马哥linux第七周作业
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1、创建一个10G分区,并格式为ext4文件系统;
(1) 要求其block大小为2048, 预留空间百分比为2, 卷标为MYDATA, 默认挂载属性包含acl;
(2) 挂载至/data/mydata目录,要求挂载时禁止程序自动运行,且不更新文件的访问时间戳;
[[email protected] tmp]# fdisk /dev/sda WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It‘s strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command ‘c‘) and change display units to sectors (command ‘u‘). Command (m for help): n First cylinder (5547-7833, default 5547): Using default value 5547 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (5547-7833, default 7833): +10G Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! [[email protected] tmp]# partx -a /dev/sda [[email protected] ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -m 2 -L ‘MYDATA‘ /dev/sda5 [[email protected] ~]# mkdir -pv /data/mydata mkdir: created directory `/data‘ mkdir: created directory `/data/mydata‘ [[email protected] ~]# mount -o acl -o noexec -o noatime /dev/sda5 /data/mydata/ [[email protected] ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 40G 921M 37G 3% / mpfs 931M 0 931M 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 477M 69M 383M 16% /boot /dev/sda5 9.8G 13M 9.6G 1% /data/mydata
2、创建一个大小为1G的swap分区,并创建好文件系统,并启用之;
[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb n 新建分区 e 扩展分区 1 扩展分区号 +1G 空间 t 调整磁盘类型 82 swap 类型 w 保存 [[email protected] ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 64.4 GB, 64424509440 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7832 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x2669de48 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 5 Extended [[email protected] ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb1 mkswap: /dev/sdb1: warning: don‘t erase bootbits sectors (dos partition table detected). Use -f to force. Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1060252 KiB no label, UUID=b9e3504c-9d95-4a07-a421-eec4e98d63b3 [[email protected] ~]# swapon /dev/sdb1 [[email protected] ~]# free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1861 200 1660 0 8 58 -/+ buffers/cache: 133 1727 Swap: 3083 0 3083 [[email protected] ~]# swapoff /dev/sdb1 [[email protected] ~]# free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1861 200 1661 0 8 58 -/+ buffers/cache: 133 1728 Swap: 2047 0 2047 [[email protected] ~]# swapon /dev/sdb1
3、写一个脚本
(1)、获取并列出当前系统上的所有磁盘设备;
[[email protected] tmp]# vim disk.sh #!/bin/bash fdisk -l /dev/[sh]d[a-z] | grep -o "^Disk /dev/[sh]d[a-z]" [[email protected] tmp]# bash -n disk.sh [[email protected] tmp]# bash disk.sh Disk /dev/sda Disk /dev/sdb
(2)、显示每个磁盘设备上每个分区相关的空间使用信息;
[[email protected] tmp]# vim disk.sh #!/bin/bash fdisk -l /dev/[sh]d[a-z] | grep -o "^Disk /dev/[sh]d[a-z]" fdisk -l | grep [sh]d[a-z] [[email protected] tmp]# bash -n disk.sh [[email protected] tmp]# bash disk.sh Disk /dev/sda Disk /dev/sdb Disk /dev/sda: 64.4 GB, 64424509440 bytes /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux /dev/sda2 64 5286 41943040 83 Linux /dev/sda3 5286 5547 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda4 5547 7833 18361344 5 Extended /dev/sda5 5547 6852 10485442+ 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 64.4 GB, 64424509440 bytes /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
4、总结RAID的各个级别及其组合方式和性能的不同;
RAID的中文意思是“独立磁盘冗余阵列”,有时也简称磁盘阵列,
RAID是一种把多块独立的硬盘,按不同的方式组合起来形成一个硬盘组,
从而提供比单个硬盘更高的存储性能和提供数据备份技术。组成磁盘阵列的不同方式成为RAID级别。
RAID 0
RAID 0又称为条带化或Striping,它代表了所有RAID级别中最高的存储性能,
RAID 0提高存储性能的原理是把连续的数据分散到多个磁盘上存取,这样,系统
有数据请求就可以被多个磁盘并行的执行,每个磁盘执行属于它自己的那部分数据请求。
这种数据上的并行操作可以充分利用总线的带宽,显著提高磁盘整体的读写性能,可用空间是
N*min(s1,s2..),最少磁盘数是:2,2+
RAID 1
RAID 1又称为Mirroring(镜像),它的宗旨是最大限度的保证用户数据的可用性和可修复性
RAID 1的操作方式是把用户写入硬盘的数据百分之百地自动复制到另外一个硬盘上,当读取数据时 系统先从RAID 0的源盘读取数据,如果读取数据成功,则系统不去管备份盘上的数据;如果读取源 盘数据失败,则系统自动转而读取备份盘上的数据,不会造成用户工作任务的中断。RAID 1的读新 能有提升,写的性能略有下降 ,有冗余能力,可用空间是1*min(s1,s2...)最少磁盘数2,2+
RAID 2
RAID 2是RAID 0的改良版,以汉明码的方式将数据进行编码后分割为独立的位元,并将数据分别写 入硬盘中。因为在数据中加入了错误修正码,所以数据整体的容量会比原始数据大一些在写入时, RAID 2在写入数据位同时还要计算出它们的汉明码并写入校验阵列,读取时也要对数据即时地进行 校验,最后再发向系统。通过上文的介绍,我们知道汉明码只能纠正一个位的错误,所以RAID 2也 只能允许一个硬盘出问题,如果两个或以上的硬盘出问题,RAID 2的数据就将受到破坏。但由于数 据是以位为单位并行传输,所以传输率也相当快,RAID 2是为大型机和超级计算机开发的带汉明码 校验磁盘阵列。
RAID 3
RAID 3是把数据分成多个“块”,按照一定的容错算法,存放在N+1个硬盘上,实际数据占用的
有效空间为N个硬盘的空间总和,而第N+1个硬盘上存储的数据是校验容错信息,当这N+1个硬
盘中的其中一个硬盘出现故障时,从其它N个硬盘中的数据也可以恢复原始数据,
使用RAID3,安全性是可以得到保障的。与RAID0相比,RAID3在读写速度方面相对较慢,
RAID3比较适合大文件类型且安全性要求较高的应用,如视频编辑、硬盘播出机、大型数据库等。
RAID 4
RAID4和RAID3很象,数据都是依次存储在多个硬盘之上,奇偶校验码存放在独立的奇偶校验盘上,
唯一不同的是,在数据分割上RAID3对数据的访问是按位进行的,RAID4是以数据块为单位。
即RAID 4是按数据块为单位存储的,RAID4 大幅提高磁盘陈列的读取性能,但写入数据
时,因受限于校验硬盘,同一时间只能做一次。
RAID 5
RAID 5可以理解为是RAID 0和RAID 1的折衷方案。RAID 5可以为系统提供数据安全保障,
但保障程度要比Mirror低而磁盘空间利用率要比Mirror高。RAID 5具有和RAID 0相近似的数
据读取速度,只是多了一个奇偶校验信息,写入数据的速度比对单个磁盘进行写入操作稍慢,
同时由于多个数据对应一个奇偶校验信息,RAID 5的磁盘空间利用率要比RAID 1高,
存储成本相对较低,RAID5的可用空间是(N-1)*MIN(S1,S2...),最少磁盘数是3,+。
RAID 10
RAID 0+1是RAID 0和RAID 1的组合形式,也称为RAID 10
RAID 0+1是存储性能和数据安全兼顾的方案。它在提供与RAID 1一样的数据安全保障的同时,
也提供了与RAID 0近似的存储性能。由于RAID 0+1也通过数据的100%备份功能提供数据安全
保障,因此RAID 0+1的磁盘空间利用率与RAID 1相同,存储成本高,RAID 0+1的特点使其特别
适用于既有大量数据需要存取,同时又对数据安全性要求严格的领域,如银行、金融、商业
超市、仓储库房、各种档案管理等。
RAID0+1是先做两个RAID0,然后再做RAID1,因此RAID0+1允许坏多个盘,但只能在坏在同一
个RAID0中,不允许两个RAID0都有坏盘。raid01比较缺乏安全性,且故障时难以恢复。
RAID1+0是先做RAID1,然后再做RAID0,因此RAID1+0允许坏多个盘,只要不是一对磁盘坏就可以
raid10速度较快,故障容易恢复。
5、创建一个大小为10G的RAID1,要求有一个空闲盘,而且CHUNK大小为128k;
[[email protected] tmp]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -n 2 -x 1 -c 128 -l 1 /dev/sdb{2,3,4} [[email protected] tmp]# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md0 : active raid1 sdb4[2](S) sdb3[1] sdb2[0] 10482240 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none> [[email protected] tmp]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sat Aug 20 21:26:24 2016 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 10482240 (10.00 GiB 10.73 GB) Used Dev Size : 10482240 (10.00 GiB 10.73 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 3 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sat Aug 20 21:27:17 2016 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Name : mageedu.com:0 (local to host mageedu.com) UUID : 49c4edd5:5e3d8fe7:f77d29ee:b433a0bf Events : 17 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 18 0 active sync /dev/sdb2 1 8 19 1 active sync /dev/sdb3 2 8 20 - spare /dev/sdb4
6、创建一个大小为4G的RAID5设备,chunk大小为256k,格式化ext4文件系统,要求可开机自动挂载至/backup目录,而且不更新访问时间戳,且支持acl功能;
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb n 新建分区 e 扩展分区 5,6,7 扩展分区号 +1G 空间 t 调整磁盘类型 fd raid 类型 w 保存 [[email protected] ~]#mdadm -C /dev/md1 -n 3 -c 256 -l 5 -a yes /dev/sdb{5,6,7} [[email protected] ~]# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] md1 : active raid5 sdb7[3] sdb6[1] sdb5[0] 8393728 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 256k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU] [[email protected] ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/md1 [[email protected] ~]# mkdir /backup [[email protected] backup]# mount -o noatime -o acl /dev/md1 /backup/ [[email protected] backup]# vim /etc/fstab /dev/md1 /backup ext4 acl,noatime 0 0 [[email protected] backup]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 41153856 943456 38113248 3% / tmpfs 953136 0 953136 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 487652 69955 392097 16% /boot /dev/md1 8130764 18456 7692624 1% /backup
