APIView

Posted 2021-01-12 chen464863847

一 安装djangorestframework

方式一：pip3 install djangorestframework

方式二：pycharm图形化界面安装

方式三：pycharm命令行下安装（装在当前工程所用的解释器下）

二 djangorestframework的APIView分析

as_view 方法源码

　　@classmethod　
    def as_view(cls, **initkwargs):
        """
        Store the original class on the view function.

        This allows us to discover information about the view when we do URL
        reverse lookups.  Used for breadcrumb generation.
        """
        if isinstance(getattr(cls, ‘queryset‘, None), models.query.QuerySet):
            def force_evaluation():
                raise RuntimeError(
                    ‘Do not evaluate the `.queryset` attribute directly, ‘
                    ‘as the result will be cached and reused between requests. ‘
                    ‘Use `.all()` or call `.get_queryset()` instead.‘
                )
            cls.queryset._fetch_all = force_evaluation

        view = super(APIView, cls).as_view(**initkwargs)
        view.cls = cls
        view.initkwargs = initkwargs

        # Note: session based authentication is explicitly CSRF validated,
        # all other authentication is CSRF exempt.
        return csrf_exempt(view)

dispatch 方法源码

def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        `.dispatch()` is pretty much the same as Django‘s regular dispatch,
        but with extra hooks for startup, finalize, and exception handling.
        """
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs
        request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs)
        self.request = request
        self.headers = self.default_response_headers  # deprecate?

        try:
            self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)

            # Get the appropriate handler method
            if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names:
                handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(),
                                  self.http_method_not_allowed)
            else:
                handler = self.http_method_not_allowed

            response = handler(request, *args, **kwargs)

        except Exception as exc:
            response = self.handle_exception(exc)

        self.response = self.finalize_response(request, response, *args, **kwargs)
        return self.response

initialize_request

def initialize_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns the initial request object.
        """
        parser_context = self.get_parser_context(request)

        return Request(
            request,
            parsers=self.get_parsers(),
            authenticators=self.get_authenticators(),
            negotiator=self.get_content_negotiator(),
            parser_context=parser_context
        )

initial

def initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Runs anything that needs to occur prior to calling the method handler.
        """
        self.format_kwarg = self.get_format_suffix(**kwargs)

        # Perform content negotiation and store the accepted info on the request
        neg = self.perform_content_negotiation(request)
        request.accepted_renderer, request.accepted_media_type = neg

        # Determine the API version, if versioning is in use.
        version, scheme = self.determine_version(request, *args, **kwargs)
        request.version, request.versioning_scheme = version, scheme

        # Ensure that the incoming request is permitted
        self.perform_authentication(request)
        self.check_permissions(request)
        self.check_throttles(request)

三 djangorestframework的（Request and Response)对象的简单介绍

Request对象

REST framework提供了一个Request对象，它派生自HttpRequest，提供更多弹性的访问数据的序列化操作。它的核心是request.data属性，它类似于request.POST，在Web API中用处很大

request.POST #只能处理表单数据，只能在POST方法中起作用
request.data #可以处理任意的数据，能够在POST,PUT,PATCH方法中起作用

常用属性

1、request.data 
　 返回解析之后的请求体数据。类似于Django中标准的request.POST和 request.FILES属性，但提供如下特性：

    包含了解析之后的文件和非文件数据
    包含了对POST、PUT、PATCH请求方式解析后的数据
    利用了REST framewokr的parsers解释器，不仅支持表单类型数据，也支持JSON数据

2、request.query_params
request.query_params与Django标准的request.GET相同，只是更换了更正确的名称而已。

Response对象

REST framework提供了一个响应类Response，使用该类构造响应对象时，响应的具体数据内容会被转换（render渲染）成符合前端需求的类型。

REST framework提供了Renderer 渲染器，用来根据请求头中的Accept（接收数据类型声明）来自动转换响应数据到对应格式。如果前端请求中未进行Accept声明，则会采用默认方式处理响应数据，我们可以通过配置来修改默认响应格式。

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    ‘DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES‘: (  # 默认响应渲染类
        ‘rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer‘,  # json渲染器
        ‘rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer‘,  # 浏览API渲染器
    )
}

构造方式

Response(data, status=None, template_name=None, headers=None, content_type=None)

data数据不要是render处理之后的数据，只需传递python的内建类型数据即可，REST framework会使用renderer渲染器处理data。

data不能是复杂结构的数据，如Django的模型类对象，对于这样的数据我们可以使用Serializer序列化器序列化处理后（转为了Python字典类型）再传递给data参数。

参数说明：

　　data: 为响应准备的序列化处理后的数据；

　　status: 状态吗，默认200；

　　template_name: 模板名称，如果使用htmlRenderer时 需指明；

　　headers: 用于存放响应头信息的字典；

　　content_type: 响应数据的Content-Type，通常此参数无需传递，REST framework会根据前端所需类型数据来设置该参数。

常用属性：

1、 .data
传给response对象的序列化后，但尚未render处理的数据
2、 .status_code
状态码的数字
3、.content
经过render处理后的响应数据

四 状态码

为了方便设置状态码，REST framewrok在rest_framework.status模块中提供了常用状态码常量。

信息告知 - 1xx

HTTP_100_CONTINUE
HTTP_101_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS

成功 - 2xx

HTTP_200_OK
HTTP_201_CREATED
HTTP_202_ACCEPTED
HTTP_203_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION
HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT
HTTP_205_RESET_CONTENT
HTTP_206_PARTIAL_CONTENT
HTTP_207_MULTI_STATUS

重定向 - 3xx

HTTP_300_MULTIPLE_CHOICES
HTTP_301_MOVED_PERMANENTLY
HTTP_302_FOUND
HTTP_303_SEE_OTHER
HTTP_304_NOT_MODIFIED
HTTP_305_USE_PROXY
HTTP_306_RESERVED
HTTP_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT

客户端错误 - 4xx

HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST
HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED
HTTP_402_PAYMENT_REQUIRED
HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN
HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND
HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED
HTTP_406_NOT_ACCEPTABLE
HTTP_407_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED
HTTP_408_REQUEST_TIMEOUT
HTTP_409_CONFLICT
HTTP_410_GONE
HTTP_411_LENGTH_REQUIRED
HTTP_412_PRECONDITION_FAILED
HTTP_413_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE
HTTP_414_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG
HTTP_415_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE
HTTP_416_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE
HTTP_417_EXPECTATION_FAILED
HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY
HTTP_423_LOCKED
HTTP_424_FAILED_DEPENDENCY
HTTP_428_PRECONDITION_REQUIRED
HTTP_429_TOO_MANY_REQUESTS
HTTP_431_REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE
HTTP_451_UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS

服务器错误 - 5xx

HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR
HTTP_501_NOT_IMPLEMENTED
HTTP_502_BAD_GATEWAY
HTTP_503_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE
HTTP_504_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT
HTTP_505_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED
HTTP_507_INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE
HTTP_511_NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED