pythonos.system() & os.popen() 在 python 执行 cmd 指令

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先说总结

os.system:获取程序执行命令的返回值。
os.popen: 获取程序执行命令的输出结果。
commands:获取返回值和命令的输出结果。

1 os.system()

这个方法是直接调用标准C的system() 函数,仅仅在一个子终端运行系统命令,而不能获取命令执行后的返回信息,但是会在python终端中打印输出。

os.system(cmd)的返回值。os.system(cmd)的返回值只会有0(成功),1,2。
如果执行成功,那么会返回0,表示命令执行成功。否则,则是执行错误。

脚本退出码

参考:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36380748/article/details/106787911
可以自己设定 sh 脚本,在脚本中插入返回码,这样就不会返回 0 了,而是返回码。

#!/bin/bash
 
echo "hello world!"
 
exit 1

我们使用os.system()执行脚本:

 
>>> import os
>>> cmd='./test.sh'
>>> mm=os.system(cmd)
hello world!
>>> print (mm)
256

可以看到shell脚本执行完成后,返回的值是256,但是跟我们实际想要的值不一样:

os.system的返回值并不是执行程序的返回结果。而是一个16位的数,它的高位才是返回码。也就是说os.system()返回256即 0×0100,返回码应该是其高位0×01即1。

使用os.system返回值是脚本的退出状态码,该方法在调用完shell脚本后,返回一个16位的二进制数,低位为杀死所调用脚本的信号号码,高位为脚本的退出状态码。

os.system()返回值为0 linux命令返回值也为0。一般来说,返回 0 表示运行成功。

os.system()返回值为256,十六位二进制数示为:00000001,00000000,高八位转成十进制为 1 对应 linux命令返回值 1。

os.system()返回值为512,十六位二进制数示为:00000010,00000000,高八位转成十进制为 2 对应 linux命令返回值 2。

2 os.popen()

os.popen()方法不仅执行命令而且返回执行后的信息对象(常用于需要获取执行命令后的返回信息),是通过一个管道文件将结果返回。通过 os.popen() 返回的是 file read 的对象,对其进行读取 read() 的操作可以看到执行的输出。
os.popen(cmd)会把执行的cmd的输出作为值返回。

import os
result = os.popen('cat /etc/passwd')
print(result.read())

对比不同

def ping2(host, n):
    cmd = "ping   ".format(
        "-n" if sys.platform.lower() == "win32" else "-c",
        n,
        host,
    )
    return cmd, os.system(cmd)
    
def ping3(host, n):
    cmd = "ping   ".format(
        "-n" if sys.platform.lower() == "win32" else "-c",
        n,
        host,
    )
    return cmd, os.popen(cmd)


探究 ping3 输出的那个到底是啥:

3 commands 模块

import commands
status = commands.getstatus('cat /etc/passwd')
print(status)
output = commands.getoutput('cat /etc/passwd')
print(output)
(status, output) = commands.getstatusoutput('cat /etc/passwd')
print(status, output)

