企业运维之 ELK日志分析平台（Logstash）
Posted 123坤
tags:
篇首语：本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理，主要介绍了企业运维之 ELK日志分析平台（Logstash）相关的知识，希望对你有一定的参考价值。
ELK日志分析平台--Logstash数据采集介绍与配置
1. Logstash简介
Logstash 是用于日志的搜集、分析、过滤的工具，支持大量的数据获取方式。一般工作方式为c/s架构，client 端安装在需要收集日志的主机上，server 端负责将收到的各节点日志进行过滤、修改等操作在一并发往 elasticsearch 上去。
Logstash 是一个开源的服务器端数据处理管道。
拥有200多个插件，能够同时从多个来源采集数据，转换数据，然后将数据发送到最喜欢的 “存储库” 中。（大多都是 Elasticsearch。）
2. Logstash组成
Logstash 管道有两个必需的元素，输入和输出，以及一个可选元素过滤器。
输入：
采集各种样式、大小和来源的数据.
Logstash 支持各种输入选择 ，同时从众多常用来源捕捉事件。
能够以连续的流式传输方式，轻松地从您的日志、指标、Web 应用、数据存储以及各种 AWS 服务采集数据。
过滤器：
实时解析和转换数据.
数据从源传输到存储库的过程中，Logstash 过滤器能够解析各个事件，识别已命名的字段以构建结构，并将它们转换成通用格式，以便更轻松、更快速地分析和实现商业价值。
利用 Grok 从非结构化数据中派生出结构
从 IP 地址破译出地理坐标
将 PII 数据匿名化，完全排除敏感字段
简化整体处理，不受数据源、格式或架构的影响
输出：
选择您的存储库，导出您的数据.
尽管 Elasticsearch 是我们的首选输出方向，能够为我们的搜索和分析带来无限可能，但它并非唯一选择。
Logstash 提供众多输出选择，您可以将数据发送到您要指定的地方，并且能够灵活地解锁众多下游用例。
3. Logstash 安装与配置
软件下载https://elasticsearch.cn/download/
软件下载时尽量保证和 ElasticSearch 版本一致；此处需要下java包来支持logstash，为了和 elasticsearch 相匹配，此处最低需要 Java 8.
[root@server4 ~]# rpm -ivh jdk-8u181-linux-x64.rpm
[root@server4 ~]# which java
/usr/bin/java
[root@server4 ~]# rpm -ivh logstash-7.6.1.rpm
3.1 运行 logstash
在命令行中设置的任何标志都会覆盖 logstash.yml 文件中的相应设置，但文件本身不会更改。对于后续的 Logstash 运行，它保持原样。
执行二进制脚本来运行 logstash，/usr/share/logstash/bin下包括启动 Logstash 和 logstash-plugin 安装插件
官方文档https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/logstash/current/running-logstash-command-line.html
用命令的方式来执行标准输入到标准输出，即从接收从终端收到的再从终端输出
[root@server4 conf.d]# pwd
/etc/logstash/conf.d
[root@server4 conf.d]# ls
[root@server4 conf.d]# /usr/share/logstash/bin/logstash -e 'input stdin output stdout '
#当没有文件时，会让指定输入的信息。
WARNING: Could not find logstash.yml which is typically located in $LS_HOME/config or /etc/logstash. You can specify the path using --path.settings. Continuing using the defaults
Could not find log4j2 configuration at path /usr/share/logstash/config/log4j2.properties. Using default config which logs errors to the console
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:11:40.800 [main] writabledirectory - Creating directory :setting=>"path.queue", :path=>"/usr/share/logstash/data/queue"
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:11:40.837 [main] writabledirectory - Creating directory :setting=>"path.dead_letter_queue", :path=>"/usr/share/logstash/data/dead_letter_queue"
[WARN ] 2021-12-11 16:11:41.547 [LogStash::Runner] multilocal - Ignoring the 'pipelines.yml' file because modules or command line options are specified
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:11:41.553 [LogStash::Runner] runner - Starting Logstash "logstash.version"=>"7.6.1"
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:11:41.604 [LogStash::Runner] agent - No persistent UUID file found. Generating new UUID :uuid=>"0b48306f-7137-49f0-b8f1-a3c6939b459b", :path=>"/usr/share/logstash/data/uuid"
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:11:44.243 [Converge PipelineAction::Create<main>] Reflections - Reflections took 93 ms to scan 1 urls, producing 20 keys and 40 values
[WARN ] 2021-12-11 16:11:46.354 [[main]-pipeline-manager] LazyDelegatingGauge - A gauge metric of an unknown type (org.jruby.RubyArray) has been create for key: cluster_uuids. This may result in invalid serialization. It is recommended to log an issue to the responsible developer/development team.
