plastic bags的英文辩论赛的资料

Posted 2023-02-17

英文辩论赛，主题围绕“plastic bags”，题目没有定，但是肯定是跟这个有关的，希望给的资料越多越好！
给网站也行，大篇幅粘过来反而不太好看清楚。
最好给网站~~
题目估计就是那种“立即禁止使用好，还是缓一段时间好”之类的，反正关于塑料袋的英文辩论资料……都找来吧，找的够多的话，大大地加分……

Why waste plastic bags? Choose reusable bags!

Facts about Plastic Bags

About 2.5 billion plastic shopping bags are used every year. That’s about 2,500 bags used per family per year.
Plastic bags thrown away as litter, dirty our public places, rivers and canals, and may even clog up drains, and this would lead to stagnant water and mosquito breeding.
Plastic bags litter despoils nature trails, beaches and even chokes up mangroves and poses a threat to marine lives.
If each family uses one less plastic bag a week, Singapore could save more than 50 million bags each year.
Plastic bags are made from oil, a finite resource. By using reusable bags during our shopping trips, we will use fewer plastic bags and help to conserve earth’s resources.
Plastic bags are not disposed of at Semakau Landfill. They are incinerated, along with other domestic wastes, at our four incineration plants.
Hence, unlike countries that landfill their waste, the non-biodegradability of plastic bags is not a problem in Singapore.
That does not mean that we should use plastic bag excessively! It is a waste of resources.

A plastic bag or pouch is a type of flexible packaging made of thin, flexible, plastic film. Plastic bags are used for containing and transporting foods, produce, powders, ice, chemicals, waste, etc.

Most are heat sealed together. Some are bonded with adhesives or are stitched. A press-to-close zipper can be used to open and close the bag many times.

Bag types
Packages
Bags or pouches are a type of packaging for containing frozen food, fresh produce, snack foods, hardware, gardening products, etc. They are often made from a single roll of film on a horizontal or vertical form fill sealing machine.

Several design options and features are available. Some bags have gussets to allow a higher volume of contents. Some have the ability to stand up on a shelf or a refrigerator. Some have easy-opening or reclosable options. Handles are cut into or added onto some.

Bag-In-Box packaging is often used for liquids such as wine and institutional sizes of other liquids.

Plastic bags usually use less material than comparable boxes, cartons, or jars, thus are often considered as "reduced or minimized packaging". Depending on the construction, plastic bags can be well suited for plastic recycling. They can be incinerated in appropriate facilities for waste-to-energy conversion. They are stable and benign in sanitary landfills.[1] If disposed of improperly, however, plastic bags can create unsightly litter and harm some types of wildlife.

Bags are also made with carrying handles, hanging holes, tape attachments, security features, etc. Some bags have provisions for easy opening and re-closing. Some bags are sealed and can only be opened by destroying the packaging, providing some tamper-evident capability.

Plastic shopping bags
Main article: Plastic shopping bag
Open bags with carrying handles are used in large numbers worldwide. Stores often provide them as a convenience to shoppers. Some stores charge a nominal fee for a bag.

Heavy duty multiple-use shopping bags are often considered environmentally better than single-use paper or plastic shopping bags. When possible single-use bags should be recycled or reused as trash bags, storage bags, etc. Responsible solid waste usage is encouraged. Used bags should not be littered: this can be unsightly and damage wildlife.

Trash bags or Bin bags
Main article: Bin bag
Plastic bags are a convenient and sanitary way of handling and containing rubbish, and are widely used. Plastic bags are often used for lining waste containers or bins.

Flexible intermediate bulk container
Main article: Flexible intermediate bulk container
Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (Big bags, bulk bags, etc.) are large industrial containers, usually used for powders or flowables.

