linux 命令全名

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su:Swith user  切换用户,切换到root用户
cat: Concatenate  串联
uname: Unix name  系统名称
df: Disk free  空余硬盘
du: Disk usage 硬盘使用率
chown: Change owner 改变所有者
chgrp: Change group 改变用户组
ps:Process Status  进程状态
tar:Tape archive 解压文件
chmod: Change mode 改变模式
umount: Unmount 卸载
ldd:List dynamic dependencies 列出动态相依
insmod:Install module 安装模块
rmmod:Remove module 删除模块
lsmod:List module 列表模块
alias :Create your own name for a command
bash :GNU Bourne-Again Shell  linux内核 
grep:global regular expression print
httpd :Start Apache
ipcalc :Calculate IP information for a host
ping :Send ICMP ECHO_Request to network hosts
reboot: Restart your computer
sudo:Superuser do
 
/bin = BINaries 
/dev = DEVices 
/etc = 存放配置文件的地方。配置文件的目录
       Editable Text Configuration 初期etcetra directory(ETCetera),后来"Editable Text Configuration" 或者 "Extended Tool Chest"。
/opt = Optional application software packages
pwd  =  print working Directory (打印工作目录)。   
/lib = LIBrary 
/proc = PROCesses 
/sbin = Superuser BINaries 
/tmp = TeMPorary 
/usr = Unix Shared Resources 
/var = VARiable ? 是储存各种变化的文件,比如log等等
FIFO = First In, First Out 
GRUB = GRand Unified Bootloader 
IFS = Internal Field Seperators 
LILO = LInux LOader 
mysql = My最初作者的名字SQL = Structured Query Language 
php = Personal Home Page Tools = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor 
PS = Prompt String 
Perl = "Pratical Extraction and Report Language" = "Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister" 
Python Monty Python‘s Flying Circus 
Tcl = Tool Command Language 
Tk = ToolKit 
VT = Video Terminal 
YaST = Yet Another Setup Tool 
apache = "a patchy" server 
apt = Advanced Packaging Tool 
ar = archiver 
as = assembler 
bash = Bourne Again SHell 
bc = Basic (Better) Calculator 
bg = BackGround 
cal = CALendar 
cat = CATenate 
cd = Change Directory 
chgrp = CHange GRouP 
chmod = CHange MODe 
chown = CHange OWNer 
chsh = CHange SHell 
cmp = compare 
cobra = Common Object Request Broker Architecture 
comm = common 
cp = CoPy 
cpio = CoPy In and Out 
cpp = C Pre Processor 
cups = Common Unix Printing System 
cvs = Current Version System 
daemon = Disk And Execution MONitor 
dc = Desk Calculator 
dd = Disk Dump 
df = Disk Free 
diff = DIFFerence 
dmesg = diagnostic message 
du = Disk Usage 
ed = editor 
egrep = Extended GREP 
elf = Extensible Linking Format 
elm = ELectronic Mail 
emacs = Editor MACroS 
eval = EVALuate 
ex = EXtended 
exec = EXECute 
fd = file descriptors 
fg = ForeGround 
fgrep = Fixed GREP 
fmt = format 
fsck = File System ChecK 
fstab = FileSystem TABle 
fvwm = F*** Virtual Window Manager 
gawk = GNU AWK 
gpg = GNU Privacy Guard 
groff = GNU troff 
hal = Hardware Abstraction Layer 
joe = Joe‘s Own Editor 
ksh = Korn SHell 
lame = Lame Ain‘t an MP3 Encoder 
lex = LEXical analyser 
lisp = LISt Processing = Lots of Irritating Superfluous Parentheses 
ln = LiNk 
lpr = Line PRint 
ls = list 
lsof = LiSt Open Files 
m4 = Macro processor Version 4 
man = MANual pages 
mawk = Mike Brennan‘s AWK 
mc = Midnight Commander 
mkfs = MaKe FileSystem 
mknod = MaKe NODe 
motd = Message of The Day 
mozilla = MOsaic GodZILLa 
mtab = Mount TABle 
mv = MoVe 
nano = Nano‘s ANOther editor 
nawk = New AWK 
nl = Number of Lines 
nm = names 
nohup = No HangUP 
nroff = New ROFF 
od = Octal Dump 
passwd = PASSWorD 
pg = pager 
pico = PIne‘s message COmposition editor 
pine = "Program for Internet News & Email" = "Pine is not Elm" 
ping =  Packet InterNet Grouper 
pirntcap = PRINTer CAPability 
popd = POP Directory 
pr = pre 
printf = PRINT Formatted 
ps = Processes Status 
pty = pseudo tty 
pushd = PUSH Directory 
pwd = Print Working Directory 
rc = runcom = run command, shell 
rev = REVerse 
rm = ReMove 
rn = Read News 
roff = RunOFF 
rpm = RPM Package Manager = RedHat Package Manager 
rsh, rlogin, = Remote 
rxvt = ouR XVT 
sed = Stream EDitor 
seq = SEQuence 
shar = SHell ARchive 
slrn = S-Lang rn 
ssh = Secure SHell 
ssl = Secure Sockets Layer 
stty = Set TTY 
su = Substitute User 
svn = SubVersioN 
tar = Tape ARchive 
tcsh = TENEX C shell 
telnet = TEminaL over Network 
termcap = terminal capability 
terminfo = terminal information 
tr = traslate 
troff = Typesetter new ROFF 
tsort = Topological SORT 
tty = TeleTypewriter 
twm = Tom‘s Window Manager 
tz = TimeZone 
udev = Userspace DEV 
ulimit = User‘s LIMIT 
umask = User‘s MASK 
uniq = UNIQue 
vi = VIsual = Very Inconvenient 
vim = Vi IMproved 
wall = write all 
wc = Word Count 
wine = WINE Is Not an Emulator 
xargs = eXtended ARGuments 
xdm = X Display Manager 
xlfd = X Logical Font Description 
xmms = X Multimedia System 
xrdb = X Resources DataBase 
xwd = X Window Dump 
yacc = yet another compiler compiler