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:11:46.365 [[main]-pipeline-manager] javapipeline - Starting pipeline :pipeline_id=>"main", "pipeline.workers"=>2, "pipeline.batch.size"=>125, "pipeline.batch.delay"=>50, "pipeline.max_inflight"=>250, "pipeline.sources"=>["config string"], :thread=>"#<Thread:0x414aebed run>"
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:11:47.863 [[main]-pipeline-manager] javapipeline - Pipeline started "pipeline.id"=>"main"
The stdin plugin is now waiting for input:
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:11:48.015 [Agent thread] agent - Pipelines running :count=>1, :running_pipelines=>[:main], :non_running_pipelines=>[]
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:11:48.419 [Api Webserver] agent - Successfully started Logstash API endpoint :port=>9600
westos
/usr/share/logstash/vendor/bundle/jruby/2.5.0/gems/awesome_print-1.7.0/lib/awesome_print/formatters/base_formatter.rb:31: warning: constant ::Fixnum is deprecated
"@timestamp" => 2021-12-11T08:12:23.940Z,
"message" => "westos",
"@version" => "1",
"host" => "server4"
hellp
"@timestamp" => 2021-12-11T08:12:29.051Z,
"message" => "hellp",
"@version" => "1",
"host" => "server4"
world
"@timestamp" => 2021-12-11T08:12:34.675Z,
"message" => "world",
"@version" => "1",
"host" => "server4"
3.2 file 输出插件
-f -path.config CONFIG_PATH
从特定文件或目录加载 Logstash 配置。如果给定目录，则该目录中的所有文件将按字典顺序连接，然后解析为单个配置文件
用文件的方式来执行标准输入到标准输出，可以将其写入命令行也可以将其写入文件，然后用绝对路径的方式来指定。
[root@server4 conf.d]# pwd
/etc/logstash/conf.d
[root@server4 conf.d]# vim test.conf
[root@server4 conf.d]# cat test.conf
input
stdin ##接收终端输入
output
stdout ##显示终端输出
[root@server4 conf.d]# /usr/share/logstash/bin/logstash -f /etc/logstash/conf.d/test.conf
WARNING: Could not find logstash.yml which is typically located in $LS_HOME/config or /etc/logstash. You can specify the path using --path.settings. Continuing using the defaults
Could not find log4j2 configuration at path /usr/share/logstash/config/log4j2.properties. Using default config which logs errors to the console
[WARN ] 2021-12-11 16:15:43.802 [LogStash::Runner] multilocal - Ignoring the 'pipelines.yml' file because modules or command line options are specified
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:15:43.844 [LogStash::Runner] runner - Starting Logstash "logstash.version"=>"7.6.1"
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:15:47.104 [Converge PipelineAction::Create<main>] Reflections - Reflections took 83 ms to scan 1 urls, producing 20 keys and 40 values
[WARN ] 2021-12-11 16:15:49.358 [[main]-pipeline-manager] LazyDelegatingGauge - A gauge metric of an unknown type (org.jruby.RubyArray) has been create for key: cluster_uuids. This may result in invalid serialization. It is recommended to log an issue to the responsible developer/development team.
