上一篇文章对工作队列原理以及核心数据结构做了简单介绍，本文重点介绍下workqueue的创建以及worker的管理。
一、工作队列的创建（__alloc_workqueue_key）
struct workqueue_struct *__alloc_workqueue_key(const char *fmt, unsigned int flags, int max_active, struct lock_class_key *key, const char *lock_name, ...) { size_t tbl_size = 0; va_list args; struct workqueue_struct *wq; struct pool_workqueue *pwq; /* allocate wq and format name */ if (flags & WQ_UNBOUND) tbl_size = wq_numa_tbl_len * sizeof(wq->numa_pwq_tbl[0]); /*分配workqueue_struct结构*/ wq = kzalloc(sizeof(*wq) + tbl_size, GFP_KERNEL); if (!wq) return NULL; if (flags & WQ_UNBOUND) { wq->unbound_attrs = alloc_workqueue_attrs(GFP_KERNEL); if (!wq->unbound_attrs) goto err_free_wq; } /*格式化名称*/ va_start(args, lock_name); vsnprintf(wq->name, sizeof(wq->name), fmt, args); va_end(args); max_active = max_active ?: WQ_DFL_ACTIVE; max_active = wq_clamp_max_active(max_active, flags, wq->name); /* init wq */ wq->flags = flags; wq->saved_max_active = max_active; mutex_init(&wq->mutex); atomic_set(&wq->nr_pwqs_to_flush, 0); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&wq->pwqs); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&wq->flusher_queue); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&wq->flusher_overflow); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&wq->maydays); lockdep_init_map(&wq->lockdep_map, lock_name, key, 0); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&wq->list); if (alloc_and_link_pwqs(wq) < 0) goto err_free_wq; /* * Workqueues which may be used during memory reclaim should * have a rescuer to guarantee forward progress. */ if (flags & WQ_MEM_RECLAIM) { struct worker *rescuer; rescuer = alloc_worker(); if (!rescuer) goto err_destroy; rescuer->rescue_wq = wq; rescuer->task = kthread_create(rescuer_thread, rescuer, "%s", wq->name); if (IS_ERR(rescuer->task)) { kfree(rescuer); goto err_destroy; } wq->rescuer = rescuer; rescuer->task->flags |= PF_NO_SETAFFINITY; wake_up_process(rescuer->task); } if ((wq->flags & WQ_SYSFS) && workqueue_sysfs_register(wq)) goto err_destroy; /* * wq_pool_mutex protects global freeze state and workqueues list. * Grab it, adjust max_active and add the new @wq to workqueues * list. */ mutex_lock(&wq_pool_mutex); mutex_lock(&wq->mutex); for_each_pwq(pwq, wq) pwq_adjust_max_active(pwq); mutex_unlock(&wq->mutex); list_add(&wq->list, &workqueues); mutex_unlock(&wq_pool_mutex); return wq; err_free_wq: free_workqueue_attrs(wq->unbound_attrs); kfree(wq); return NULL; err_destroy: destroy_workqueue(wq); return NULL; }
该函数主要任务就是通过kzalloc分配一个workqueue_struct结构，然后格式化一个名称，对workqueue进行简单初始化；’接着就调用 和pwd建立关系。我们暂且不考虑WQ_MEM_RECLAIM的情况，那么该函数主要就完成这两个功能。所有的workqueue会链接成一个链表，链表头是 一个全局静态变量
static LIST_HEAD(workqueues); /* PL: list of all workqueues */
本函数比较重要的就是和pwq建立关系了
static int alloc_and_link_pwqs(struct workqueue_struct *wq) { bool highpri = wq->flags & WQ_HIGHPRI; int cpu; /*如果是普通的work_queue*/ if (!(wq->flags & WQ_UNBOUND)) { /*为每个CPU 分配pool_workqueue--pwq*/ wq->cpu_pwqs = alloc_percpu(struct pool_workqueue); if (!wq->cpu_pwqs) return -ENOMEM; /*把pwd和wq链接*/ for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) { struct pool_workqueue *pwq = per_cpu_ptr(wq->cpu_pwqs, cpu); struct worker_pool *cpu_pools = per_cpu(cpu_worker_pools, cpu); init_pwq(pwq, wq, &cpu_pools[highpri]); mutex_lock(&wq->mutex); link_pwq(pwq); mutex_unlock(&wq->mutex); } return 0; } else { return apply_workqueue_attrs(wq, unbound_std_wq_attrs[highpri]); } }
