Linux Ansible介绍

Posted 2020-11-17

ansible自动化运维工具，具有以下特性
1、 模块化:调用特定的模块，完成特定任务
2、有Paramiko，PyYAML，Jinja2(模板语言)三个关键模块
3、支持自定义模块
4、基于Python语言实现
5、部署简单，基于python和SSH(默认已安装)，agentless
6、安全，基于OpenSSH
7、支持playbook编排任务
8、幂等性:一个任务执行1遍和执行n遍效果一样，不因重复执行带来意外情况
9、无需代理不依赖PKI(无需ssl)
11、可使用任何编程语言写模块
12、YAML格式，编排任务，支持丰富的数据结构
13、较强大的多层解决方案

架构图如下：

使用

安装

 [[email protected] ~]# yum -y install ansible

配置主机

 [[email protected] ansible]# vim /etc/ansible/hosts
[frontend]
192.168.1.1.201
192.168.1.1.202

[backend]
192.168.1.1.203
192.168.1.1.210

如何使用ansible

1、 模块查询

 [[email protected] ansible]# ansible-doc -l

2、 具体模块帮助

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible-doc -s group
- name: Add or remove groups
  group:
      gid:                   # Optional `GID‘ to set for the group.
      name:                  # (required) Name of the group to manage.
      state:                 # Whether the group should be present or not on the remote host.   创建present 删除absent
      system:                # If `yes‘, indicates that the group created is a system group.

3、 检测

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible all -m group -a "gid=3001 name=mygrp1 state=present system=no" -C
192.168.1.210 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true
}
...

4、执行

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible all -m group -a "gid=3000 name=mygrp state=present system=no"
192.168.1.210 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true,
    "gid": 3000,
    "name": "mygrp",
    "state": "present",
    "system": false
}
.....

4、撤销

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible all -m group -a "gid=3000 name=mygrp state=absent system=no"
192.168.1.210 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true,
    "name": "mygrp",
    "state": "absent"
}
....

很多模块都是类似这种操作

user模块

使用查看

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible-doc -s user

添加（absent 删除）

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible all -m user -a ‘uid=5000 name=testuser state=present groups=mygrp‘
192.168.1.202 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true,
    "comment": "",
    "create_home": true,
    "group": 5000,
    "groups": "mygrp",
    "home": "/home/testuser",
    "name": "testuser",
    "shell": "/bin/bash",
    "state": "present",
    "system": false,
    "uid": 5000
}

验证

[[email protected] ~]# id testuser
uid=5000(testuser) gid=5000(testuser) groups=5000(testuser),3000(mygrp)

copy模块

使用查看

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible-doc -s copy

复制目录

[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m copy -a ‘src=/root/aa dest=/root/ mode=600‘
192.168.1.210 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true,
    "dest": "/root/",
    "src": "/root/aa"
}
#src   若果没有/   复制整个目录；如果带/，复制目录中的文件

复制文件

[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m copy -a ‘src=/root/b.exp dest=/root/bb.exp mode=600‘
192.168.1.210 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true,
    "checksum": "4e838c8f13d7ca2f3dd9c46383160aded4b75bd9",
    "dest": "/root/bb.exp",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "md5sum": "d05c1a3a2690061ef62cc018c2226bd5",
    "mode": "0600",
    "owner": "root",
    "size": 378,
    "src": "~None/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1528591498.22-24846919673848/source",
    "state": "file",
    "uid": 0
}

[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m copy -a ‘content="hello world
" dest=/root/hi.txt mode=600‘
192.168.1.210 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true,
    "checksum": "22596363b3de40b06f981fb85d82312e8c0ed511",
    "dest": "/root/hi.txt",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "md5sum": "6f5902ac237024bdd0c176cb93063dc4",
    "mode": "0600",
    "owner": "root",
    "size": 12,
    "src": "~None/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1528591685.59-213464252719003/source",
    "state": "file",
    "uid": 0
}

fetch拉取

[[email protected] ~]# ansible-doc -s fetch

[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.1.201 -m fetch -a ‘dest=/root/ src=/root/rules.sh‘
192.168.1.201 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true,
    "checksum": "68fa058075bcabe9640367e48b934482bb96f64d",
    "dest": "/root/192.168.1.201/root/rules.sh",
    "md5sum": "af3fbce7c4b620497adf4324f7d92afa",
    "remote_checksum": "68fa058075bcabe9640367e48b934482bb96f64d",
    "remote_md5sum": null
}