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:15:49.368 [[main]-pipeline-manager] javapipeline - Starting pipeline :pipeline_id=>"main", "pipeline.workers"=>2, "pipeline.batch.size"=>125, "pipeline.batch.delay"=>50, "pipeline.max_inflight"=>250, "pipeline.sources"=>["/etc/logstash/conf.d/test.conf"], :thread=>"#<Thread:0x7281b76f run>"
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:15:51.525 [[main]-pipeline-manager] javapipeline - Pipeline started "pipeline.id"=>"main"
The stdin plugin is now waiting for input:
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:15:51.661 [Agent thread] agent - Pipelines running :count=>1, :running_pipelines=>[:main], :non_running_pipelines=>[]
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:15:52.085 [Api Webserver] agent - Successfully started Logstash API endpoint :port=>9600
hello
/usr/share/logstash/vendor/bundle/jruby/2.5.0/gems/awesome_print-1.7.0/lib/awesome_print/formatters/base_formatter.rb:31: warning: constant ::Fixnum is deprecated
"message" => "hello",
"@timestamp" => 2021-12-11T08:16:13.477Z,
"host" => "server4",
"@version" => "1"
zxk
"message" => "zxk",
"@timestamp" => 2021-12-11T08:16:18.370Z,
"host" => "server4",
"@version" => "1"
[root@server4 conf.d]# vim test.conf
[root@server4 conf.d]# cat test.conf
input
stdin
output
file
path => "/tmp/logstash.txt" #输出的文件路径
codec => line format => "custom format: %message"
#定制数据格式,message是输入的格式
#codec就是用来decode，encode 事件的。所以codec常用在input和output中
#codec => line就是输出一行内容
[root@server4 conf.d]# /usr/share/logstash/bin/logstash -f /etc/logstash/conf.d/test.conf
zxk
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:20:49.885 [[main]>worker0] file - Opening file :path=>"/tmp/logstash.txt"
hello
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:21:09.860 [[main]>worker1] file - Closing file /tmp/logstash.txt
[WARN ] 2021-12-11 16:21:38.799 [SIGINT handler] runner - SIGINT received. Shutting down.
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:21:39.179 [Converge PipelineAction::Stop<main>] javapipeline - Pipeline terminated "pipeline.id"=>"main"
[INFO ] 2021-12-11 16:21:39.915 [LogStash::Runner] runner - Logstash shut down.
[root@server4 conf.d]# cat /tmp/logstash.txt
custom format: zxk
custom format: hello
此时是没有输出的直接写入文件，当也可以添加多个模块来做，加入stdout 来在终端显示信息。
3.3 elasticsearch 输出插件
将日志上传至elasticsearch 中，编辑配置文件。
[root@server4 conf.d]# vim test.conf
[root@server4 conf.d]# cat test.conf
input
stdin
output
stdout
elasticsearch
hosts => "172.25.25.21:9200" #输出到的ES主机与端口
index => "logstash-%+YYYY.MM.dd"
#定制索引名称,每天新建一份
更改配置文件之后再次运行 logstash：
[root@server4 conf.d]# /usr/share/logstash/bin/logstash -f /etc/logstash/conf.d/test.conf
hello
/usr/share/logstash/vendor/bundle/jruby/2.5.0/gems/awesome_print-1.7.0/lib/awesome_print/formatters/base_formatter.rb:31: warning: constant ::Fixnum is deprecated
"host" => "server4",
"@version" => "1",
"message" => "hello",
"@timestamp" => 2021-12-11T08:38:54.875Z
westos
"host" => "server4",
"@version" => "1",
"message" => "westos",
"@timestamp" => 2021-12-11T08:38:58.282Z
zxk
"host" => "server4",
"@version" => "1",
"message" => "zxk",
"@timestamp" => 2021-12-11T08:38:59.443Z
在 es上查看，已自动创建索引和分片，采集到的内容和输入一致。
采集日志的信息时，由于用的是 systemd 的启动方式，默认是用的logstach 用户，在采集时没有权限，所以来给定权限之后，然后再来设定。
[root@server4 conf.d]# ll /var/log/messages
-rw------- 1 root root 14294 Dec 11 16:31 /var/log/messages
[root@server4 conf.d]# ll /var/log/ -d
drwxr-xr-x. 8 root root 4096 Dec 11 16:09 /var/log/
[root@server4 conf.d]# chmod 644 /var/log/messages
[root@server4 conf.d]# ll /var/log/messages
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 14294 Dec 11 16:31 /var/log/messages
[root@server4 conf.d]# vim test.conf
[root@server4 conf.d]# cat test.conf
input
file #从文件/var/log/messages输入，从头开始输入
path => "/var/log/messages"
start_position => "beginning"
output
stdout
elasticsearch
hosts => "172.25.25.21:9200"
index => "logstash-%+YYYY.MM.dd"
修改完成之后再次运行logstash：
[root@server4 conf.d]# /usr/share/logstash/bin/logstash -f /etc/logstash/conf.d/test.conf
完成之后在es端从网页中删除 logstash，再次创建时只会将更新的数据写入，（可以使用logger “日志” 命令来产生日志）。logstash 重启会将数据重复写入，当重启之后，logstash 会有一个机制来记录上次读取到的位置，只将新的数据写入；这是因为有一个 .sincedb 文件，它负责记录数据偏移量，已经上传过的数据，不会重复上传；如果想要重新读取，删除该文件，然后默认是从头开始读取。
删除之后再次运行，此时只会将更新的数据写入，
[root@server4 file]# pwd
/usr/share/logstash/data/plugins/inputs/file
[root@server4 file]# l.