7、写一个脚本
(1) 接受一个以上文件路径作为参数;
(2) 显示每个文件拥有的行数;
(3) 总结说明本次共为几个文件统计了其行数;
[[email protected] tmp]# vim catfiel.sh #!/bin/bash declare -i files files=0 if [ $# == 0 ];then echo "please enter one or more file path" exit 1 fi for i in [email protected]; do lines=$(wc -l $i) echo "$i lines is: $lines" files=files+1 done echo "count files is:$files" [[email protected] tmp]# bash -n catfiel.sh [[email protected] tmp]# bash catfiel.sh please enter one or more file path [[email protected] tmp]# bash catfiel.sh /etc/fstab /etc/fstab lines is: 16 /etc/fstab count files is:1 [[email protected] tmp]# bash catfiel.sh /etc/fstab /etc/grub.conf /etc/fstab lines is: 16 /etc/fstab /etc/grub.conf lines is: 21 /etc/grub.conf count files is:2 [[email protected] tmp]# bash catfiel.sh /etc/fstab /etc/grub.conf /etc/passwd /etc/fstab lines is: 16 /etc/fstab /etc/grub.conf lines is: 21 /etc/grub.conf /etc/passwd lines is: 43 /etc/passwd count files is:3
8、写一个脚本
(1) 传递两个以上字符串当作用户名;
(2) 创建这些用户;且密码同用户名;
(3) 总结说明共创建了几个用户;
[[email protected] tmp]# vim adduser.sh #!/bin/bash sum=0 if [ $# == 0 ];then echo "please enter two or more username" exit 1 fi if [ ! $UID -eq 0 ];then echo "welcome root create users" exit 2 fi for i in [email protected]; do if id $i &> /dev/null ;then echo "user:$i is exists" else useradd $i if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo "$i" | passwd --stdin $i &> /dev/null echo "New user:$i add sucess" let sum++ fi fi done echo "count users is:$sum" [[email protected] tmp]# bash -n adduser.sh [[email protected] tmp]# su zengzy [[email protected] tmp]$ bash adduser.sh please enter two or more username [[email protected] tmp]$ bash adduser.sh user1 user2 welcome root create users [[email protected] tmp]$ exit [[email protected] tmp]# bash adduser.sh please enter two or more username [[email protected] tmp]# bash adduser.sh user10 user11 user:user10 is exists user:user11 is exists [[email protected] tmp]# bash adduser.sh user20 user21 New user:user20 add sucess New user:user21 add sucess count users is:2 [[email protected] tmp]# bash adduser.sh user22 user23 user24 New user:user22 add sucess New user:user23 add sucess New user:user24 add sucess count users is:3
9、写一个脚本,新建20个用户,visitor1-visitor20;计算他们的ID之和;
[[email protected] tmp]# vim aduser.sh #!/bin/bash sum=0 if [ ! $UID -eq 0 ]; then echo "welcome root crate user" exit 1 fi for i in {1..20}; do if id visitor$i &> /dev/null ; then echo "user exists" else useradd visitor$i if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo "New user:visitor$i add success" vuid=`id visitor$i -u` sum=$[ $sum + $vuid ] fi fi done echo "uid count is:$sum" [[email protected] tmp]# bash -n aduser.sh [[email protected] tmp]# bash aduser.sh New user:visitor1 add success New user:visitor2 add success New user:visitor3 add success New user:visitor4 add succe
New user:visitor5 add success New user:visitor6 add success New user:visitor7 add success New user:visitor8 add success New user:visitor9 add success New user:visitor10 add success New user:visitor11 add success New user:visitor12 add success New user:visitor13 add success New user:visitor14 add success New user:visitor15 add success New user:visitor16 add success New user:visitor17 add success New user:visitor18 add success New user:visitor19 add success New user:visitor20 add success uid count is:60630