See also
Environment
Litter
Box wine
Bag-In-Box
Plastic recycling
Biodegradable polythene film
Biodegradation
Photodegradation
Refuse-derived fuel
Trash bag
Ziploc
Zipper storage bag

Plastic shopping bags, or carrier bags, are a common type of shopping bag in several countries. Most often these bags are intended for a single use to carry items from a store to a home: reuse for storage or trash is common. Heavier duty plastic shopping bags are suitable for multiple uses as shopping or storage bags.

Composition
Plastic shopping bags are usually made of polyethylene. This can be low-density , resin identification code 4, or most often high-density, resin identification code 2.

Although not in use today, plastic shopping bags could be made from Polylactic acid (PLA) a biodegradable polymer derived from lactic acid This is one form of vegetable-based bioplastic. This material biodegrades quickly under composting conditions and does not leave toxic residue. However, bioplastic can have its own environmental impacts, depending on the way it is produced. Recyclability of this experimental material is unproven: resin identification code 7 is applicable.

Bags made of biodegradable polythene film, which decompose when exposed to sun, air, and moisture, and are also suited for composting have been proposed as an alternative to conventional plastic shopping bags. However, they do not readily decompose in a sealed landfill and represent a possible contaminant to plastic recycling operations. Resin identification code 7 is applicable.

Environmental issues
Plastic shopping bags have advantages and disadvantages when compared to alternatives such as paper bags. Heavy duty multiple-use shopping bags are often considered environmentally better than single-use paper or plastic shopping bags. Single-use bags can be recycled, or can be reused by individuals as trash bags, storage bags, etc.

Advantages
The durability, strength, low cost, water and chemicals resistance, welding properties, lesser energy and heavy chemicals requirements in manufacture, fewer atmosphere emissions and light weight are advantages of plastic bags. Many studies comparing plastic versus paper for shopping bags show that plastic bags have less net environmental effect than paper bags, requiring less energy to produce, transport and recycle; however these studies also note that recycling rates for plastic are significantly lower than for paper. Plastic bags can be incinerated in appropriate facilities for waste-to-energy. Plastic bags are stable and benign in sanitary landfills.Plastic carrier bags can be reused as trash bags or bin bags. Plastic bags are complimentary in many locations but are charged or "taxed" in others.

Disadvantages
The following disadvantages have also been identified:

Plastic bags are made of petrochemicals, a nonrenewable resource.
Plastic bags are flimsy and often do not stand up as well as paper or cloth.
When disposed of improperly, they are unsightly and represent a hazard to wildlife.
Plastic bags, conventional or "biodegradable", do not readily biodegrade in a sanitary landfill, (but neither does paper due to lack of oxygen).
Plastic bags can cause unsupervised infants to suffocate.

Environmental impacts
Sturdy reusable shopping bags are EPA verified environmentally superior to single-use plastic shopping bags. A sturdy, reusable bag needs only be used 11 times to have a lower environmental impact than using 11 disposable plastic bags (providing you somehow dispose of your household waste without using bags). When unnecessary, taking single-use bags from stores is discouraged. In the case one is compelled to take a single-use bag, such bags can be recycled. Paper is accepted in most recycling programs while the recycling rate for plastic bags is very low, research from 2000 shows 20 percent of paper bags were recycled, while one percent of plastic bags were recycled. [1] Shopping bags can also be reused as trash bags, storage bags, etc. However, bags that are reused as trash bags typically still go to landfills. Current research demonstrates that paper in today's landfills does not degrade or break down at a substantially faster rate than plastic does. In fact, nothing completely degrades in modern landfills due to the lack of water, light, oxygen, and other important elements that are necessary for the degradation process to be completed. [2] Responsible solid waste disposal is encouraged. Used bags should not be littered: this is unsightly, damages wildlife and exposes fisheries to eminent danger. [3] Aquatic life can be threatened through entanglement, suffocation, and ingestion. [4] One animal dissected by Dutch researchers contained 1,603 pieces of plastic. All sea creatures are threatened by floating plastic, from whales down to zooplankton. Research proves the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" in the North Pacific Gyre contains six times as much plastic as it does plankton.