. .. .sincedb_452905a167cf4509fd08acb964fdb20c
[root@server4 file]# cat .sincedb_452905a167cf4509fd08acb964fdb20c
52394392 0 64768 14294 1639212758.972494 /var/log/messages
logstash 如何区分设备、文件名、文件的不同版本： logstash 会把进度保存到 sincedb 文件中，该文件有 6 个字段，每个字段的含义分别为：inode编号、文件系统的主要设备号、文件系统的次要设备号、文件中的当前字节偏移量、最后一个活动时间戳（浮点数）、此记录匹配的最后一个已知路径。
3.4 Syslog 输入插件
如果要收集多台服务器的日志信息，那么每台都部署 Logstash 就比较麻烦，可以让 Logstash 伪装成日志服务器，直接接受每个节点的远程日志。
再次更改输入规则，让其接收每个节点的远程日志。
[root@server4 conf.d]# ls
test.conf
[root@server4 conf.d]# vim test.conf
[root@server4 conf.d]# cat test.conf
input
syslog
output
stdout
elasticsearch
hosts => "172.25.25.21:9200"
index => "syslog-%+YYYY.MM.dd"
[root@server4 conf.d]# /usr/share/logstash/bin/logstash -f /etc/logstash/conf.d/test.conf
[root@server4 ~]# netstat -antlup | grep :514
tcp6 0 0 :::514 :::* LISTEN 8200/java
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:514 0.0.0.0:* 8200/java
此时开启之后，默认是有一个 514 接口的5，然后此时便可以将其他ES主机的日志发往该主机。
ES 主机 server1 需要编辑 /etc/rsyslog.conf 远程日志配置文件，打开 514 端口，并指定以何种方式发往那个主机。
[root@server1 ~]# vim /etc/rsyslog.conf
14 # Provides UDP syslog reception
15 $ModLoad imudp
16 $UDPServerRun 514
90 *.* @@172.25.25.24:514
[root@server1 ~]# systemctl restart rsyslog.service
此时重启之后，在监控的页面会立即收到信息；
"message" => "Unregistered Authentication Agent for unix-process:4421:9009625 (system bus name :1.66, object path /org/freedesktop/PolicyKit1/AuthenticationAgent, locale en_US.UTF-8) (disconnected from bus)\\n",
"pid" => "2939",
"facility" => 10,
"program" => "polkitd",
"logsource" => "server1",
"priority" => 85,
"host" => "172.25.25.21", #该主机
"severity_label" => "Notice",
"facility_label" => "security/authorization",
"severity" => 5,
"@version" => "1",
"timestamp" => "Dec 12 15:10:21",
"@timestamp" => 2021-12-12T07:10:21.000Z
为了测试日志信息的更新状况，此处手动生成日志信息：
[root@server1 ~]# logger hello zxk #往messages中写入日志。
"message" => "hello zxk\\n",
"facility" => 1,
"program" => "root",
"logsource" => "server1",
"priority" => 13,
"host" => "172.25.25.21",
"severity_label" => "Notice",
"facility_label" => "user-level",
"severity" => 5,
"@version" => "1",
"timestamp" => "Dec 12 15:12:39",
"@timestamp" => 2021-12-12T07:12:39.000Z
3.5 多行过滤插件
在查看日志时，面对杂乱的众多信息，有必要对所需要的信息进行过滤以方便快速定位。
[root@server4 conf.d]# vim multiline.conf
[root@server4 conf.d]# cat multiline.conf
input
stdin
codec => multiline
pattern => "EOF" #以什么结尾
negate => "true"
what => "previous" #向上合并
output
stdout
[root@server4 conf.d]# /usr/share/logstash/bin/logstash -f /etc/logstash/conf.d/multiline.conf
1
w
z
2
4
EOF
/usr/share/logstash/vendor/bundle/jruby/2.5.0/gems/awesome_print-1.7.0/lib/awesome_print/formatters/base_formatter.rb:31: warning: constant ::Fixnum is deprecated