os.system() 返回结果大全

code 0 : succcessful
"OS error code   1:  Operation not permitted"
 "OS error code   2:  No such file or directory"
 "OS error code   3:  No such process"
 "OS error code   4:  Interrupted system call"
 "OS error code   5:  Input/output error"
 "OS error code   6:  No such device or address"
 "OS error code   7:  Argument list too long"
 "OS error code   8:  Exec format error"
 "OS error code   9:  Bad file descriptor"
 "OS error code  10:  No child processes"
 "OS error code  11:  Resource temporarily unavailable"
 "OS error code  12:  Cannot allocate memory"
 "OS error code  13:  Permission denied"
 "OS error code  14:  Bad address"
 "OS error code  15:  Block device required"
 "OS error code  16:  Device or resource busy"
 "OS error code  17:  File exists"
 "OS error code  18:  Invalid cross-device link"
 "OS error code  19:  No such device"
 "OS error code  20:  Not a directory"
 "OS error code  21:  Is a directory"
 "OS error code  22:  Invalid argument"
 "OS error code  23:  Too many open files in system"
 "OS error code  24:  Too many open files"
 "OS error code  25:  Inappropriate ioctl for device"
 "OS error code  26:  Text file busy"
 "OS error code  27:  File too large"
 "OS error code  28:  No space left on device"
 "OS error code  29:  Illegal seek"
 "OS error code  30:  Read-only file system"
 "OS error code  31:  Too many links"
 "OS error code  32:  Broken pipe"
 "OS error code  33:  Numerical argument out of domain"
 "OS error code  34:  Numerical result out of range"
 "OS error code  35:  Resource deadlock avoided"
 "OS error code  36:  File name too long"
 "OS error code  37:  No locks available"
 "OS error code  38:  Function not implemented"
 "OS error code  39:  Directory not empty"
 "OS error code  40:  Too many levels of symbolic links"
 "OS error code  42:  No message of desired type"
 "OS error code  43:  Identifier removed"
 "OS error code  44:  Channel number out of range"
 "OS error code  45:  Level 2 not synchronized"
 "OS error code  46:  Level 3 halted"
 "OS error code  47:  Level 3 reset"
 "OS error code  48:  Link number out of range"
 "OS error code  49:  Protocol driver not attached"
 "OS error code  50:  No CSI structure available"
 "OS error code  51:  Level 2 halted"
 "OS error code  52:  Invalid exchange"
 "OS error code  53:  Invalid request descriptor"
 "OS error code  54:  Exchange full"
 "OS error code  55:  No anode"
 "OS error code  56:  Invalid request code"
 "OS error code  57:  Invalid slot"
 "OS error code  59:  Bad font file format"
 "OS error code  60:  Device not a stream"
 "OS error code  61:  No data available"
 "OS error code  62:  Timer expired"
 "OS error code  63:  Out of streams resources"
 "OS error code  64:  Machine is not on the network"
 "OS error code  65:  Package not installed"
 "OS error code  66:  Object is remote"
 "OS error code  67:  Link has been severed"
 "OS error code  68:  Advertise error"
 "OS error code  69:  Srmount error"
 "OS error code  70:  Communication error on send"
 "OS error code  71:  Protocol error"
 "OS error code  72:  Multihop attempted"
 "OS error code  73:  RFS specific error"
 "OS error code  74:  Bad message"
 "OS error code  75:  Value too large for defined data type"
 "OS error code  76:  Name not unique on network"
 "OS error code  77:  File descriptor in bad state"
 "OS error code  78:  Remote address changed"
 "OS error code  79:  Can not access a needed shared library"
 "OS error code  80:  Accessing a corrupted shared library"
 "OS error code  81:  .lib section in a.out corrupted"
 "OS error code  82:  Attempting to link in too many shared libraries"
 "OS error code  83:  Cannot exec a shared library directly"
 "OS error code  84:  Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character"
 "OS error code  85:  Interrupted system call should be restarted"
 "OS error code  86:  Streams pipe error"
 "OS error code  87:  Too many users"
 "OS error code  88:  Socket operation on non-socket"
 "OS error code  89:  Destination address required"
 "OS error code  90:  Message too long"
 "OS error code  91:  Protocol wrong type for socket"
 "OS error code  92:  Protocol not available"
 "OS error code  93:  Protocol not supported"
 "OS error code  94:  Socket type not supported"
 "OS error code  95:  Operation not supported"
 "OS error code  96:  Protocol family not supported"
 "OS error code  97:  Address family not supported by protocol"
 "OS error code  98:  Address already in use"
 "OS error code  99:  Cannot assign requested address"
 "OS error code 100:  Network is down"
 "OS error code 101:  Network is unreachable"
 "OS error code 102:  Network dropped connection on reset"
 "OS error code 103:  Software caused connection abort"
 "OS error code 104:  Connection reset by peer"
 "OS error code 105:  No buffer space available"
 "OS error code 106:  Transport endpoint is already connected"
 "OS error code 107:  Transport endpoint is not connected"
 "OS error code 108:  Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown"
 "OS error code 109:  Too many references: cannot splice"
 "OS error code 110:  Connection timed out"
 "OS error code 111:  Connection refused"
 "OS error code 112:  Host is down"
 "OS error code 113:  No route to host"
 "OS error code 114:  Operation already in progress"
 "OS error code 115:  Operation now in progress"
 "OS error code 116:  Stale NFS file handle"
 "OS error code 117:  Structure needs cleaning"
 "OS error code 118:  Not a XENIX named type file"
 "OS error code 119:  No XENIX semaphores available"
 "OS error code 120:  Is a named type file"
 "OS error code 121:  Remote I/O error"
 "OS error code 122:  Disk quota exceeded"
 "OS error code 123:  No medium found"
 "OS error code 124:  Wrong medium type"
 "OS error code 125:  Operation canceled"
 "OS error code 126:  Required key not available"
 "OS error code 127:  Key has expired"
 "OS error code 128:  Key has been revoked"
 "OS error code 129:  Key was rejected by service"
 "OS error code 130:  Owner died"
 "OS error code 131:  State not recoverable"

