Web 框架本质解析

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一  Web框架本质

1. 自己开发Web框架
    - socket
    - http协议
    - html知识
    - 数据库(pymysql,SQLAlchemy)
 
HTTP:
    无状态、短连接
     
TCP:
    不断开
     
WEB应用(网站):
    Http协议:
        发送:
            POST /index HTTP/1.1
            Host: 127.0.0.1:8080
            Connection: keep-alive
            Cache-Control: max-age=0
            Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
            User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/44.0.2403.89 Safari/537.36
            HTTPS: 1
            Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch
            Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8
            Cookie: csrftoken=hNmu2JOtntGMN0hSRSPmMQk2newEb3o8zb6pXW5Cc3m54IaA5VlTkUvqWsFezpni
 
 
            p=123
         
        响应:
            200 OK
            Cache-Control:public, max-age=15
            Connection:keep-alive
            Content-Encoding:gzip
            Content-Type:text/html; charset=utf-8
            Date:Wed, 14 Jun 2017 01:21:17 GMT
            Expires:Wed, 14 Jun 2017 01:21:33 GMT
            Last-Modified:Wed, 14 Jun 2017 01:21:03 GMT
            Transfer-Encoding:chunked
            Vary:Accept-Encoding
            X-Frame-Options:SAMEORIGIN
            X-UA-Compatible:IE=10
                     
             
             
            用户在页面看到的内容“字符串”(看到页面效果,由于浏览器解析)
             
 
    浏览器(socket客户端)
        2. www.cnblogs.com(42.121.252.58,80)
            sk.socket()
            sk.connect((42.121.252.58,80))
             
            sk.send(\'我想要xx\')
        5. 接收
        6. 连接断开
         
         
         
    博客园(socket服务端)
        1. 监听ip和端口(42.121.252.58,80while True:
                用户 = 等待用户连接
                3. 收到\'我想要xx\'
                4. 响应:“好”
                用户断开
     
     
 
    import socket
 
    sock = socket.socket()
    sock.bind((\'127.0.0.1\',8080))
    sock.listen(5)
 
    while True:
        conn,addr = sock.accept() # hang住
        # 有人来连接了
        # 获取用户发送的数据
        data = conn.recv(8096)
        conn.send(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\\r\\n\\r\\n")
        conn.send(b\'123123\')
        conn.close()
 
     
     
    1. Http,无状态,短连接
    2.
        浏览器(socket客户端)
        网站(socket服务端)
         
    3. 自己写网站
        a. socket服务端
        b. 根据URL不同返回不同的内容
            路由系统:
                URL -> 函数
        c. 字符串返回给用户
            模板引擎渲染:
                HTML充当模板(特殊字符)
                自己创造任意数据
            字符串
             
    4. Web框架:
        框架种类:
            - a,b,c                  --> Tornado
            - [第三方a],b,c          --> wsgiref -> Django
            - [第三方a],b,[第三方c]  --> flask,
             
        分类:
            - Django框架(Web。。。。。。)
            - 其他
web 框架本质

众所周知,对于所有的Web应用,本质上其实就是一个socket服务端,用户的浏览器其实就是一个socket客户端。

import socket
   
def handle_request(client):
    buf = client.recv(1024)
    client.send("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\\r\\n\\r\\n")
    client.send("Hello, Seven")
   
def main():
    sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
    sock.bind((\'localhost\',8000))
    sock.listen(5)
   
    while True:
        connection, address = sock.accept()
        handle_request(connection)
        connection.close()
   
if __name__ == \'__main__\':
    main()

 

上述通过socket来实现了其本质,而对于真实开发中的python web程序来说,一般会分为两部分:服务器程序应用程序

服务器程序负责对socket服务器进行封装,并在请求到来时,对请求的各种数据进行整理。

应用程序则负责具体的逻辑处理。

为了方便应用程序的开发,就出现了众多的Web框架,例如:Django、Flask、web.py 等。

不同的框架有不同的开发方式,但是无论如何,开发出的应用程序都要和服务器程序配合,才能为用户提供服务。这样,服务器程序就需要为不同的框架提供不同的支持。

这样混乱的局面无论对于服务器还是框架,都是不好的。对服务器来说,需要支持各种不同框架,对框架来说,只有支持它的服务器才能被开发出的应用使用。这时候,标准化就变得尤为重要。

