Linux下多路径multipath配置

Posted 2020-08-19 李栋94

一、multipath在redhat 6.2中的基本配置：

1. 通过命令：lsmod |grep dm_multipath  检查是否正常安装成功。如果没有输出说明没有安装那么通过yum功能安装一下软件包：yum –y install device-mapper device-mapper-multipath

接着通过命令：multipath –ll 查看多路径状态查看模块是否加载成功

[[email protected] ~]#  multipath –ll   查看多路径状态

Mar 10 19:18:28 | /etc/multipath.conf does not exist, blacklisting all devices.

Mar 10 19:18:28 | A sample multipath.conf file is located at

Mar 10 19:18:28 | /usr/share/doc/device-mapper-multipath-0.4.9/multipath.conf

Mar 10 19:18:28 | You can run /sbin/mpathconf to create or modify /etc/multipath.conf

Mar 10 19:18:28 | DM multipath kernel driver not loaded    ----DM模块没有加载

如果模块没有加载成功请使用下列命初始化DM,或重启系统
---Use the following commands to initialize and start DM for the first time:
# modprobe dm-multipath
# modprobe dm-round-robin
# service multipathd start
# multipath –v2

初始化完了之后再通过multipath -ll命令查看是否加载成功

[[email protected] ~]#  multipath -ll

Mar 10 19:21:14 | /etc/multipath.conf does not exist, blacklisting all devices.

Mar 10 19:21:14 | A sample multipath.conf file is located at

Mar 10 19:21:14 | /usr/share/doc/device-mapper-multipath-0.4.9/multipath.conf

Mar 10 19:21:14 | You can run /sbin/mpathconf to create or modify /etc/multipath.conf

DM multipath kernel driver not loaded    ----这个提示没了说明DM模块已加载成功。

从上面的提示可以看到，DM模块是成功加载，但是/etc/下没有multipath.conf 配置文件，下一步介绍如何配置multipath.conf 文件。

2. 配置multipath：

通过vi命令创建一个Multipath的配置文件路径是/etc/multipath.conf ,在配置文件中添加multipath正常工作的最简配置如下：

vi /etc/multipath.conf

blacklist {

devnode "^sda"

}

defaults {

user_friendly_names yes

path_grouping_policy multibus

failback immediate

no_path_retry fail

}

编辑完成后保存配置，同时通过命令：

# /etc/init.d/multipathd start #开启mulitipath服务

如果出现无法开启服务的情况，没有提示OK的话如下：

[[email protected] mapper]# service multipathd start

Starting multipathd daemon:     没有提示OK

重新开关一下服务就可以解决了。

[[email protected] mapper]# /etc/init.d/multipathd stop

Stopping multipathd daemon:                                [  OK  ]

[[email protected] mapper]# /etc/init.d/multipathd start

Starting multipathd daemon:                                [  OK  ]  -----提示OK 正常开启服务

通过命令查看：

[[email protected] mapper]# multipath -ll

mpatha (360a9800064665072443469563477396c) dm-0 NETAPP,LUN    ----创建了一个lun

size=3.5G features=‘0‘ hwhandler=‘0‘ wp=rw

`-+- policy=‘round-robin 0‘ prio=4 status=active

|- 1:0:0:0 sdb 8:16 active ready  running   ----多路径下的两个盘符sdb和sde.

`- 2:0:0:0 sde 8:64 active ready  running

目录/dev/mapper/   下多了两个文件夹mpatha 和mpathap1。

[[email protected] mapper]# cd /dev/mapper/

[[email protected] mapper]# ls

control  mpatha  mpathap1

同时fdisk –l的命令下也多了两个设备标识：

没有配置多路径时：

[[email protected]~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 146.8 GB, 146815733760 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 17849 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x000a6cdd

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sda1   *           1          26      204800   83  Linux

Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda2              26         287     2097152   82  Linux swap / Solaris

Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda3             287       17850   141071360   83  Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 3774 MB, 3774873600 bytes

117 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 7254 * 512 = 3714048 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 65536 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xac956c3a

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sdb1               1        1016     3685001   83  Linux

Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.

Disk /dev/sde: 3774 MB, 3774873600 bytes

117 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 7254 * 512 = 3714048 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 65536 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xac956c3a

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sde1               1        1016     3685001   83  Linux

Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.

两个CAN网卡获取到同一盘符：

/dev/sde和/dev/sdb.

配置后多了/dev/mapper/mpatha和/dev/mapper/mpathap1：

[[email protected] mapper]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 146.8 GB, 146815733760 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 17849 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x000a6cdd

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sda1   *           1          26      204800   83  Linux

Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda2              26         287     2097152   82  Linux swap / Solaris

Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda3             287       17850   141071360   83  Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 3774 MB, 3774873600 bytes

117 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 7254 * 512 = 3714048 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 65536 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xac956c3a

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sdb1               1        1016     3685001   83  Linux

Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.

