Linux课程第二十三天学习笔记
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####################10.HTTPS虚拟主机####################
>测试：https://news.westos.com/
-->I Understand the Risks-->Add Exception-->Confirm Security Exception
>显示：www.westos.com
[[email protected] conf.d]# vim news.conf
-----------------------------------------------
:sp /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf ##将两个文件分屏显示，使用"ctrl+w 上|下"来切换
9 <Virtualhost *:443>
10 Servername news.westos.com
11 Documentroot /var/www/virtual/news/html
12 Customlog logs/news-443.log combined
13 SSLEngine on
14 SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/www.westos.com.crt
15 SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/www.westos.com.key
16 </Virtualhost>
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
/13行到15行的内容是从"ssl.conf"中拷贝过来的，以切换分屏来实现复制粘贴
[[email protected] conf.d]# systemctl reload httpd
>测试：https://news.westos.com（需清空缓存：ctrl+shift+delete）
>显示：news.westos.com
####################11.网页重写####################
[[email protected] conf.d]# vim news.conf
-----------------------------------------------
1 <Virtualhost *:80>
2 Servername news.westos.com
3 RewriteEngine on
4 RewriteRule ^(/.*)$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}$1 [redirect=301]
5 </Virtualhost>
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] conf.d]# systemctl reload httpd
>测试：news.westos.com
>重定向到：https://news.westos.com
####################12.php####################
http默认支持html，php，cgi，wsgi
[[email protected] conf.d]# ls
autoindex.conf manual.conf news.conf ssl.conf userdir.conf
default.conf music.conf README tmprequest welcome.conf
[[email protected] conf.d]# cd /var/www/html/
[[email protected] html]# ls
index.html
[[email protected] html]# vim index.php
-----------------------------------------------
1 <?php
2 phpinfo ();
3 ?>
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] html]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
-----------------------------------------------
164 DirectoryIndex index.php index.html
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] html]# systemctl reload httpd.service
>测试：http://172.25.50.100（需清空缓存：ctrl+shift+delete）
>无任何显示
[[email protected] html]# yum install php -y
......
[[email protected] html]# ls /etc/httpd/conf.d/
autoindex.conf manual.conf news.conf README tmprequest welcome.conf
default.conf music.conf php.conf ssl.conf userdir.conf
##多了php.conf
[[email protected] html]# systemctl reload httpd.service ##"reload"无法使php生效
>测试：http://172.25.50.100
>无任何显示
[[email protected] html]# systemctl restart httpd.service ##"restart"才能使php生效
>测试：http://172.25.50.100
>显示：php测试页面
####################13.cgi####################
[[email protected] html]# mkdir cgi
[[email protected] html]# ls
cgi index.html index.php
[[email protected] html]# cd cgi/
>firefox打开http://172.25.50.100/manual/-->CGI: Dynamic Content
[[email protected] cgi]# vim index.cgi
-----------------------------------------------
1 #!/usr/bin/perl
2 print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
3 print `date`;
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
/以上内容是从Apache手册中拷贝过来的，并将"Hello, World."改为`date`
[[email protected] cgi]# perl index.cgi ##使用perl命令执行
Content-type: text/html
Mon Dec 12 20:30:14 EST 2016 ##执行成功！表示index.cgi的内容正确，可以使用
[[email protected] cgi]# chmod +x index.cgi
[[email protected] cgi]# cd /etc/httpd/conf.d/
[[email protected] conf.d]# vim default.conf
-----------------------------------------------
5 <Directory "/var/www/html/cgi">
6 Options +ExecCGI
7 AddHandler cgi-script .cgi
8 </Directory>
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] conf.d]# systemctl reload httpd
>测试：http://172.25.50.100/cgi/inde.cgi
>显示：Internal Server Error
[[email protected] conf.d]# ls -Zd /var/www/cgi-bin/
drwxr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_script_exec_t:s0 /var/www/cgi-bin/
[[email protected] conf.d]# ls -Zd /var/www/html/cgi/
drwxr-xr-x. root root unconfined_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0 /var/www/html/cgi/
[[email protected] conf.d]# semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_script_exec_t ‘/var/www/html/cgi(/.*)?‘
[[email protected] conf.d]# restorecon -FvvR /var/www/html/cgi/
restorecon reset /var/www/html/cgi context unconfined_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0->system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_script_exec_t:s0
restorecon reset /var/www/html/cgi/index.cgi context unconfined_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0->system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_script_exec_t:s0
>测试：http://172.25.50.100/cgi/index.cgi
>显示：Mon Dec 12 20:59:34 EST 2016
>点击刷新
>显示：Mon Dec 12 20:59:52 EST 2016
>点击刷新
>显示：Mon Dec 12 20:59:59 EST 2016
####################14.搭建论坛####################
[[email protected] conf.d]# yum install mariadb-server -y
......