/var 包含系统一般运行时要改变的数据。通常这些数据所在的目录的大小是要经常变化或扩充的。原来 /var 目录中有些内容是在 /usr 中的,但为了保持 /usr 目录的相对稳定,就把那些需要经常改变的目录放到 /var 中了。每个系统是特定的,即不通过网络与其他计算机共享。下面列出一些重要的目录 ( 一些不太重要的目录省略了 ) 。 
1. /var/catman : 包括了格式化过的帮助 (man) 页。帮助页的源文件一般存在 /usr/man/catman 中;有些 man 页可能有预格式化的版本,存在 /usr/man/cat 中。而其他的 man 页在第一次看时都需要格式化,格式化完的版本存在 /var/man 中,这样其他人再看相同的页时就无须等待格式化了。 (/var/catman 经常被清除,就像清除临时目录一样。 ) 
2. /var/lib : 存放系统正常运行时要改变的文件。 
3. /var/local : 存放 /usr/local 中安装的程序的可变数据 ( 即系统管理员安装的程序 ) 。注意,如果必要, 
即使本地安装的程序也会使用其他 /var 目录,例如 /var/lock 。 
4. /var/lock : 锁定文件。许多程序遵循在 /var/lock 中产生一个锁定文件的约定,以用来支持他们正在使用某个特定的设备或文件。其他程序注意到这个锁定文件时,就不会再使用这个设备或文件。 
5. /var/log : 各种程序的日志 (log) 文件,尤其是 login (/var/log/wtmplog 纪录所有到系统的登录和注销 ) 和 syslog (/var/log/messages 纪录存储所有核心和系统程序信息 ) 。 /var/log 里的文件经常不确定地增长,应该定期清除。 
6. /var/run : 保存在下一次系统引导前有效的关于系统的信息文件。例如, /var/run/utmp 包含当前登录的用户的信息。 
7. /var/spool : 放置 “ 假脱机 (spool)” 程序的目录,如 mail 、 news 、打印队列和其他队列工作的目录。每个不同的 spool 在 /var/spool 下有自己的子目录,例如,用户的邮箱就存放在 /var/spool/mail 中。 
8. /var/tmp : 比 /tmp 允许更大的或需要存在较长时间的临时文件。注意系统管理员可能不允许 /var/tmp 有很旧的文件。 
  