这里先知考虑普通的workqueue，不考虑WQ_UNBOUND。函数通过alloc_percpu为workqueue分配了pool_workqueue变量，然后通过for_each_possible_cpu，对每个CPU进行处理，实际上就是把对应的pool_workqueue和worker_pool通过init_pwq关联起来。如上一篇文章所描述的，worker_pool分为两种：普通的和高优先级的。普通的为第0项，而高优先级的为第一项。建立关联后在通过link_pwq把pwq接入wq的链表中。
二、worker的创建
在创建好workqueue和对应的pwq以及worker_pool后，需要显示的为worker_pool创建worker。核心函数为create_and_start_worker
static int create_and_start_worker(struct worker_pool *pool) { struct worker *worker; mutex_lock(&pool->manager_mutex); /*创建一个属于pool的worker，实际上是创建一个线程*/ worker = create_worker(pool); if (worker) { spin_lock_irq(&pool->lock); /*启动worker，即唤醒线程*/ start_worker(worker); spin_unlock_irq(&pool->lock); } mutex_unlock(&pool->manager_mutex); return worker ? 0 : -ENOMEM; }
注意这里是针对worker_pool创建worker，所以worker_pool作为参数传递进来，而具体执行创建任务的是create_worker函数，且由于有专门的worker manager，故这里给worker_pool增加worker需要加锁。
create_worker函数其实也不复杂，核心任务主要包含以下几个步骤：
- 通过alloc_worker分配一个worker结构，并执行简单的初始化
- 在worker和worker_pool之间建立联系
- 通过kthread_create_on_node创建工作线程，处理函数为worker_thread
- 设置线程优先级
初始状态下是为每个worker_pool创建一个worker。创建好之后通过start_worker启动worker
static void start_worker(struct worker *worker) { worker->flags |= WORKER_STARTED; worker->pool->nr_workers++; worker_enter_idle(worker); wake_up_process(worker->task); }
该函数较简单，首先就更新worker状态为WORKER_STARTED，增加pool中worker统计量；然后通过worker_enter_idle标记worker目前处于idle状态；最后通过wake_up_process唤醒worker。我们看下中间设置idle状态的过程
static void worker_enter_idle(struct worker *worker) { struct worker_pool *pool = worker->pool; if (WARN_ON_ONCE(worker->flags & WORKER_IDLE) || WARN_ON_ONCE(!list_empty(&worker->entry) && (worker->hentry.next || worker->hentry.pprev))) return; /* can‘t use worker_set_flags(), also called from start_worker() */ worker->flags |= WORKER_IDLE; pool->nr_idle++; worker->last_active = jiffies; /* idle_list is LIFO */ list_add(&worker->entry, &pool->idle_list); if (too_many_workers(pool) && !timer_pending(&pool->idle_timer)) mod_timer(&pool->idle_timer, jiffies + IDLE_WORKER_TIMEOUT); /* * Sanity check nr_running. Because wq_unbind_fn() releases * pool->lock between setting %WORKER_UNBOUND and zapping * nr_running, the warning may trigger spuriously. Check iff * unbind is not in progress. */ WARN_ON_ONCE(!(pool->flags & POOL_DISASSOCIATED) && pool->nr_workers == pool->nr_idle && atomic_read(&pool->nr_running)); }
该函数会设置WORKER_IDLE，递增pool的nr_idle计数，然后更新last_active为当前jiffies。接着把worker挂入pool的idle_list的链表头.默认状态下，一个worker在idle状态停留的最长时IDLE_WORKER_TIMEOUT，超过这个时间就要启用管理工作。这里的last_active便是纪录进入idle状态的时间，
三、worker的管理
系统中会根据实际对worker的需要，动态的增删worker。针对idle worker，worker_pool中有个定时器idle_timer，其处理函数为idle_worker_timeout，看下该处理函数
static void idle_worker_timeout(unsigned long __pool) { struct worker_pool *pool = (void *)__pool; spin_lock_irq(&pool->lock); if (too_many_workers(pool)) { struct worker *worker; unsigned long expires; /* idle_list is kept in LIFO order, check the last one ,即最先挂入链表的*/ worker = list_entry(pool->idle_list.prev, struct worker, entry); expires = worker->last_active + IDLE_WORKER_TIMEOUT; /*idleworker每次最多保持idle状态IDLE_WORKER_TIMEOU，当定时器到期时进行检查，如果还未到最长时间，则延迟定时器，否则 *对pool设置管理标志，唤醒线程进行管理 */ if (time_before(jiffies, expires)) mod_timer(&pool->idle_timer, expires);//重置到期时间 else { /* it‘s been idle for too long, wake up manager */ pool->flags |= POOL_MANAGE_WORKERS; wake_up_worker(pool); } } spin_unlock_irq(&pool->lock); }