我们可以设立一个标准,只要服务器程序支持这个标准,框架也支持这个标准,那么他们就可以配合使用。

一旦标准确定,双方各自实现。这样,服务器可以支持更多支持标准的框架,框架也可以使用更多支持标准的服务器。

WSGI(Web Server Gateway Interface)是一种规范,它定义了使用python编写的web app与web server之间接口格式,实现web app与web server间的解耦。

python标准库提供的独立WSGI服务器称为wsgiref。

from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
  
  
def RunServer(environ, start_response):
    start_response(\'200 OK\', [(\'Content-Type\', \'text/html\')])
    return [bytes(\'<h1>Hello, web!</h1>\', encoding=\'utf-8\'), ]
  
  
if __name__ == \'__main__\':
    httpd = make_server(\'\', 8000, RunServer)
    print("Serving HTTP on port 8000...")
    httpd.serve_forever()

 

二  自定义Web框架

框架

通过python标准库提供的wsgiref模块开发一个自己的Web框架

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
  
def index():
    return \'index\'
  
def login():
    return \'login\'
  
def routers():
      
    urlpatterns = (
        (\'/index/\',index),
        (\'/login/\',login),
    )
      
    return urlpatterns
  
def RunServer(environ, start_response):
    start_response(\'200 OK\', [(\'Content-Type\', \'text/html\')])
    url = environ[\'PATH_INFO\']
    urlpatterns = routers()
    func = None
    for item in urlpatterns:
        if item[0] == url:
            func = item[1]
            break
    if func:
        return func()
    else:
        return \'404 not found\'
      
if __name__ == \'__main__\':
    httpd = make_server(\'\', 8000, RunServer)
    print "Serving HTTP on port 8000..."
    httpd.serve_forever()

 

模板引擎

在上一步骤中,对于所有的login、index均返回给用户浏览器一个简单的字符串,在现实的Web请求中一般会返回一个复杂的符合HTML规则的字符串,所以我们一般将要返回给用户的HTML写在指定文件中,然后再返回。如:

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Index</h1>
 
</body>
</html>

 

login.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <form>
        <input type="text" />
        <input type="text" />
        <input type="submit" />
    </form>
</body>
</html>

 

 

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
  
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
  
  
def index():
    # return \'index\'
    f = open(\'index.html\')
    data = f.read()
    return data
  
  
def login():
    # return \'login\'
    f = open(\'login.html\')
    data = f.read()
    return data
  
  
def routers():
  
    urlpatterns = (
        (\'/index/\', index),
        (\'/login/\', login),
    )
  
    return urlpatterns
  
  
def run_server(environ, start_response):
    start_response(\'200 OK\', [(\'Content-Type\', \'text/html\')])
    url = environ[\'PATH_INFO\']
    urlpatterns = routers()
    func = None
    for item in urlpatterns:
        if item[0] == url:
            func = item[1]
            break
    if func:
        return func()
    else:
        return \'404 not found\'
  
  
if __name__ == \'__main__\':
    httpd = make_server(\'\', 8000, run_server)
    print "Serving HTTP on port 8000..."
    httpd.serve_forever()

 

对于上述代码,虽然可以返回给用户HTML的内容以现实复杂的页面,但是还是存在问题:如何给用户返回动态内容?