Sea turtles may mistake clear plastic bags for jellyfish. The reason that turtles ingest marine debris is not known with certainty. It has been suggested that debris, such as plastic bags, look similar to, and are mistaken for jellyfish. Birds swoop down and swallow indigestible shards of plastic. The petroleum-based plastics take decades to break down, and as long as they float on the ocean's surface, they can appear as feeding grounds. "These animals die because the plastic eventually fills their stomachs," Ocean Conservancy vice president Warner Chabot said. "It doesn't pass, and they literally starve to death." A study of the seafloor using trawl nets in the North-Western Mediterranean around the coasts of Spain, France and Italy in 1993/4 reported a particularly high mean concentration of debris (1935 items/km2 or 19.35 items/hectare) (Galgani et al. 1995). 77% of the debris was plastics and of this, 92.8% were plastic bags.
Nearly 80% of litter in the ocean comes from land-based sources. Most of the land-based debris is conveyed to oceans via urban runoff through storm drains. The main source of plastic bags in the ocean is from urban runoff.

Recycling
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, only 1% of plastic bags were recycled in 2000.When one ton of plastic bags is reused as something else other then plastic bags or recycled, the energy equivalent of 11 barrels of oil is saved.

According to the UK government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, there are several problems with plastic recycling, and in particular plastic bags:

the high volume to weight ratio of plastic means that the collection and transport of this waste is difficult and expensive
there are often high levels of contamination in plastic making the recyclate less usable, especially where food products are involved
there is a very wide range of plastics in use and segregation is difficult
the market for using recycled plastic is underdeveloped
Australia
In Australia shoppers are now encouraged to buy bags called "green bags" which cost only about a dollar, but can be reused many times. The bags are coloured depending on the company that sells them. Some "green bags" are insulated for the carrying of hot or cold items. Locally, the town of Coles Bay in Tasmania banned plastic shopping bags in April, 2003. [7] In early 2008, the Australian Federal Government stated it would consider action that would result in plastic bags being phased out by the end of 2008. [8] Australians used 4.84 billion plastic bags in 2007, at a wholesale cost of $0.0018 each [9] The bags each weigh 35grams and are used to wrap many Australian products such as fruits and vegitables. The shopping bags themselves account for 10% or less of the plastic Australian shoppers carry home from supermarkets. In South Australia free single use plastic bags will banned as of the end of 2008.[10]

Bangladesh
Plastic shopping bags are banned in Bangladesh, where they are thought to cause flooding during monsoons by clogging drains.[citation needed]

Bhutan
Plastic shopping bags, along with tobacco and MTV, have been banned in Bhutan, on the grounds that they make the country less happy.[11] See Gross National Happiness.

China
Beginning on June 1 2008, for the entire country of China, all supermarkets, department stores and shops will be prohibited from giving out free plastic bags. Stores must clearly mark the price of plastic shopping bags and are banned from tacking that price onto products. The production, sale and use of ultra-thin plastic bags - those less than 0.025 millimeters, or 0.00098 inches, thick - are also banned. The State Council calls for "a return to cloth bags and shopping baskets."

Hong Kong
Hong Kong enjoys a set of different laws as one of China's Special Administrative Region. The city has not prohibited the use of giving out free plastic bags yet even if the problem is of growing concern. Supermarkets play a large role in giving out free plastic bags for its customers. The problem has raised awareness amongst the people when a "No Plastic Bag Day" was launched back in 2006, a campaign co-organized by the Environmental Protection Department and several green groups such as Green Student Council, Friends of the Earth, The Conservancy Association and Green Power. However, as the campaign is voluntary and only takes place in the first Tuesday of each month, it did very little to halt the problem. Government statistics show that the city currently disposes 23 million of bags a day. For a city of almost 7 million, this means an average of 3 bags thrown per person. In December 2007, a Product Eco-responsibility bill was introduced. It is hoped that by bringing a plastic bag levy, the first phase to be in effect at the start of the 2009, the 50 cents HKD charged per bag will not only put some control over the problem but also bring in revenue of 100 million HKD in its first year.