Disk /dev/sde: 3774 MB, 3774873600 bytes

117 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 7254 * 512 = 3714048 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 65536 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xac956c3a

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sde1               1        1016     3685001   83  Linux

Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.

Disk /dev/mapper/mpatha: 3774 MB, 3774873600 bytes

117 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 7254 * 512 = 3714048 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 65536 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xac956c3a

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/mapper/mpathap1               1        1016     3685001   83  Linux

Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.

Disk /dev/mapper/mpathap1: 3773 MB, 3773441024 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 458 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 65536 bytes

Alignment offset: 1024 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00000000

Disk /dev/mapper/mpathap1 doesn‘t contain a valid partition table

# multipath -F #删除现有路径  两个新的路径就会被删除
# multipath -v2 #格式化路径   格式化后又出现

3. multipath磁盘的基本操作

要对多路径软件生成的磁盘进行操作直接操作/dev/mapper/目录下的磁盘就行.

在对多路径软件生成的磁盘进行分区之前最好运行一下pvcreate命令:

# pvcreate /dev/mapper/mpatha

# fdisk /dev/mapper/mpatha  分区时用这个目录/dev/mapper/mpatha

用fdisk对多路径软件生成的磁盘进行分区保存时会有一个报错,此报错不用理会.

# ls -l /dev/mapper/

[[email protected] mnt]#  ls -l /dev/mapper/

total 0

crw-rw----. 1 root root 10, 58 Mar 10 19:10 control

lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      7 Mar 10 20:28 mpatha -> ../dm-0

lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      7 Mar 10 20:33 mpathap1 -> ../dm-1

的mpathap1就是我们对multipath磁盘进行的分区

# mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/mpathap1 #对mpath1p1分区格式化成ext4文件系统

# mount /dev/mapper/mpathap1 /mnt/ #挂载mpathap1分区

格式化和挂载时用/dev/mapper/mpathap1 

4. 分区磁盘：

上面有提到分区时用目录/dev/mapper/mpatha

[[email protected]~]# fdisk /dev/mapper/mpatha

Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel

Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xac956c3a.

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

After that, of course, the previous content won‘t be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It‘s strongly recommended to

switch off the mode (command ‘c‘) and change display units to

sectors (command ‘u‘).

Command (m for help): n------------------------新建分区

Command action

e   extended

p   primary partition (1-4)

p-----------------------------主分区

Partition number (1-4): 1

First cylinder (1-1016, default 1):

Using default value 1

Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1016, default 1016):

Using default value 1016

Command (m for help): w ---------------------写入列表相当于保存

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

注：如果同一台设备的两个node挂同样的盘符，另一个盘符还需要再次写入w就行。不需要n了。

5. 格式化：

[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/mpathap1

mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

/dev/sdd1 alignment is offset by 1024 bytes.

This may result in very poor performance, (re)-partitioning suggested.

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=1 blocks, Stripe width=16 blocks

230608 inodes, 921250 blocks

46062 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=943718400

29 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

7952 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (16384 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 33 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

6. 挂载 /dev/mapper/mpathap1 到 /mnt

[[email protected] ~]# mount  /dev/mapper/mpathap1  /mnt

三、multipath的高级配置之前的配置都是用multipath的默认配置来完成multipath，比如映射设备的名称，multipath负载均衡的方法都是默认设置。那有没有按照我们自己定义的方法来配置multipath呢，答案是OK。

1、multipath.conf文件的配置

接下来的工作就是要编辑/etc/multipath.conf的配置文件

multipath.conf主要包括blacklist、multipaths、devices三部份的配置

blacklist配置

blacklist {

devnode "^sda"