[[email protected] conf.d]# vim /etc/my.cnf
-----------------------------------------------
10 skip-networking=1
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] conf.d]# systemctl start mariadb
[[email protected] conf.d]# mysql_secure_installation
......
>Set root password "westos"
[[email protected] conf.d]# cd /var/www/html/
[[email protected] html]# ls
cgi index.html index.php
[[email protected] pub]# pwd
/root/Documents/RHCE/老李LFTP/pub
[[email protected] pub]# scp Discuz_X3.2_SC_UTF8.zip [email protected]:/var/www/html/
[email protected]‘s password:
Discuz_X3.2_SC_UTF8.zip 100% 12MB 11.9MB/s 00:01
[[email protected] html]# ls
cgi Discuz_X3.2_SC_UTF8.zip index.html index.php
[[email protected] html]# unzip Discuz_X3.2_SC_UTF8.zip
......
[[email protected] html]# ls
cgi Discuz_X3.2_SC_UTF8.zip index.html index.php readme upload utility
[[email protected] html]# less readme/readme.txt
-----------------------------------------------
截取重要内容：
+----------------------------------+
Discuz! X 社区软件的安装
+----------------------------------+
1. 上传 upload 目录中的文件到服务器
2. 设置目录属性（windows 服务器可忽略这一步）
以下这些目录需要可读写权限
./config
./data 含子目录
3. 执行安装脚本 /install/
请在浏览器中运行 install 程序，即访问 http://您的域名/论坛目录/install/
4. 参照页面提示，进行安装，直至安装完毕
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] html]# chmod 777 upload/data/ upload/config/
>测试：http://172.25.50.100/upload/
-->我同意
>所有文件不可写，mysql不支持
[[email protected] html]# setenforce 0
>刷新网页
>只有前4个文件显示可写，mysql不支持
[[email protected] html]# chmod 777 upload/ -R
>刷新网页
>所有文件可写，mysql不支持
[[email protected] html]# yum install php-mysql -y
......
[[email protected] html]# systemctl reload httpd
>刷新网页
>所有文件可写，mysql支持
-->下一步-->下一步
-->数据库密码：westos-->管理员密码：（自行设定）-->下一步
>等待安装完成，重新输入网址：http://172.25.50.100/upload/
>安装成功！！！
--安装完成，以下为体验--
-->输入管理员密码-->登陆-->输入验证码-->登陆
-->用户组：管理员
-->模块管理
-->管理中心
####################15.squid正向代理####################
[[email protected] ~]# ls /etc/httpd/conf.d/
autoindex.conf README userdir.conf welcome.conf
[[email protected] ~]# yum install squid -y
......
[[email protected] ~]# ls /etc/httpd/conf.d/
autoindex.conf README squid.conf userdir.conf welcome.conf
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/squid/squid.conf
-----------------------------------------------
56 http_access allow all
62 cache_dir ufs /var/spool/squid 100 16 256
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] ~]# ls /var/spool/squid/
##什么都没有
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl start squid
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl enable squid.service
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/squid.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/squid.service.
[[email protected] ~]# netstat -antlpe |grep squid
tcp6 0 0 :::3128 :::* LISTEN 0 531476 7398/(squid-1)
[[email protected] conf.d]# firefox &
>测试：www.baidu.com
>提示：一直是"Connecting..."状态
-->Edit-->Preferences-->Advanced-->Network-->Settings...
-->Manual proxy configuration-->HTTP Proxy:172.25.50.250-->Port:3128
-->OK-->Close
>再次测试：www.baidu.com
>打开百度成功！！！
--取消代理--
-->Edit-->Preferences-->Advanced-->Network-->Settings...
-->Manual proxy configuration-->No proxy
-->OK-->Close
--删除squid服务--
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl stop squid
[roo[email protected] ~]# yum remove squid -y
......
[[email protected] ~]# rm -fr /etc/squid/
在亚马逊租一台Linux服务器，装上squid，然后在本机指定代理后，就能访问国外的网站
####################16.squid反向代理####################
CDN加速
交叉存储
[[email protected] ~]# yum remove httpd -y
......
[[email protected] ~]# netstat -antlpe |grep :80
[[email protected] ~]# yum install squid -y
......