该函数主要是针对系统中出现太多worker的情况进行处理，如何判定worker太多呢？too_many_workers去完成，具体就是 nr_idle > 2 && (nr_idle - 2) * MAX_IDLE_WORKERS_RATIO >= nr_busy决定，其中MAX_IDLE_WORKERS_RATIO为4。当的确idle worker太多了的时候，取最先挂入idle链表中的worker，判定其处于idle状态的时间是否超时，即超过IDLE_WORKER_TIMEOUT，如果没有超时，则通过mod_timer修改定时器到期时间为该定时器对应的最长idle时间，否则设置pool的POOL_MANAGE_WORKERS状态，唤醒pool中的first worker执行管理工作。在worker的处理函数worker_thread中，通过need_more_worker判断当前是否需要更多的worker，如果不需要，则直接goto到sleep
sleep: if (unlikely(need_to_manage_workers(pool)) && manage_workers(worker)) goto recheck;
need_to_manage_workers就是判断POOL_MANAGE_WORKERS，如果设置了该标志则返回真。 管理worker的核心在manage_workers，其中只有两个关键函数
ret |= maybe_destroy_workers(pool);
ret |= maybe_create_worker(pool);
我们只看maybe_destroy_workers
static bool maybe_destroy_workers(struct worker_pool *pool) { bool ret = false; while (too_many_workers(pool)) { struct worker *worker; unsigned long expires; worker = list_entry(pool->idle_list.prev, struct worker, entry); expires = worker->last_active + IDLE_WORKER_TIMEOUT; if (time_before(jiffies, expires)) { mod_timer(&pool->idle_timer, expires); break; } /*删除最先挂入链表的worker*/ destroy_worker(worker); ret = true; } return ret; }
该函数中会在此通过too_many_workers判断是否有太多worker，如果是，则再次取最后一个worker，检查idle时间，如果没有超时，则修改定时器到期时间，否则通过destroy_worker销毁worker。为什么要这样判断呢？通过对代码的分析，我感觉manage_work不仅负责删除，还负责增加worker，定时器主要是针对idle worker即目的是销毁多余的worker，但是执行管理任务的工作集成到了worker_thread中，因此就worker_thread而言，有可能需要增加、有可能需要删除、还有可能不需要管理。因此这里需要再次判断。
四、work的添加
static inline bool schedule_work(struct work_struct *work) { return queue_work(system_wq, work); } static inline bool queue_work(struct workqueue_struct *wq, struct work_struct *work) { return queue_work_on(WORK_CPU_UNBOUND, wq, work); } bool queue_work_on(int cpu, struct workqueue_struct *wq, struct work_struct *work) { bool ret = false; unsigned long flags; local_irq_save(flags); if (!test_and_set_bit(WORK_STRUCT_PENDING_BIT, work_data_bits(work))) { __queue_work(cpu, wq, work); ret = true; } local_irq_restore(flags); return ret; }
因此主体就是__queue_work，其中一个核心工作就是调用了insert_work
static void insert_work(struct pool_workqueue *pwq, struct work_struct *work, struct list_head *head, unsigned int extra_flags) { struct worker_pool *pool = pwq->pool; /* we own @work, set data and link */ set_work_pwq(work, pwq, extra_flags); list_add_tail(&work->entry, head); get_pwq(pwq); /* * Ensure either wq_worker_sleeping() sees the above * list_add_tail() or we see zero nr_running to avoid workers lying * around lazily while there are works to be processed. */ smp_mb(); /*如果需要更多，则唤醒,主要是判断当前是否有正在运行的worker*/ if (__need_more_worker(pool)) wake_up_worker(pool); }
函数首先调用set_work_pwq把pwd写入到work的data字段，然后把work加入到worker_pool维护的work链表中，在最后判断现在是否需要更多worker，如果需要，则执行唤醒操作。当然是针对当前worker_pool，且唤醒的是worker_pool的第一个worker。其实在queue_work中，为避免work重入，在选定worker_pool的时候会判断该work是否仍在其他worker_pool上运行，如果是，就把该work挂入对应worker_pool的work_list上，
以马内利
参考资料：
LInux 3.10.1源码