  • 1)自定义一套特殊的语法,进行替换
  • 2)使用开源工具jinja2,遵循其指定语法

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>{{name}}</h1>
 
    <ul>
        {% for item in user_list %}
        <li>{{item}}</li>
        {% endfor %}
    </ul>
 
</body>
</html>

 

 

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
  
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
from jinja2 import Template
  
  
def index():
    # return \'index\'
  
    # template = Template(\'Hello {{ name }}!\')
    # result = template.render(name=\'John Doe\')
  
    f = open(\'index.html\')
    result = f.read()
    template = Template(result)
    data = template.render(name=\'John Doe\', user_list=[\'alex\', \'eric\'])
    return data.encode(\'utf-8\')
  
  
def login():
    # return \'login\'
    f = open(\'login.html\')
    data = f.read()
    return data
  
  
def routers():
  
    urlpatterns = (
        (\'/index/\', index),
        (\'/login/\', login),
    )
  
    return urlpatterns
  
  
def run_server(environ, start_response):
    start_response(\'200 OK\', [(\'Content-Type\', \'text/html\')])
    url = environ[\'PATH_INFO\']
    urlpatterns = routers()
    func = None
    for item in urlpatterns:
        if item[0] == url:
            func = item[1]
            break
    if func:
        return func()
    else:
        return \'404 not found\'
  
  
if __name__ == \'__main__\':
    httpd = make_server(\'\', 8000, run_server)
    print "Serving HTTP on port 8000..."
    httpd.serve_forever()

 

遵循jinja2的语法规则,其内部会对指定的语法进行相应的替换,从而达到动态的返回内容,对于模板引擎的本质

三  自己开发web框架

实现静态网站

import socket

def f1(request):
    """
    处理用户请求,并返回相应的内容
    :param request: 用户请求的所有信息
    :return:
    """
    f = open(\'index.fsw\',\'rb\')
    data = f.read()
    f.close()
    return data

def f2(request):
    f = open(\'aricle.tpl\',\'r\',encoding=\'utf-8\')
    data = f.read()
    f.close()
    import time
    ctime = time.time()
    data = data.replace(\'@@sw@@\',str(ctime))
    return bytes(data,encoding=\'utf-8\')

def f3(request):
    import pymysql

    # 创建连接
    conn = pymysql.connect(host=\'127.0.0.1\', port=3306, user=\'root\', passwd=\'\', db=\'db666\')
    cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
    cursor.execute("select id,username,password from userinfo")
    user_list = cursor.fetchall()
    cursor.close()
    conn.close()

    content_list = []
    for row in user_list:
        tp = "<tr><td>%s</td><td>%s</td><td>%s</td></tr>" %(row[\'id\'],row[\'username\'],row[\'password\'])
        content_list.append(tp)
    content = "".join(content_list)


    f = open(\'userlist.html\',\'r\',encoding=\'utf-8\')
    template = f.read()
    f.close()

    # 模板渲染(模板+数据)
    data = template.replace(\'@@sdfsdffd@@\',content)
    return bytes(data,encoding=\'utf-8\')

def f4(request):
    import pymysql

    # 创建连接
    conn = pymysql.connect(host=\'127.0.0.1\', port=3306, user=\'root\', passwd=\'\', db=\'db666\')
    cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
    cursor.execute("select id,username,password from userinfo")
    user_list = cursor.fetchall()
    cursor.close()
    conn.close()

    f = open(\'hostlist.html\',\'r\',encoding=\'utf-8\')
    data = f.read()
    f.close()

    # 基于第三方工具实现的模板渲染
    from jinja2 import Template
    template = Template(data)
    data = template.render(xxxxx=user_list,user=\'sdfsdfsdf\')
    return data.encode(\'utf-8\')


routers = [
    (\'/xxx\', f1),
    (\'/ooo\', f2),
    (\'/userlist.htm\', f3),
    (\'/host.html\', f4),
]


def run():
    sock = socket.socket()
    sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
    sock.bind((\'127.0.0.1\',8080))
    sock.listen(5)

    while True:
        conn,addr = sock.accept() # hang住
        # 有人来连接了
        # 获取用户发送的数据
        data = conn.recv(8096)
        data = str(data,encoding=\'utf-8\')
        headers,bodys = data.split(\'\\r\\n\\r\\n\')
        temp_list = headers.split(\'\\r\\n\')
        method,url,protocal = temp_list[0].split(\' \')
        conn.send(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\\r\\n\\r\\n")