10、写一脚本,分别统计/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit、/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions和/etc/fstab文件中以#号开头的行数之和,以及总的空白行数;
[[email protected] tmp]# vim lines.sh #!/bin/bash sys1=`grep "^#" /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit | wc -l` sys2=`grep "^[[:space:]]*$" /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit | wc -l` fun1=`grep "^#" /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions | wc -l` fun2=`grep "^[[:space:]]*$" /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions | wc -l` fst1=`grep "^#" /etc/fstab | wc -l` fst2=`grep "^[[:space:]]*$" /etc/fstab | wc -l` let sum1=$sys1+$fun1+$fst1 let sum2=$sys2+$fun2+$fst2 echo "files include # lines is:$sum1" echo "files include space lines is:$sum2" [[email protected] tmp]# bash -n lines.sh [[email protected] tmp]# bash lines.sh files include # lines is:94 files include space lines is:210
11、写一个脚本,显示当前系统上所有默认shell为bash的用户的用户名、UID以及此类所有用户的UID之和;
[[email protected] tmp]# vim bassh.sh #!/bin/bash users=`cat /etc/passwd | grep "/bin/bash$" | cut -d: -f1` sumuid=0 for i in $users; do uid=`id $i -u` let sumuid=$sumuid+$uid done echo "users is:$users" echo "sum uid is:$sumuid" [[email protected] tmp]# bash -n bassh.sh [[email protected] tmp]# bash bassh.sh users is:root bash basher testbash mageia openstack hadoop .......... sum uid is:121975
12、写一个脚本,显示当前系统上所有,拥有附加组的用户的用户名;并说明共有多少个此类用户
[[email protected] tmp]# vim groupuser.sh #!/bin/bash countgids=0 users=`cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1` for i in $users; do id $i | cut -d‘ ‘ -f3 | grep "," &> /dev/null if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo "group is:$i" let countgids++ fi done echo "count gids is:$countgids" [[email protected] tmp]# bash groupuser.sh group is:bin group is:daemon group is:adm group is:postfix group is:slackware group is:openstack count gids is:6
13、创建一个由至少两个物理卷组成的大小为20G的卷组;要求,PE大小为8M;而在卷组中创建一个大小为5G的逻辑卷mylv1,格式化为ext4文件系统,开机自动挂载至/users目录,支持acl;
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc n 新建分区 p 主分分区 1,2 主分区号 20G 空间 t 8elvm的文件系统 w 保存 [[email protected] ~]# pvdisplay /dev/sdc{1,2} [[email protected] ~]# vgcreate -s 8M myvg0 /dev/sdc{1,2} Volume group "myvg0" successfully created [[email protected] ~]# lvcreate -L 5G -n mylv1 myvg0 Logical volume "mylv1" created. [[email protected] ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/myvg0/mylv1 [[email protected] ~]# mkdir /users [[email protected] ~]# mount -o acl /dev/myvg0/mylv1 /users/ [[email protected] users]# vim /etc/fstab /dev/myvg0/mylv1 /users ext4 defaults,acl 0 0
14、新建用户magedu;其家目录为/users/magedu,而后su切换至此用户,复制多个文件至家目录;
[[email protected] ~]# useradd -d /users/magedu magedu [[email protected] ~]# su - magedu [[email protected] ~]$ pwd /users/magedu [[email protected] ~]$ cp /etc/fstab /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit . [[email protected] ~]$ ls fstab rc.sysinit
15、扩展mylv1至9G,确保扩展完成后原有数据完全可用;
[[email protected] ~]# lvextend -L +4G /dev/myvg0/mylv1 Size of logical volume myvg0/mylv1 changed from 5.00 GiB (640 extents) to 9.00 GiB (1152 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized. [[email protected] ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg0/mylv1 resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem at /dev/myvg0/mylv1 is mounted on /users; on-line resizing required old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1 Performing an on-line resize of /dev/myvg0/mylv1 to 2359296 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/myvg0/mylv1 is now 2359296 blocks long. [[email protected] ~]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert mylv1 myvg0 -wi-ao---- 9.00g [[email protected] ~]# cd /users/magedu/ [[email protected] magedu]# cat /etc/fstab | tail -n 1 /dev/myvg0/mylv1 /users ext4 defaults,acl 0 0