France
Growing awareness of the ecological impact of plastic bags have led main mass retailers to force customers to buy reusable plastic or non-woven bags. This has been adopted by supermarkets (like Carrefour) - they manage out of that scheme to improve their image and save the purchase of the former plastic bags. Nonfood related retailers (like Cloth) tend to prefer to switch to paper bags, allowing them to match the ecological demand & upgrade their image on two aspects: ecology & quality. In Paris, a ban on plastic bags will take effect in late 2007; a nationwide ban is scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2010.

Germany
Generally, most German supermarkets charge between 5 and 25 cents per single-use bag, depending on the type of bag. Most shops also offer cloth bags or sturdier, woven plastic bags for about 1, encouraging shoppers to re-use them. Many high-street retail shops will provide bags free of charge. Most people will re-use single-use shopping bags, i.e., for collecting deposit bottles or using them as bin liners.[citation needed]

Ireland
On March 4, 2002 the Republic of Ireland introduced a 0.15 levy on every plastic shopping bag. This led to a 90% reduction in use of plastic bags and increased use of reusable bags.[13] The money gathered by the levy was used to raise money for environmental initiatives. Many retailers in Ireland switched to supplying (untaxed) paper bags, or simply stopped supplying bags. Most supermarkets continued to supply plastic bags, subject to the tax. The charge was increased to 0.22 on July 1, 2007. Most supermarkets supply reusable woven bags, or heavy reusable plastic bags for about 1.00 [14]

Israel
The entire country of Israel has enacted legislation to add a surcharge for every plastic bag. Bags that contain fish, meat, poultry or fresh produce won’t incur any charge. But aside from that, every plastic bag given to a customer will incur a charge of 1 NIS which will be shown as a separate item on their receipt. The proposal will also subsidize for 6 months the sale of reusable bags, in order to create public awareness of the law.

New Zealand
In recent years cloth bags have been promoted and sold by some supermarkets as an alternative to plastic bags. In August 2006 the Collingwood community in Golden Bay declared itself shopping bag free by a group of local residents who promoted the idea. In early 2007 a nationwide campaign was kicked off with the aim of introducing a shopping bag levy similar to Ireland's.

In the town of Wanaka in the South Island the Bag the Habit Campaign has converted almost 50% of shoppers to say no to plastic bags. This saves around 1,500 plastic bags from ending up in the landfill every day. Wanaka has a permanent population of around 7,000 and visitor numbers of around 600,000. 30% of retail stores are now plastic bag free and Wanaka looks set to have the first plastic bag free supermarket in New Zealand with the 4 Square supermarket committing to removing plastic bags from their operation within 12 months. The end goal is for the town to be plastic bag free and over summer campaigners will be targeting the masses of visitors that come to enjoy the natural beauty of the town.

South Africa
Mohammed Valli Moosa, the Environment and Tourism Minister of South Africa, jokingly named them the "national flower" of that country, and worked to introduce a minimum legal thickness of 30 micrometres to increase their cost, reusability, and recyclability. They may not be legally given away to shoppers, and must instead be sold, however this rule is not always enforced strictly.[citation needed] The South African government collects a 3 cents per shopping bag environmental levy.

Turkey
Plastic shopping bags have created major environmental problems throughout Turkey. Currently, Turkish people use on average 1.2 bags per day each, most of which end up not being disposed properly. The government has launched a feasibility study into the movement towards envirobags, however, this is not due until late 2008.