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/squid/squid.conf
-----------------------------------------------
56 http_access allow all
59 http_port 80 vhost vport
60 cache_peer 172.25.50.165 parent 80 0 no-query
62 cache_dir ufs /var/spool/squid 100 16 256
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl start squid
[[email protected] ~]# netstat -antlpe |grep :80
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 0 41808 2069/(squid-1)
>分别为虚拟机172.25.50.165和虚拟机172.25.50.171搭建好http服务，然后使用真机进行测试
[[email protected] Desktop]# firefox &
>测试：172.25.50.165
>显示：172.25.50.165
>测试：172.25.50.171
>显示：172.25.50.171
注意：同时开启三台虚拟机会有点卡，可以使用"init 3"关闭图形。需要时，再使用"init 5"打开图形
>测试：172.25.50.100
>显示：172.25.50.165
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/squid/squid.conf
-----------------------------------------------
/修改
60 cache_peer 172.25.50.165 parent 80 0 no-query originserver round-robin name=web1
/插入
61 cache_peer 172.25.50.171 parent 80 0 no-query originserver round-robin name=web2
62 cache_peer_domain web1 web2 www.taobao.com
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl restart squid
[[email protected] Desktop]# vim /etc/hosts
-----------------------------------------------
4 172.25.50.100 www.taobao.com
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
>真机断开外网
[[email protected] Desktop]# firefox &
--> Ctrl+Shift+Delete --> 把最后两项打钩 --> Clear Now（清空缓存）
>测试：172.25.50.100
>显示：172.25.50.165
>刷新
>显示：172.25.50.171
>刷新
>显示：172.25.50.165
>刷新
>显示：172.25.50.171
轮询生效！！！
#####################
##### bash脚本 #####
#####################
/lib是系统库文件存放的位置，所谓"库"就是函数的集合
执行脚本是打开一个新的shell，完成后关闭这个shell
==bash==
[[email protected] mnt]# vim 1.sh
-----------------------------------------------
#!/bin/bash
echo hello world
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] mnt]# sh 1.sh
hello world
[[email protected] mnt]# chmod +x 1.sh
[[email protected] mnt]# /mnt/1.sh
hello world
[[email protected] mnt]# ./1.sh
hello world
==tcsh==
[[email protected] ~]# ps aux |grep tcsh
root 2118 0.0 0.0 112640 936 pts/1 R+ 22:03 0:00 grep --color=auto tcsh
[[email protected] mnt]# vim 2.sh
-----------------------------------------------
#!/bin/tcsh
watch -n 1 date
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] mnt]# sh 2.sh
[[email protected] ~]# ps aux |grep tcsh
root 2142 0.0 0.0 112640 940 pts/1 R+ 22:04 0:00 grep --color=auto tcsh
[[email protected] mnt]# chmod +x 2.sh
[[email protected] mnt]# /mnt/2.sh
[[email protected] ~]# ps aux |grep tcsh
root 2255 0.1 0.2 120228 2112 pts/0 S+ 22:05 0:00 /bin/tcsh /mnt/2.sh
root 2283 0.0 0.0 112640 940 pts/1 S+ 22:05 0:00 grep --color=auto tcsh
[[email protected] ~]#
==env==
[[email protected] mnt]# which env
/usr/bin/env
[[email protected] mnt]# vim 1.sh
-----------------------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/env bash ##表示不知道bash在哪儿，通过env去找
echo hello world
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] mnt]# ./1.sh
hello world
[[email protected] mnt]# vim 2.sh
-----------------------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/env tcsh ##表示不知道tcsh在哪儿，通过env去找
watch -n 1 date
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] mnt]# ./1.sh
>开启watch监控
==脚本调式模式"-x"==
[[email protected] mnt]# sh -x 1.sh
+ echo hello world
hello world
[[email protected] mnt]# vim 3.sh
-----------------------------------------------
#!/bin/bash -x
cat /mnt/3.sh
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] mnt]# sh 3.sh
#!/bin/bash -x
cat /mnt/3.sh
[[email protected] mnt]# chmod +x 3.sh
[[email protected] mnt]# ./3.sh
+ cat /mnt/3.sh
#!/bin/bash -x
cat /mnt/3.sh
==单引用和双引用==
单引号是强引用，引号内全部被引用
双引用是弱引用，不能引用$ ! `` \
[[email protected] mnt]# echo $USER
root
[[email protected] mnt]# echo "$USER"
root
[[email protected] mnt]# echo ‘$USER‘
$USER
[[email protected] mnt]# echo ‘"$USER"‘
"$USER"
[[email protected] mnt]# echo "‘$USER‘"
‘root‘
[[email protected] mnt]# echo $5
[[email protected] mnt]# echo $"5"
5
[[email protected] mnt]# echo "$"5
$5
[[email protected] mnt]# echo ‘$‘5
$5
[[email protected] mnt]# echo \$5 ##\和‘‘的作用差不多
$5
[[email protected] mnt]# echo "\$5"
$5
[[email protected] mnt]# echo ‘\$5‘
\$5
[[email protected] mnt]# echo ‘‘‘‘ ##单引号就近引用