16、缩减mylv1至7G,确保缩减完成后原有数据完全可用;
[email protected] tmp]# umount /dev/myvg0/mylv1 [[email protected] tmp]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 41153856 954840 38101864 3% / tmpfs 953136 0 953136 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 487652 70101 391951 16% /boot [[email protected] tmp]# e2fsck -f /dev/myvg0/mylv1 e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information /dev/myvg0/mylv1: 18/589824 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 72682/2359296 blocks You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root [[email protected] tmp]# resize2fs /dev/myvg0/mylv1 7G resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/myvg0/mylv1 to 1835008 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/myvg0/mylv1 is now 1835008 blocks long. [[email protected] tmp]# lvreduce -L -2G /dev/myvg0/mylv1 WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 7.00 GiB. THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce myvg0/mylv1? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume myvg0/mylv1 changed from 9.00 GiB (1152 extents) to 7.00 GiB (896 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized. [[email protected] tmp]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert mylv1 myvg0 -wi-a----- 7.00g [[email protected] tmp]# mount /dev/myvg0/mylv1 /users/ [[email protected] tmp]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 4115
3856 954872 38101832 3% / tmpfs 953136 0 953136 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 487652 70101 391951 16% /boot /dev/mapper/myvg0-mylv1 7093752 11552 6715240 1% /users [[email protected] tmp]# cat /users/magedu/fstab | tail -n -1 /dev/myvg0/mylv1 /users ext4 defaults,acl 0 0
17、对mylv1创建快照,并通过备份数据;要求保留原有的属主属组等信息;
[[email protected] tmp]# lvcreate -L 7G -p r -s -n sn_mylv1 /dev/myvg0/mylv1 Logical volume "sn_mylv1" created. [[email protected] tmp]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert mylv1 myvg0 owi-aos--- 7.00g sn_mylv1 myvg0 sri-a-s--- 7.00g mylv1 0.00 [[email protected] tmp]# cd /users/ [[email protected] users]# ls lost+found magedu [[email protected] users]# touch a.txt [[email protected] users]# ll total 20 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Aug 21 04:07 a.txt drwx------. 2 root root 16384 Aug 21 03:20 lost+found drwx------. 2 magedu magedu 4096 Aug 21 03:33 magedu [[email protected] users]# mkdir /snmylv [[email protected] users]# mount /dev/myvg0/sn_mylv1 /snmylv/ mount: block device /dev/mapper/myvg0-sn_mylv1 is write-protected, mounting read-only [[email protected] users]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 41153856 954972 38101732 3% / tmpfs 953136 0 953136 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 487652 70101 391951 16% /boot /dev/mapper/myvg0-mylv1 7093752 11552 6715240 1% /users /dev/mapper/myvg0-sn_mylv1 7093752 11552 6715240 1% /snmylv [[email protected] users]# cd /snmylv/ [[email protected] snmylv]# ls lost+found magedu [[email protected] snmylv]# ll total 20 drwx------. 2 root root 16384 Aug 21 03:20 lost+found drwx------. 2 magedu magedu 4096 Aug 21 03:33 magedu
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