linux 基础管理系统存储

Posted 2020-08-20

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######管理系统存储######

####1.分区划分####

Command action

a toggle a bootable flag

b edit bsd disklabel

c toggle the dos compatibility flag

d delete a partition ####删除分区

g create a new empty GPT partition table

G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table

l list known partition types

m print this menu

n add a new partition ####增加一个新的分区

o create a new empty DOS partition table

p print the partition table

q quit without saving changes ####退出不保存

s create a new empty Sun disklabel

t change a partition‘s system id ####修改分区功能id

u change display/entry units

v verify the partition table

w write table to disk and exit ####保存更改到分区列表

x extra functionality (experts only)

[[email protected] ~]# fdisk -l ###显示系统中所有可以使用的设备

Disk /dev/vda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x00013f3e

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vda1 * 2048 20970332 10484142+ 83 Linux

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb ######分区

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table

Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x0374426c.

Command (m for help): n ####增加一个新的分区

Partition type:

p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)

e extended

Select (default p):

Using default response p ###p为主分区

Partition number (1-4, default 1): ####默认主分区id

First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): ####此分区的起始位置

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +100M ####分区大小

Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)

e extended

Select (default p):

Using default response p

Partition number (2-4, default 2):

First sector (206848-20971519, default 206848):

Using default value 206848

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (206848-20971519, default 20971519): +100M

Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)

e extended

Select (default p):

Using default response p

Partition number (3,4, default 3):

First sector (411648-20971519, default 411648):

Using default value 411648

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (411648-20971519, default 20971519): +100M

Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)

e extended

Select (default e):

Using default response e ###e为拓展分区（最多分四个分区第四个为拓展分区，要给他剩下的全部空间，拓展分区里面可以继续分，为逻辑分区）

Selected partition 4

First sector (616448-20971519, default 616448):

Using default value 616448

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (616448-20971519, default 20971519):

Using default value 20971519

Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 9.7 GiB is set

Command (m for help): n

All primary partitions are in use

Adding logical partition 5

First sector (618496-20971519, default 618496):

Using default value 618496

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (618496-20971519, default 20971519): +100M

Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p ###显示分区情况

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x0374426c

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux

/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux

/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux

/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended

/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux

Command (m for help): wq ####保存退出

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[ro[email protected] ~]# partprobe ####同步分区列表

Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.

[[email protected] ~]# cat /proc/partitions ####查看磁盘分区

major minor #blocks name

253 0 10485760 vda

253 1 10484142 vda1

253 16 10485760 vdb

253 17 102400 vdb1

253 18 102400 vdb2

253 19 102400 vdb3

253 20 1 vdb4

253 21 101376 vdb5

11 0 3799040 sr0

######挂载#####

[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/vdb5 /mnt/

mount: /dev/vdb5 is write-protected, mounting read-only

mount: unknown filesystem type ‘(null)‘

[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb5 ####格式化（安装.xfs文件）

meta-data=/dev/vdb5 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=6336 blks

= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1

= crc=0

data = bsize=4096 blocks=25344, imaxpct=25

= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks

naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0

log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2

= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1

realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0

[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/vdb5 /mnt/ ###临时挂载

[[email protected] ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/vda1 10473900 3813008 6660892 37% /

devtmpfs 927072 0 927072 0% /dev

tmpfs 942660 80 942580 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs 942660 17024 925636 2% /run

tmpfs 942660 0 942660 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/vdb5 97964 5228 92736 6% /mnt

[[email protected] ~]# mount

proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel)

devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,seclabel,size=927072k,nr_inodes=231768,mode=755)

securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel)

devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,seclabel,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)

tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel,mode=755)

tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,seclabel,mode=755)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)

pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuacct,cpu)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_cls)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)

configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime)

/dev/vda1 on / type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota)

rpc_pipefs on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw,relatime)

selinuxfs on /sys/fs/selinux type selinuxfs (rw,relatime)

systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=29,pgrp=1,timeout=300,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct)

mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime,seclabel)

hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime,seclabel)

debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)

sunrpc on /proc/fs/nfsd type nfsd (rw,relatime)

/dev/vdb5 on /mnt type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota)

[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/fstab ##永久挂载（0 0 ：不备份不检测）

/dev/vdb5 /mnt/ xfs defaults 0 0

[[email protected] ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/vda1 10473900 3812972 6660928 37% /

devtmpfs 927072 0 927072 0% /dev

tmpfs 942660 80 942580 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs 942660 17024 925636 2% /run

tmpfs 942660 0 942660 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/vdb5 97964 5228 92736 6% /mnt