United Kingdom
Growing awareness in the UK of the problems caused by indiscriminate use of plastic bags is encouraging some large retailers to reward customers who bring their own bags or who reuse or recycle existing bags. This has been adopted by Tesco, who call it the 'Green Bag Scheme'. This scheme gives the customer a "Green Clubcard Point" (see Tesco Clubcard), which has the monetary value of between 1p and 4p, for every bag they reuse (or indeed if they use any bag that isn't taken from the Tesco bag holders, such as a backpack they own).

Retailers in Modbury have voluntarily eliminated usage of plastic bags, the first town in the country to do so. More towns are following suit, with campaigns in Lyme Regis in Dorset, Hebden Bridge, Exeter and Brighton. The Saffron Walden branch of Waitrose has eliminated free carriers completely, only supplying bags for life, with other branches within the chain trialling individual "green tills" where no free bags are supplied. No frills supermarket chains Aldi, Lidl and prior to its closure in July 2007, Kwik Save, charged 3 pence (5p in Kwik Save) for customers to use their plastic bags, to encourage people to take less and cut costs.

A campaign called morsbags.com has started in the UK and is spreading around the world. It involves making shopping bags out of recycled, unwanted material and handing them out for free. It is known as 'sociable guerrilla bagging' and it's free for anyone around the world to join up and join in - 'make a bag, make a difference'.

Having previously charged 5p for its single use bags, in 2007 IKEA became the country's first national retailer to abandon single use plastic bags altogether, instead offering their own range of bags for life which now come in 2 sizes: the blue bag (30p) and a brand new "baby blue" bag (15p).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag 参考技术A It is not easy for us to stand here, but because of you, who support us and gave us encourage, we can continue the debate. I want to say thank you to all of you. Thank you!
Our topic is pay 5yuan to plastic bags
I want to say that those plastic bags are not only bad to our health but also harm to the environment.
First of all, some plastic bags are not allowed to packed prepared food, it will make the prepared foot goes bad easily, and if people eat the food, they will feel sick and uncomfortable, because plastic it self will spread harmful gas. Some plastic will cause cancer.
Second of all, every one knows that plastic bags pollute the environment. People create them from nature but they can hardly be decomposed by nature. So their coming bring a lot of difficulties to human beings, they damage the balance of nature, they pollute water and soil and so on.
From a survey, specialist said that after increase the price of a plastic bag, the using of plastic bag decrease two thirds.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages; we’d better decrease the using of plastic bags. So it is a good way to increase the price of a plastic bag. We can get benefit from it so why don’t we do it right now? Do little things from your daily life, and you can see you are helping to protect the environment.

专家：塑料袋收费后使用量有望减少2/3
收费所得应用于环保 北京地球村减少塑料袋联盟的顾问池田武说，他曾经帮助厦门大学举办过“无塑料袋日”活动，当天使用塑料袋收费一角钱。结果，原本一天3500个塑料袋的用量减少了3000多个，减少幅度在85%左右。北京理工大学和北京师范大学等学校也举行过这类的活动，塑料袋的减少幅度也在八到九成。他认为对塑料袋收费是减少塑料袋使用最行之有效的手段，而且收费所得不应该由超市所有，而应作为政府收入用于环保宣传。
不少国家规定禁止用塑料袋
先听听人民的声音吧。2004年上海市所有的超市实行有偿供应塑料袋之前，上海市环保局的网上调查结果显示，90%的市民对这一举措投了赞成票。
国外许多城市已经取消塑料袋的使用了，而用一些可以降解的天然物质。
问题的关键在于：在目前我们还无法脱离塑料袋带给我们的极大方便的条件下，怎样达到有效减少塑料袋使用的目的。

也有人从实际操作的角度出发，提出：1）生鲜食品还是得用塑料袋；2）塑料购物袋收费后，人们会用免费的生鲜袋代替，所以对塑料购物袋收费是于事无补的；3）超市往往要求存包，自备的布袋不能带进超市；4）现代都市人生活节奏快，一次购物量很大，不可能像过去那样用一个菜篮子拎走。
这几点提得都很现实，但不能成为反对收费的理由。超市的管理可以改进。一个布袋不够可以备两个。至于不可能用收至费的方式杜绝塑料购物袋，这也是意料中的事。收费的目的是促使人们尽量少用，如果实在要用，就要承担该“方便”带来的额外成本——而且，这种成本也是人们可以承受得起的。有句话说：“穷人是不怕麻烦的。”真正会因为塑料袋那几角钱而影响到生活质量的人，肯定会不厌其烦自备购物袋。