/etc 文件系统 
/etc 目录包含各种系统配置文件,下面说明其中的一些。其他的你应该知道它们属于哪个程序,并阅读该程序的 man 页。许多网络配置文件也在 /etc 中。 
1. /etc/rc 或 /etc/rc.d 或 /etc/rc?.d : 启动、或改变运行级时运行的脚本或脚本的目录。 
2. /etc/passwd : 用户数据库,其中的域给出了用户名、真实姓名、用户起始目录、加密口令和用户的其他信息。 
3. /etc/fdprm : 软盘参数表,用以说明不同的软盘格式。可用 setfdprm 进行设置。更多的信息见 setfdprm 的帮助页。 
4. /etc/fstab : 指定启动时需要自动安装的文件系统列表。也包括用 swapon -a 启用的 swap 区的信息。 
5. /etc/group : 类似 /etc/passwd ,但说明的不是用户信息而是组的信息。包括组的各种数据。 
6. /etc/inittab : init 的配置文件。 
7. /etc/issue : 包括用户在登录提示符前的输出信息。通常包括系统的一段短说明或欢迎信息。具体内容由系统管理员确定。 
8. /etc/magic : “file” 的配置文件。包含不同文件格式的说明, “file” 基于它猜测文件类型。 
9. /etc/motd : motd 是 message of the day 的缩写,用户成功登录后自动输出。内容由系统管理员确定。常用于通告信息,如计划关机时间的警告等。 
10. /etc/mtab : 当前安装的文件系统列表。由脚本 (scritp) 初始化,并由 mount 命令自动更新。当需要一个当前安装的文件系统的列表时使用 ( 例如 df 命令 ) 。 
11. /etc/shadow : 在安装了影子 (shadow) 口令软件的系统上的影子口令文件。影子口令文件将 /etc/passwd 文件中的加密口令移动到 /etc/shadow 中,而后者只对超级用户 (root) 可读。这使破译口令更困难,以此增加系统的安全性。 
12. /etc/login.defs : login 命令的配置文件。 
13. /etc/printcap : 类似 /etc/termcap ,但针对打印机。语法不同。 
14. /etc/profile 、 /etc/csh.login 、 /etc/csh.cshrc : 登录或启动时 bourne 或 cshells 执行的文件。这允许系统管理员为所有用户建立全局缺省环境。 
15. /etc/securetty : 确认安全终端,即哪个终端允许超级用户 (root) 登录。一般只列出虚拟控制台,这样就不可能 ( 至少很困难 ) 通过调制解调器 (modem) 或网络闯入系统并得到超级用户特权。 
16. /etc/shells : 列出可以使用的 shell 。 chsh 命令允许用户在本文件指定范围内改变登录的 shell 。提供一 
台机器 ftp 服务的服务进程 ftpd 检查用户 shell 是否列在 /etc/shells 文件中,如果不是,将不允许该用户登录。 
17. /etc/termcap : 终端性能数据库。说明不同的终端用什么 “ 转义序列 ” 控制。写程序时不直接输出转义 
序列 ( 这样只能工作于特定品牌的终端 ) ,而是从 /etc/termcap 中查找要做的工作的正确序列。这样,多数的程序可以在多数终端上运行。

 

 

 

