。 实际项目中，如果视图过多，会导致数据库维护成本的问题。
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