"message" => "1\\nw\\nz\\n2\\n4",
"tags" => [
[0] "multiline"
],
"@timestamp" => 2021-12-12T07:18:59.540Z,
"@version" => "1",
"host" => "server4"
多行日志常用于java的日志输出和云计算的日志输出分析。
[root@server4 conf.d]# vim test.conf
[root@server4 conf.d]# cat test.conf
input
file
path => "/var/log/my-es-2021-12-11-1.log"
start_position => "beginning"
codec => multiline
pattern => "^\\["
negate => "true"
what => "previous"
output
stdout
elasticsearch
hosts => "172.25.25.21:9200"
index => "syslog-%+YYYY.MM.dd"
[root@server4 conf.d]# /usr/share/logstash/bin/logstash -f /etc/logstash/conf.d/test.conf
此时便会将多行信息进行合并，方便观察。
3.6 grok 过滤插件
分割命令行的信息输出到终端；
安装 httpd，从外部访问一次然后来看；来通过其日志来过滤出访问IP 。
格式可以在/usr/share/logstash/vendor/bundle/jruby/2.5.0/gems/logstash-patterns-core-4.1.2/patterns中查看
[root@server4 patterns]# pwd
/usr/share/logstash/vendor/bundle/jruby/2.5.0/gems/logstash-patterns-core-4.1.2/patterns
[root@server4 patterns]# ll httpd
-rw-r--r-- 1 logstash logstash 987 Feb 29 2020 httpd
把 apache 的日志作为 grok 的输入，日志文件需要给读的权限，日志文件的目录 /var/log/httpd 需要给读和执行的权限，读的时候是logstash 的身份
[root@server4 conf.d]# ll /var/log/httpd/access_log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 168 Dec 12 16:00 /var/log/httpd/access_log
[root@server4 conf.d]# ll -d /var/log/httpd/
drwx------ 2 root root 41 Dec 12 15:59 /var/log/httpd/
[root@server4 conf.d]# chmod 755 /var/log/httpd/
[root@server4 conf.d]# ll -d /var/log/httpd/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 41 Dec 12 15:59 /var/log/httpd/
编辑配置文件：
[root@server4 conf.d]# cat apache.conf
input
file
path => "/var/log/httpd/access_log"
start_position => "beginning"
filter
grok
match => "message" => "%HTTPD_COMBINEDLOG"
output
stdout
elasticsearch
hosts => "172.25.25.21:9200"
index => "apachelog-%+YYYY.MM.dd"
[root@server4 conf.d]# /usr/share/logstash/bin/logstash -f /etc/logstash/conf.d/apache.conf
"httpversion" => "1.1",
"@version" => "1",
"request" => "/",
"response" => "200",
"verb" => "GET",
"clientip" => "172.25.25.250",
"ident" => "-",
"bytes" => "12",
"@timestamp" => 2021-12-12T08:11:34.862Z,
"host" => "server4",
"message" => "172.25.25.250 - - [12/Dec/2021:16:00:08 +0800] \\"GET / HTTP/1.1\\" 200 12 \\"-\\" \\"curl/7.61.1\\"",
"timestamp" => "12/Dec/2021:16:00:08 +0800",
"path" => "/var/log/httpd/access_log",
"agent" => "\\"curl/7.61.1\\"",
"referrer" => "\\"-\\"",
"auth" => "-"
完成一次测试便会生成相应的索引：
可以做压测，然后可以统计数量。
以上是关于企业运维之 ELK日志分析平台（Logstash）的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章
企业运维之 ELK日志分析平台（Elasticsearch）
企业运维之 ELK日志分析平台（Elasticsearch）