[[email protected] ~]# ls 192.168.1.201/root/rules.sh

command shell模块

command：不做shell解析
shell:更好用

[[email protected] ~]# ansible-doc -s command
[[email protected] ~]# ansible-doc -s shell

[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m command  -a ‘chdir=/root ls‘
192.168.1.210 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
aa
anaconda-ks.cfg
bb.exp
hi.txt
~None
original-ks.cfg

command不支持管道操作

[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m command  -a ‘echo "zander"|passwd testuser --stdin‘
192.168.1.210 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
zander|passwd testuser --stdin

shell可以解析shell命令

[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m shell  -a ‘echo "zander"|passwd testuser --stdin ‘
192.168.1.210 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user testuser.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

file模块

[[email protected] ~]# ansible-doc -s file

递归创建

[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m file -a ‘path=/var/tmp/aaa/hello.dir state=directory‘
192.168.1.210 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true,
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "mode": "0755",
    "owner": "root",
    "path": "/var/tmp/aaa/hello.dir",
    "size": 6,
    "state": "directory",
    "uid": 0
}

创建空文件不行，file适合设置文件属性 ?空文件可以用copy

[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m file -a ‘path=/var/tmp/aaa/hello.txt state=file‘
192.168.1.210 | FAILED! => {
    "changed": false,
    "msg": "file (/var/tmp/aaa/hello.txt) is absent, cannot continue",
    "path": "/var/tmp/aaa/hello.txt",
    "state": "absent"
}

设置软连接

[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m file -a ‘src=/root/hi.txt  path=/var/tmp/aaa/hello.txt state=link‘
192.168.1.210 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true,
    "dest": "/var/tmp/aaa/hello.txt",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "mode": "0777",
    "owner": "root",
    "size": 12,
    "src": "/root/hi.txt",
    "state": "link",
    "uid": 0
}

定时任务模块

[[email protected] ~]# ansible-doc -s cron

添加 ?name一定要添加，不然删除有问题（名字要唯一）

[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m cron -a ‘minute=*/3 job="/usr/sbin/update 192.168.1.200 &>/dev/null" name=updatetime state=present‘
192.168.1.210 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true,
    "envs": [],
    "jobs": [
        "updatetime"
    ]
}

[[email protected] ~]# crontab -l
#Ansible: updatetime
*/3 * * * * /usr/sbin/update 192.168.1.200 &>/dev/null

删除 只看name ? 不要误删

[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m cron -a ‘minute=*/3 job="/usr/sbin/update 192.168.1.200 &>/dev/null" name=updatetime state=absent‘

yum模块

[[email protected] ~]# ansible-doc -s yum

[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m yum -a ‘name=zsh state=present‘

service模块

[[email protected] ~]# ansible-doc -s service

#`started‘/`stopped‘
[[email protected] ~]# ansible all -m service -a ‘name=mynginx state=reloaded‘

远程脚本模块

[[email protected] ~]# ansible-doc -s script

[[email protected] ~]# ansible 192.168.1.203 -m script -a ‘script‘  本地脚本到远端执行

setup变量模块

[[email protected] playbooks]# ansible-doc -s setup

[[email protected] playbooks]# ansible 192.168.1.201 -m setup

playbook

简单使用

[[email protected] ~]# mkdir playbooks
[[email protected] ~]# cd playbooks/
[[email protected] playbooks]# vim first.yml
- hosts: 192.168.1.201
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
  - name: install vsftpd
    yum:  name=vsftpd state=latest
  - name: config
    copy: src=/root/playbooks/vsftpd.conf dest=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf mode=600
    notify: restart vsftpd    # 通知下面 handlers name=restart vsftpd的项   如果文件没有修改，不会触发，（比较过文件）
  - name: start vsftpd
    service: name=vsftpd state=started enabled=false
  handlers:
   - name: restart vsftpd     #接收到通知执行
     service: name=vsftpd state=restarted

- hosts: 192.168.1.202
  tasks:
  - name: ip show
    shell: ip a

- hosts: all
  tasks:
  - name: list
    shell: ls

语法检查

[[email protected] playbooks]# ansible-playbook first.yml --syntax-check

playbook: first.yaml

主机任务查看

[[email protected] playbooks]# ansible-playbook --list-hosts --list-tasks first.yml