参考文献:
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_39426934/article/details/85559644?utm_medium=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task-blog-2defaultbaidujs_baidulandingword~default-1-85559644-blog-106787911.pc_relevant_recovery_v2&spm=1001.2101.3001.4242.2&utm_relevant_index=4

浅谈网络I/O多路复用模型 select & poll & epoll

我们首先需要知道selectpollepoll都是IO多路复用的机制。I/O多路复用就通过一种机制,可以监视多个描述符,一旦某个描述符就绪(一般是读就绪或者写就绪),能够通知程序进行相应的读写操作。但selectpollepoll本质上都是同步I/O,因为他们都需要在读写事件就绪后自己负责进行读写,也就是说这个读写过程是阻塞的。

select的基本用法:http://blog.csdn.net/nk_test/article/details/49256129

poll的基本用法:http://blog.csdn.net/nk_test/article/details/49283325

epoll的基本用法:http://blog.csdn.net/nk_test/article/details/49331717

接下来我们探讨如何正确使用non-blocking I/O Multiplexing + poll/epoll。

先来说几个常见的问题:

1.SIGPIPE信号的产生和处理

如果客户端使用close关闭套接字,而服务器端调用了一次write,服务器会接收一个RST segmentTCP传输层); 如果服务器再次调用write,这个时候就会产生SIGPIPE信号,如果不忽略,就会默认退出程序,显然是不满足服务器的高可用性。可以在程序中直接忽略掉,如 signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN)。

2.TIME_WAIT 状态对 服务器的影响

应尽可能避免在服务端出现TIME_WAIT状态。如果服务器主动断开连接(先于client调用close),服务端就会进入TIME_WAIT状态,内核会hold住一些资源,大大降低服务器的并发能力。解决方法:协议设计上,应该让客户端主动断开连接,这样就可以把TIME_WAIT状态分散到大量的客户端。如果客户端不活跃了,一些恶意的客户端不断开连接,这样就会占用服务器端的连接资源。所以服务端也要有机制来踢掉不活跃的连接。

3.新的accept4系统调用

多了flags参数,可以设置以下两个标志:

 int accept4(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen, int flags);

SOCK_NONBLOCK   Set the O_NONBLOCK file status flag on the new open file description.  Using this flag saves  extra  calls to fcntl(2) to achieve the same result.

 SOCK_CLOEXEC    Set  the close-on-exec (FD_CLOEXEC) flag on the new file descriptor.  See the description of the O_CLOEXEC  flag in open(2) for reasons why this may be useful.
进程被替换时,文件描述符是关闭的状态,用来设置返回的已连接套接字,也可以使用fcntl设置,但是效率稍微低一些。

4.accept(2)返回EMFILE的处理(文件描述符已经用完)

(1)调高进程文件描述符数目
(2)死等
(3)退出程序
(4)关闭监听套接字。那什么时候重新打开呢?
(5)如果是epoll模型,可以改用edge trigger。问题是如果漏掉了一次accept(2),程序再也不会收到新连接(没有状态变化)
(6)准备一个空闲的文件描述符。遇到这种情况,先关闭这个空闲文件,获得一个文件描述符名额;再accept(2)拿到socket连接的文件描述符;随后立刻close(2),这样就优雅地断开了与客户端的连接;最后重新打开空闲文件,把“坑”填上,以备再次出现这种情况时使用。

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