[[email protected] ~]# umount /mnt/

[[email protected] ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/vda1 10473900 3812952 6660948 37% /

devtmpfs 927072 0 927072 0% /dev

tmpfs 942660 80 942580 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs 942660 17024 925636 2% /run

tmpfs 942660 0 942660 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

[[email protected] ~]# mount -a #####读取/etc/fstab

[[email protected] ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/vda1 10473900 3812952 6660948 37% /

devtmpfs 927072 0 927072 0% /dev

tmpfs 942660 80 942580 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs 942660 17024 925636 2% /run

tmpfs 942660 0 942660 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/vdb5 97964 5228 92736 6% /mnt

[[email protected] ~]# blkid ###显示系统正在使用设备id

/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/vdb5: UUID="f8173528-d977-436b-b08c-cc66cdb8d60f" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/sr0: UUID="2015-02-19-11-11-02-00" LABEL="RHEL-7.1 Server.x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos"

###########2.swap######

[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb ####设备分区

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n

All primary partitions are in use

Adding logical partition 6

First sector (825344-20971519, default 825344):

Using default value 825344

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (825344-20971519, default 20971519): +1000M

Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 1000 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x0374426c

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux

/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux

/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux

/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended

/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux

/dev/vdb6 825344 2873343 1024000 83 Linux

Command (m for help): t ####修改分区功能id

Partition number (1-6, default 6): 6

Hex code (type L to list all codes): l

0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris

1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx

5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data

6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .

7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility

8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt

9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access

a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O

b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor

c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs

e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT

f W95 Ext‘d (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/

10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b

11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor

12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor

14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary

16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS

17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE

18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto

1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep

1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT

1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix

Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82

Changed type of partition ‘Linux‘ to ‘Linux swap / Solaris‘

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x0374426c

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux

/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux

/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux

/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended

/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux

/dev/vdb6 825344 2873343 1024000 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Command (m for help): wq

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at

the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)

Syncing disks.

[[email protected] ~]# partprobe

Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.

[[email protected] ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb6 #####命令格式化分区为swap格式

Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1023996 KiB

no label, UUID=b62379d4-c43f-432b-be9f-d335c57b0434

[[email protected] ~]# swapon -s ####

[[email protected] ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb6 ####enable all swaps from /etc/fstab

[[email protected] ~]# swapon -s

FilenameTypeSizeUsedPriority

/dev/vdb6 partition10239960-1

[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/fstab

[[email protected] ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb6 ##disable all swaps from /dev/vdb6

设备

/dev/vdb6 swap swap defaults 0 0

[[email protected] ~]# swapon -s

[[email protected] ~]# swapon -a

[[email protected] ~]# swapon -s

FilenameTypeSizeUsedPriority

/dev/vdb6 partition10239960-1

#########3.磁盘加密#########

1.磁盘加密

[[email protected] mapper]# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb5 ####对/dev/vdb5进行加密

WARNING!

========

This will overwrite data on /dev/vdb5 irrevocably.

Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES ####（要用大写）

Enter passphrase:

Verify passphrase:

[[email protected] mapper]# mount /dev/vdb5 /mnt/ ####挂载/dev/vdb5 到/mnt/

mount: unknown filesystem type ‘crypto_LUKS‘ ###显示磁盘已经加密

[[email protected] mapper]# cryptsetup open /dev/vdb5 westos ####开锁（westos：给定一个文件名称，这个文件会出现在/dev/mapper/下面，）

Enter passphrase for /dev/vdb5: ####输入密码

[[email protected] mapper]# ll /dev/mapper/

total 0

crw-------. 1 root root 10, 236 Nov 18 20:03 control

lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Nov 18 21:37 westos -> ../dm-0

[[email protected] mapper]# mount /dev/mapper/westos /mnt/ ####挂载

mount: /dev/mapper/westos is write-protected, mounting read-only

mount: unknown filesystem type ‘(null)‘

[[email protected] mapper]# mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/westos ####格式化（注意:挂载前要对其进行格式化处理）

meta-data=/dev/mapper/westos isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=6272 blks

= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1

= crc=0

data = bsize=4096 blocks=25088, imaxpct=25

= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks

naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0

log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2

= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1

realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0

[[email protected] mapper]# mount /dev/mapper/westos /mnt/

[[email protected] mapper]# cd /mnt

[[email protected] mnt]# ls

[[email protected] mnt]# touch file{1..5}

[[email protected] mnt]# ls

file1 file2 file3 file4 file5

[[email protected] mnt]# cd

[[email protected] ~]# umount /mnt/

[[email protected] mnt]# ls

[[email protected] mnt]# cryptsetup close westos ####关闭westos

[[email protected] mnt]# ll /dev/mapper/

total 0

crw-------. 1 root root 10, 236 Nov 18 20:03 control

[[email protected] mnt]# mount /dev/mapper/westos /mnt/

mount: special device /dev/mapper/westos does not exist

2.加密磁盘的永久挂载

[[email protected] mapper]# vim /etc/crypttab

解密后设备管理文件设备加密字符存放文件

westos /dev/vdb5 /root/lukspsfile

[[email protected] mapper]# vim /root/lukspsfile

输入设定密码

[[email protected] mapper]# chmod 600 /root/lukspsfile

[[email protected] mapper]# vim /etc/fstab #####关机重启后自动执行

/dev/mapper/westos /mnt/ xfs defaults 0 0

[[email protected] mapper]# cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/vdb2 /root/luksfile

Enter any passphrase: ####输入设定好的密码

[[email protected] mnt]# reboot ###关机重启，开机后自动挂载

[[email protected] ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/vda1 10473900 3219328 7254572 31% /

devtmpfs 927072 0 927072 0% /dev

tmpfs 942660 84 942576 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs 942660 17080 925580 2% /run

tmpfs 942660 0 942660 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/mapper/westos 96940 5176 91764 6% /mnt

/dev/sr0 3798292 3798292 0 100% /run/media/root/RHEL-7.1 Server.x86_64

3.加密清楚

[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/fstab

删除/dev/mapper/westos /mnt/ xfs defaults 0 0

[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/crypttab

删除解密后设备管理文件设备加密字符存放文件

westos /dev/vdb5 /root/lukspsfile

[[email protected] ~]# rm -fr /root/lukspsfile ####删除加密字符存放文件

[[email protected] ~]# umount /mnt/

[[email protected] ~]# cryptsetup close westos

[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb5 ###格式化/dev/vdb5

mkfs.xfs: /dev/vdb5 appears to contain an existing filesystem (crypto_LUKS).

mkfs.xfs: Use the -f option to force overwrite.

[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb5 -f ###强制格式化

meta-data=/dev/vdb5 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks

= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1

= crc=0

data = bsize=4096 blocks=25600, imaxpct=25

= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks

naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0

log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2

= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1

realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0

[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/vdb5 /mnt/

#####磁盘阵列######

[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb

磁盘分区，分三个一样大的分区，分区功能id为fd。

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x0374426c

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 2048 2099199 1048576 fd Linux raid autodetect

/dev/vdb2 2099200 4196351 1048576 fd Linux raid autodetect

/dev/vdb3 4196352 6293503 1048576 fd Linux raid autodetect

监控命令：watch -n 1 cat /proc/mdstat

[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/vdb{1..3} ###建一个新的阵列（-C /dev/md0建一个新的阵列；-a yes 有一个/proc/mdstat；-l 1 级别为1；-n 2 使用两个；-x 1 一个备用）

mdadm: /dev/vdb1 appears to be part of a raid array:

level=raid1 devices=2 ctime=Sat Nov 19 02:39:55 2016

mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and

may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to

store ‘/boot‘ on this device please ensure that

your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use

--metadata=0.90

mdadm: /dev/vdb2 appears to be part of a raid array:

level=raid1 devices=2 ctime=Sat Nov 19 02:39:55 2016

mdadm: /dev/vdb3 appears to be part of a raid array:

level=raid1 devices=2 ctime=Sat Nov 19 02:39:55 2016

Continue creating array? yes

mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata

mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.

[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/md0 /mnt/

[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 ###显示磁盘阵列情况

/dev/md0:

Version : 1.2

Creation Time : Sat Nov 19 02:45:58 2016

Raid Level : raid1

Array Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)

Used Dev Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)

Raid Devices : 2

Total Devices : 3

Persistence : Superblock is persistent

Update Time : Sat Nov 19 02:47:10 2016

State : clean

Active Devices : 2

Working Devices : 3

Failed Devices : 0

Spare Devices : 1

Name : localhost:0 (local to host localhost)

UUID : e2215abd:a63d553a:30f55154:42231172

Events : 17

Number Major Minor RaidDevice State

0 253 17 0 active sync /dev/vdb1

1 253 18 1 active sync /dev/vdb2

2 253 19 - spare /dev/vdb3

[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -f /dev/md0 /dev/vdb1 ####破坏/dev/vdb1

mdadm: set /dev/vdb1 faulty in /dev/md0

[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0

/dev/md0:

Version : 1.2

Creation Time : Sat Nov 19 02:45:58 2016

Raid Level : raid1

Array Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)

Used Dev Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)

Raid Devices : 2

Total Devices : 3

Persistence : Superblock is persistent

Update Time : Sat Nov 19 02:48:33 2016

State : clean, degraded, recovering

Active Devices : 1

Working Devices : 2

Failed Devices : 1

Spare Devices : 1

Rebuild Status : 62% complete

Name : localhost:0 (local to host localhost)

UUID : e2215abd:a63d553a:30f55154:42231172

Events : 29

Number Major Minor RaidDevice State

2 253 19 0 spare rebuilding /dev/vdb3

1 253 18 1 active sync /dev/vdb2

0 253 17 - faulty /dev/vdb1

[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -r /dev/md0 /dev/vdb1 ####移除/dev/vdb1

mdadm: hot removed /dev/vdb1 from /dev/md0

[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0

/dev/md0:

Version : 1.2

Creation Time : Sat Nov 19 02:45:58 2016

Raid Level : raid1

Array Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)

Used Dev Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)

Raid Devices : 2

Total Devices : 2

Persistence : Superblock is persistent

Update Time : Sat Nov 19 02:49:02 2016

State : clean

Active Devices : 2

Working Devices : 2

Failed Devices : 0

Spare Devices : 0

Name : localhost:0 (local to host localhost)

UUID : e2215abd:a63d553a:30f55154:42231172

Events : 39

Number Major Minor RaidDevice State

2 253 19 0 active sync /dev/vdb3

1 253 18 1 active sync /dev/vdb2

[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/vdb1 ###添加/dev/vdb1

mdadm: added /dev/vdb1

[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0

/dev/md0:

Version : 1.2

Creation Time : Sat Nov 19 02:45:58 2016

Raid Level : raid1

Array Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)

Used Dev Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)

Raid Devices : 2

Total Devices : 3

Persistence : Superblock is persistent

Update Time : Sat Nov 19 02:49:43 2016

State : clean

Active Devices : 2

Working Devices : 3

Failed Devices : 0

Spare Devices : 1

Name : localhost:0 (local to host localhost)

UUID : e2215abd:a63d553a:30f55154:42231172

Events : 40

Number Major Minor RaidDevice State

2 253 19 0 active sync /dev/vdb3

1 253 18 1 active sync /dev/vdb2

3 253 17 - spare /dev/vdb1

[[email protected] ~]# umount /mnt

[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -S /dev/md0 ####停止磁盘阵列

mdadm: stopped /dev/md0

[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0

mdadm: cannot open /dev/md0: No such file or directory

#####配额#####

分一个磁盘/dev/vdb1，大小为5G.

[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 ####格式化

mkfs.xfs: /dev/vdb1 appears to contain an existing filesystem (xfs).

mkfs.xfs: Use the -f option to force overwrite.

[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 -f

meta-data=/dev/vdb1 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=327680 blks

= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1

= crc=0

data = bsize=4096 blocks=1310720, imaxpct=25

= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks

naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0

log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2

= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1

realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0

[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /pub ###建立一个/pub目录

[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /pub ##挂载/dev/vdb1到/pub

[[email protected] ~]# chmod 1777 /pub ####给权限（文件只能所有人删除）

[[email protected] ~]# su - westos

Last login: Sat Nov 19 00:56:26 EST 2016 on pts/0

[[email protected] ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/file bs=1M count=3000 ###截取3G的文件到/pub/file

3000+0 records in

3000+0 records out

3145728000 bytes (3.1 GB) copied, 47.9492 s, 65.6 MB/s

[[email protected] ~]$ du -sh /pub/file ###查看文件大小

3.0G/pub/file

[[email protected] ~]$ df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/vda1 10G 3.7G 6.4G 37% /

devtmpfs 906M 0 906M 0% /dev

tmpfs 921M 80K 921M 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs 921M 17M 904M 2% /run

tmpfs 921M 0 921M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/vdb1 5.0G 3.0G 2.1G 60% /pub

[[email protected] ~]$ logout

[[email protected] ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/vda1 10473900 3809528 6664372 37% /

devtmpfs 927072 0 927072 0% /dev

tmpfs 942660 80 942580 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs 942660 17016 925644 2% /run

tmpfs 942660 0 942660 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/vdb1 5232640 3104928 2127712 60% /pub

[[email protected] ~]# umount /pub/

开始配额：

[[email protected] ~]# mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb1 /pub ###挂载