试运行

[[email protected] playbooks]# ansible-playbook first.yml -C

通知触发notify handlers

- hosts: 192.168.1.201
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
  - name: install vsftpd
    yum:  name=vsftpd state=latest
  - name: config
    copy: src=/root/playbooks/vsftpd.conf dest=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf mode=600
    notify: restart vsftpd    # 通知下面 handlers name=restart vsftpd的项   
  - name: start vsftpd
    service: name=vsftpd state=started enabled=false
  handlers:
   - name: restart vsftpd     #接收到通知执行
     service: name=vsftpd state=restarted

执行指定标签tags

- hosts: 192.168.1.201
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
  - name: install vsftpd
    yum:  name=vsftpd state=latest
  - name: config
    copy: src=/root/playbooks/vsftpd.conf dest=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf mode=600
    notify: restart vsftpd
    tags: config   #指定标签
  - name: start vsftpd
    service: name=vsftpd state=started enabled=false
  handlers:
   - name: restart vsftpd
     service: name=vsftpd state=restarted

[[email protected] playbooks]# ansible-playbook -t config first.yml   #根据标签执行

变量

- hosts: websrvs
  remote_user: root
  vars:
  - pbvar: playbook var
  tasks:
  - name: command line vars
    copy: content={{ cmdvar }} dest=/tmp/cmd.var    #来自命令行穿参数
  - name: playbook var
    copy: content={{ pbvar }} dest=/tmp/pb.var        #来自上面的pbvar
  - name: host var
    copy: content={{ https_port }}{{ http_port  }} dest=/tmp/host.var   #来自host文件 组和host

host文件
[websrvs:vars]
http_port=8080

[websrvs]
192.168.1.201 https_port=4431  ansible_ssh_port=22 ansible_ssh_user=zander ansible_ssh_pass=zander
192.168.1.202 https_port=4432  ansible_ssh_port=22 ansible_ssh_user=zander ansible_ssh_pass=zander

[[email protected] playbooks]# ansible-playbook sencond.yml -e cmdvar=‘aaaaaaa‘

[[email protected] ~]# cat /tmp/cmd.var
aaaaaaa[[email protected] ~]#

[[email protected] ~]# cat /tmp/pb.var
playbook var[[email protected] ~]#

[[email protected] ~]# cat /tmp/host.var
44318080[[email protected] ~]#

模板

/root/playbooks/nginx.conf.j2：   变量查看setup模块
worker_processes  worker_processes {{ ansible_processor_vcpus-1 }};
#listen {{ ansible_ens34.ipv4.address }}

- hosts: websrvs
  remote_user: root
  vars:
  tasks:
  - name: command line vars
    template: src=/root/playbooks/nginx.conf.j2 dest=/tmp/nginx.conf
    when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "7"   #加判断

[[email protected] playbooks]# ansible-playbook sencond.yml

每个节点能用对应的变量
[[email protected] ~]# cat /tmp/nginx.conf
worker_processes  worker_processes 2;
#listen 192.168.1.201
[[email protected] ~]# cat /tmp/nginx.conf
worker_processes  worker_processes 2;
#listen 192.168.1.202

role 简单介绍

roles 定义路径

[[email protected] playbooks]# vim /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
#roles_path    = /etc/ansible/roles

[[email protected] playbooks]# mkdir -pv /etc/ansible/roles/nginx/{files,templates,tasks,vars,handlers,meta,default}

roles/
    project/ 
        tasks/          定义task,role的基本元素，至少应该包含一个名为 main.yml的文件;其它的文件需要在此文件中通过include进行 包含
        files/          存放由copy或script模块等调用的文件
        vars/ 不常用     定义变量，至少应该包含一个名为main.yml的文件;其 它的文件需要在此文件中通过include进行包含
        default/ 不常用  设定默认变量时使用此目录中的main.yml文件
        templates/      template模块查找所需要模板文件的目录
        handlers/       至少应该包含一个名为main.yml的文件;其它的文 件需要在此文件中通过include进行包含
        meta/ 不常用     定义当前角色的特殊设定及其依赖关系,至少应该包含一 个名为main.yml的文件，其它文件需在此文件中通过include进 行包含

[[email protected] tasks]# pwd
/etc/ansible/roles/nginx/tasks
[[email protected] tasks]# vim main.yml
- name: install nginx
  yum: name=nginx state=latest
- name: install conf
  template: src=vhost1.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/conf.d/vhost1.conf    #src 可以写相对路径  在role中

[[email protected] playbooks]# vim nginx.yml
- hosts: websrvs
  remote_user: root
  roles:
  - nginx