治理白色污染要多管齐下，遵循循环经济的3R原则，即reduce（减量）、reuse（重复使用）、recycle（再循环）。通过收费促使人们减少对塑料袋的使用，是现阶段不可缺少的一种手段。
其实，超市塑料购物袋收费的做法早已存在，只不过深圳市想用立法的方式确定下来。有了立法，所有超市都必须遵守，消费者也无从逃避了。我认为，这是很公平合理的，但在实践上还要多考虑可操作性。我相信，该制度尽管在推行初期会遇到一些障碍，但终将为公众所接受，从而发挥环境保护作用。（可以说任何制度的实施前期都会遇到障碍，但是不能因此而停止我们前进的脚步。）
价钱问题
1． 收费高！
于是我们的同学就嚷嚷了：一个塑料袋的成本才几分钱！学校收一到两毛，而且袋子的质量也没有鲁巷超市的好，太黑了。按此说法，超市应该对塑料袋收几分钱而已，问题在于这根本没有可行性。现在国内通行货币的最小单位已经是“角”了，就算你能掏出五分钱的硬币也无法投入流通（请考虑到并不是人人都可以刷卡消费）。收一毛钱已经是最低收费了；大袋小袋有差别，于是对大袋收两毛，理所当然。许多地方的收费还不止这个价。其实说白了，对塑料袋收费实质上是把塑料袋作为超市的商品（而且是于环境有害的限制消费性商品）在卖，我们不能一味追究它的生产成本。
2.有的人就是不觉得收费高，还要买，那岂不是无用？
如果你真的不在乎那一两毛钱，可以建议后勤把塑料袋的价钱再定高一点，如何？
塑料袋收费：为了环保牺牲一点又何妨

其真正目的不在于收费 而是尽量减少citizen使用塑料袋的频率 以达到保护环境和人类健康的目的.
好多地方把这个收的费用都用于环境治理了

相关的 参考技术B 　　In modern world, Disposable plastic bags were once widely used in China. People used to take it for shopping and shopping assistants often provided free plastic bags for our convenience. For a while, life without them seemed unimaginable for most of us.
　　However, disposable plastic bags do bring severe damage to our environment and lot of harms to life. First and foremost, they are abandoned everywhere. It cannot be absorbed which will have great influence for the environment. Finally the pollution brought by plastic threat to our species life.
　　To sum up, it is meaningful to limit the use of disposable plastic. It’s significant that our government has banned the use of disposable plastic bags officially, and people will be charged for the use of such bags. This action is reducing the consumption of bags to a great extent.
　　Everyone in this society should contribute some effort to the improvement of the environment. We should protect our earth and living environment to make a better life.

　　在现代世界中，一次性塑料袋11人在中国广泛使用。人们习惯把它通常提供免费塑料袋，为方便购物和购物助手。有一段时间，生活没有他们好象大部分都是不可想象的我们。
　　但是，一次性塑料袋做带给我们的环境和许多危害到生命的严重破坏。首先，他们放弃他们无处不在。它不能被人体吸收，将有对环境的影响很大。最后由塑料污染的威胁，我们人类生活带来了。
　　综上所述，它是有意义的，以限制使用的一次性塑料。这是显著，我们的政府已经禁止使用一次性塑料袋正式，人们会收取使用这种包装袋。这一行动是减少塑料袋的消费量很大。
　　每个人在社会中都应该一些努力应有助于环境的改善。我们应该保护我们的地球和生存环境做出更好的生活。