[[email protected] mnt]# echo """" ##双引号就近引用
[[email protected] mnt]# echo ‘""‘
""
[[email protected] mnt]# echo "‘‘"
‘‘
[[email protected] mnt]# echo \‘\‘
‘‘
[[email protected] mnt]# echo # hello #
[[email protected] mnt]# echo \# hello #
# hello
[[email protected]ocalhost mnt]# echo \# hello \#
# hello #
[[email protected] mnt]# echo ‘`date`‘
`date`
[[email protected] mnt]# echo "`date`"
Tue Dec 13 22:45:05 EST 2016
[[email protected] mnt]# echo * ##"*"显示当前目录下的所有文件名
1.sh 2.sh 3.sh
[[email protected] mnt]# echo * *
1.sh 2.sh 3.sh 1.sh 2.sh 3.sh
[[email protected] mnt]# echo "*"
*
[[email protected] mnt]# echo "*****`date`*****"
*****Tue Dec 13 22:56:52 EST 2016*****
==变量==
--1.shell下直接定义--
[[email protected] mnt]# a=1
[[email protected] mnt]# echo $a
1
[[email protected] mnt]# echo $ab
[[email protected] mnt]# echo ${a}b
1b
[[email protected] mnt]# a=`date`
##`date`当下已被执行，所以a的值恒定
[[email protected] mnt]# echo $a
Wed Dec 14 01:28:12 EST 2016
[[email protected] mnt]# echo $a
Wed Dec 14 01:28:12 EST 2016
--2.export--
[[email protected] mnt]# vim 4.sh
-----------------------------------------------
#!/bin/bash
echo $a
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] mnt]# chmod +x 4.sh
[[email protected] mnt]# ./4.sh
[[email protected] mnt]# export a=1
[[email protected] mnt]# ./4.sh
1
[[email protected] mnt]# exit
logout
Connection to 172.25.50.100 closed.
[[email protected] Desktop]# ssh [email protected]
[email protected]‘s password:
[[email protected] ~]# /mnt/4.sh
--3.环境变量配置文件--
~/.bash_profile ##用户级别
/etc/profile ##系统级别
[[email protected] ~]# vim .bash_profile
-----------------------------------------------
13 export a=1
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] ~]# source .bash_profile
[[email protected] ~]# /mnt/4.sh
1
##用户级别生效
[[email protected] ~]# su - student
[[email protected] ~]$ /mnt/4.sh
[[email protected] ~]$ logout
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/profile
-----------------------------------------------
77 export a=5
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] ~]# source /etc/profile
[[email protected] ~]# /mnt/4.sh
5
##这是因为"/etc/profile"是后读的，所以后读的生效
[[email protected] ~]# logout
Connection to 172.25.50.100 closed.
[[email protected] Desktop]# ssh [email protected]
[email protected]‘s password:
[[email protected] ~]# /mnt/4.sh
1
##重新登陆，用户级别的生效。所以一般情况下，用户级别优先于系统级别
[[email protected] ~]# su - student
[[email protected] ~]$ /mnt/4.sh
5
##系统级别生效
[[email protected] ~]$ logout
--4.PATH--
[[email protected] ~]# 4.sh
bash: 4.sh: command not found...
[[email protected] ~]# 1.sh
bash: 3.sh: command not found...
[[email protected] ~]# vim .bash_profile
-----------------------------------------------
14 export PATH=$PATH:/mnt
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] ~]# source .bash_profile
[[email protected] ~]# 4.sh
1
[[email protected] ~]# 1.sh
hello world
[[email protected] ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin:/root/bin:/mnt
##包含"/mnt"
--5.故意写错，测试效果--
[[email protected] ~]# vim .bash_profile
-----------------------------------------------
14 export PATH=$PAITH:/mnt ##故意写错成"PAITH"
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] ~]# source .bash_profile
[[email protected] ~]# ls
bash: ls: command not found...
Similar command is: ‘lz‘
[[email protected] ~]# /bin/ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
[[email protected] ~]# echo $PATH
:/mnt ##只有"/mnt"
[[email protected] ~]# 4.sh
1
[[email protected] ~]# /bin/vim .bash_profile
-----------------------------------------------
/删除
14 export PATH=$PAITH:/mnt
:wq
-----------------------------------------------
[[email protected] ~]# /bin/source .bash_profile
-bash: /bin/source: No such file or directory
[[email protected] ~]# /sbin/source .bash_profile
-bash: /sbin/source: No such file or directory
......（各种尝试）
##找不到source命令
[[email protected] ~]# logout
Connection to 172.25.50.100 closed.
[[email protected] Desktop]# ssh [email protected]
[email protected]‘s password:
[[email protected] ~]# which source
/usr/bin/which: no source in (/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin)
##因为source命令是shell里的内建命令，所以找不着
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