}

Multipaths部分配置multipaths和devices两部份的配置。

multipaths {

multipath {

wwid **************** #此值multipath -v3可以看到

alias iscsi-dm0 #映射后的别名,可以随便取

path_grouping_policy multibus #路径组策略

path_checker tur #决定路径状态的方法

path_selector "round-robin 0" #选择那条路径进行下一个IO操作的方法

}

}

Devices部分配置

devices {

device {

vendor "iSCSI-Enterprise" #厂商名称

product "Virtual disk" #产品型号

path_grouping_policy multibus #默认的路径组策略

getuid_callout "/sbin/scsi_id -g -u -s /block/%n" #获得唯一设备号使用的默认程序

prio_callout      "/sbin/acs_prio_alua %d" #获取有限级数值使用的默认程序

path_checker readsector0 #决定路径状态的方法

path_selector "round-robin 0" #选择那条路径进行下一个IO操作的方法

failback        immediate #故障恢复的模式

   no_path_retry      queue #在disable queue之前系统尝试使用失效路径的次数的数值

  rr_min_io       100 #在当前的用户组中，在切换到另外一条路径之前的IO请求的数目

}

}

下面是相关参数的标准文档的介绍：

Attribute	Description
wwid	Specifies the WWID of the multipath device to which themultipath attributes apply. This parameter is mandatory for this section of themultipath.conf file.
alias	Specifies the symbolic name for the multipath device to which themultipath attributes apply. If you are usinguser_friendly_names, do not set this value tompathn; this may conflict with an automatically assigned user friendly name and give you incorrect device node names.
path_grouping_policy	Specifies the default path grouping policy to apply to unspecified multipaths. Possible values include: failover = 1 path per priority group multibus = all valid paths in 1 priority group group_by_serial = 1 priority group per detected serial number group_by_prio = 1 priority group per path priority value group_by_node_name = 1 priority group per target node name
path_selector	Specifies the default algorithm to use in determining what path to use for the next I/O operation. Possible values include: round-robin 0: Loop through every path in the path group, sending the same amount of I/O to each. queue-length 0: Send the next bunch of I/O down the path with the least number of outstanding I/O requests. service-time 0: Send the next bunch of I/O down the path with the shortest estimated service time, which is determined by dividing the total size of the outstanding I/O to each path by its relative throughput.
failback	Manages path group failback. A value of immediate specifies immediate failback to the highest priority path group that contains active paths. A value of manual specifies that there should not be immediate failback but that failback can happen only with operator intervention. A value of followover specifies that automatic failback should be performed when the first path of a path group becomes active. This keeps a node from automatically failing back when another node requested the failover. A numeric value greater than zero specifies deferred failback, expressed in seconds.
prio	Specifies the default function to call to obtain a path priority value. For example, the ALUA bits in SPC-3 provide an exploitableprio value. Possible values include: const: Set a priority of 1 to all paths. emc: Generate the path priority for EMC arrays. alua: Generate the path priority based on the SCSI-3 ALUA settings. tpg_pref: Generate the path priority based on the SCSI-3 ALUA settings, using the preferred port bit. ontap: Generate the path priority for NetApp arrays. rdac: Generate the path priority for LSI/Engenio RDAC controller. hp_sw: Generate the path priority for Compaq/HP controller in active/standby mode. hds: Generate the path priority for Hitachi HDS Modular storage arrays.
no_path_retry	A numeric value for this attribute specifies the number of times the system should attempt to use a failed path before disabling queueing. A value of fail indicates immediate failure, without queueing. A value of queue indicates that queueing should not stop until the path is fixed.
rr_min_io	Specifies the number of I/O requests to route to a path before switching to the next path in the current path group. This setting is only for systems running kernels older that 2.6.31. Newer systems should userr_min_io_rq. The default value is 1000.
rr_min_io_rq	Specifies the number of I/O requests to route to a path before switching to the next path in the current path group, using request-based device-mapper-multipath. This setting should be used on systems running current kernels. On systems running kernels older than 2.6.31, use rr_min_io. The default value is 1.
rr_weight	If set to priorities, then instead of sending rr_min_iorequests to a path before calling path_selector to choose the next path, the number of requests to send is determined byrr_min_io times the path‘s priority, as determined by theprio function. If set to uniform, all path weights are equal.
flush_on_last_del	If set to yes, then multipath will disable queueing when the last path to a device has been deleted.

在我本地的一个完整的高级配置如下：

[[email protected] ~]# vi /etc/multipath.conf

blacklist {

devnode "^sda"

}

multipaths {

multipath {

wwid       360a98000646650724434697454546156

alias      mpathb_fcoe

path_grouping_policy    multibus

#path_checker            "directio"

prio                    "random"

path_selector           "round-robin 0"

}

}

devices {

device {

vendor     "NETAPP"

product    "LUN"

getuid_callout       "/lib/udev/scsi_id --whitelisted --device=/dev/%n"

#path_checker    "directio"

#path_selector             "round-robin 0"

failback             immediate

no_path_retry fail

}

}

其中 wwid，vendor，product， getuid_callout这些参数可以通过：multipath -v3命令来获取。如果在/etc/multipath.conf中有设定各wwid 别名,别名会覆盖此设定。

四、负载均衡测试：

可以使用dd命令来对设备进行读写操作，并同时通过iostat来查看I／0状态，流量从哪个路径出去：

DD命令：dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/1Gfile bs=8k count=131072    在上面我们已经把磁盘挂载在/MNT文件夹下所以我们在读写磁盘时直接对/mnt文件夹直接读写就可以了。

如果想对磁盘重复读写可以用如下语句：

[[email protected] ~]# for ((i=1;i<=5;i++));do dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/1Gfile bs=8k count=131072 2>&1|grep MB;done; ---重复读写5次这个值可以根据自己测试需求修改。

 

另一个控制台输入iostat 2 10查看IO读写状态：

 

可以看到sdc和sdd是两个多路径的盘符，流量均匀的负载在两条路径中，负载均衡很成功。

五、路径冗余备份测试

将其中一条路径的端口down掉，所有流量会直接切换到另一个路径中。