        func_name = None
        for item in routers:
            if item[0] == url:
                func_name = item[1]
                break

        if func_name:
            response = func_name(data)
        else:
            response = b"404"

        conn.send(response)
        conn.close()

if __name__ == \'__main__\':
    run()
s1.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>用户登录</h1>
    <form>
        <p><input type="text" placeholder="用户名" /></p>
        <p><input type="password" placeholder="密码" /></p>
    </form>
</body>
</html>

index.fsw
index.fsw
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <table border="1">
        <thead>
            <tr>
                <th>ID</th>
                <th>用户名</th>
                <th>邮箱</th>
            </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <th>1</th>
                <th>root</th>
                <th>root@qq.com</th>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>
</body>
</html>

aricle.tpl
aricle.tpl

实现动态网站

import socket

def f1(request):
    """
    处理用户请求,并返回相应的内容
    :param request: 用户请求的所有信息
    :return:
    """
    f = open(\'index.fsw\',\'rb\')
    data = f.read()
    f.close()
    return data

def f2(request):
    f = open(\'aricle.tpl\',\'r\',encoding=\'utf-8\')
    data = f.read()
    f.close()
    import time
    ctime = time.time()
    data = data.replace(\'@@sw@@\',str(ctime))
    return bytes(data,encoding=\'utf-8\')

def f3(request):
    import pymysql

    # 创建连接
    conn = pymysql.connect(host=\'127.0.0.1\', port=3306, user=\'root\', passwd=\'\', db=\'db666\')
    cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
    cursor.execute("select id,username,password from userinfo")
    user_list = cursor.fetchall()
    cursor.close()
    conn.close()

    content_list = []
    for row in user_list:
        tp = "<tr><td>%s</td><td>%s</td><td>%s</td></tr>" %(row[\'id\'],row[\'username\'],row[\'password\'])
        content_list.append(tp)
    content = "".join(content_list)


    f = open(\'userlist.html\',\'r\',encoding=\'utf-8\')
    template = f.read()
    f.close()

    # 模板渲染(模板+数据)
    data = template.replace(\'@@sdfsdffd@@\',content)
    return bytes(data,encoding=\'utf-8\')

def f4(request):
    import pymysql

    # 创建连接
    conn = pymysql.connect(host=\'127.0.0.1\', port=3306, user=\'root\', passwd=\'\', db=\'db666\')
    cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
    cursor.execute("select id,username,password from userinfo")
    user_list = cursor.fetchall()
    cursor.close()
    conn.close()

    f = open(\'hostlist.html\',\'r\',encoding=\'utf-8\')
    data = f.read()
    f.close()

    # 基于第三方工具实现的模板渲染
    from jinja2 import Template
    template = Template(data)
    data = template.render(xxxxx=user_list,user=\'sdfsdfsdf\')
    return data.encode(\'utf-8\')


routers = [
    (\'/xxx\', f1),
    (\'/ooo\', f2),
    (\'/userlist.htm\', f3),
    (\'/host.html\', f4),
]


def run():
    sock = socket.socket()
    sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
    sock.bind((\'127.0.0.1\',8080))
    sock.listen(5)

    while True:
        conn,addr = sock.accept() # hang住
        # 有人来连接了
        # 获取用户发送的数据
        data = conn.recv(8096)
        data = str(data,encoding=\'utf-8\')
        headers,bodys = data.split(\'\\r\\n\\r\\n\')
        temp_list = headers.split(\'\\r\\n\')
        method,url,protocal = temp_list[0].split(\' \')
        conn.send(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\\r\\n\\r\\n")

        func_name = None
        for item in routers:
            if item[0] == url:
                func_name = item[1]
                break

        if func_name:
            response = func_name(data)
        else:
            response = b"web框架本质及Django的安装

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