命令缩写:

ls:list(列出目录内容)

cd:Change Directory(改变目录)

su:switch user 切换用户
rpm:redhat package manager 红帽子打包管理器
pwd:print work directory 打印当前目录 显示出当前工作目录的绝对路径
ps: process status(进程状态,类似于windows的任务管理器) 常用参数:-auxf
ps -auxf 显示进程状态
df: disk free 其功能是显示磁盘可用空间数目信息及空间结点信息。换句话说,就是报告在任何安装的设备或目录中,还剩多少自由的空间。
rpm: 即RedHat Package Management,是RedHat的发明之一

rmdir:Remove Directory(删除目录)

rm:Remove(删除目录或文件)

cat: concatenate连锁 cat file1 file2>>file3把文件1和文件2的内容联合起来放到file3中
insmod: install module,载入模块
ln -s : link -soft 创建一个软链接,相当于创建一个快捷方式

mkdir:Make Directory(创建目录

touch

man: Manual
pwd:Print working directory
su:Swith user
cd:Change directory
ls:List files
ps:Process Status
mkdir:Make directory
rmdir:Remove directory
mkfs: Make file system
fsck:File system check
cat: Concatenate
uname: Unix name
df: Disk free
du: Disk usage
lsmod: List modules
mv: Move file
rm: Remove file
cp: Copy file
ln: Link files
fg: Foreground
bg: Background
chown: Change owner
chgrp: Change group
chmod: Change mode
umount: Unmount
dd: 本来应根据其功能描述“Convert an copy”命名为“cc”,但“cc”已经被用以代表“C Complier”,所以命名为“dd”
tar:Tape archive
ldd:List dynamic dependencies
insmod:Install module
rmmod:Remove module
lsmod:List module
文件结尾的"rc"(如.bashrc、.xinitrc等):Resource configuration
Knnxxx / Snnxxx(位于rcx.d目录下):K(Kill);S(Service);nn(执行顺序号);xxx(服务标识)
.a(扩展名a):Archive,static library
.so(扩展名so):Shared object,dynamically linked library
.o(扩展名o):Object file,complied result of C/C++ source file
RPM:Red hat package manager
dpkg:Debian package manager
apt:Advanced package tool(Debian或基于Debian的发行版中提供)

部分Linux命令缩

 

bin = BINaries #下面的是一些二进制程序文件

/dev = DEVices  #下面的是一些硬件驱动

/etc = ETCetera #目录存放着各种系统配置文件, 类似于windows下的system

/lib = LIBrary

/proc = PROCesses

/sbin = Superuser BINaries

/tmp = TeMPorary

/usr = Unix Shared Resources 

/var = VARiable ?

/boot=boot #下面的是开机启动文件

FIFO = First In, First Out

GRUB = GRand Unified Bootloader

IFS = Internal Field Seperators

LILO = LInux LOader

MySQL = My是最初作者女儿的名字,SQL = Structured Query Language

PHP = Personal Home Page Tools = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor

PS = Prompt String

Perl = "Pratical Extraction and Report Language" = "Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister"

Python 得名于电视剧Monty Python‘s Flying Circus

Tcl = Tool Command Language

Tk = ToolKit

VT = Video Terminal

YaST = Yet Another Setup Tool

apache = "a patchy" server

apt = Advanced Packaging Tool

ar = archiver

as = assembler

awk = "Aho Weiberger and Kernighan" 三个作者的姓的第一个字母

bash = Bourne Again SHell

bc = Basic (Better) Calculator

bg = BackGround

biff = 作者Heidi Stettner在U.C.Berkely养的一条狗,喜欢对邮递员汪汪叫。

cal = CALendar

cat = CATenate

cd = Change Directory

chgrp = CHange GRouP

chmod = CHange MODe

chown = CHange OWNer

chsh = CHange SHell

cmp = compare

cobra = Common Object Request Broker Architecture

comm = common

cp = CoPy

cpio = CoPy In and Out

cpp = C Pre Processor

cron = Chronos 希腊文时间

cups = Common Unix Printing System

cvs = Current Version System

daemon = Disk And Execution MONitor

dc = Desk Calculator

dd = Disk Dump

df = Disk Free

diff = DIFFerence

dmesg = diagnostic message

du = Disk Usage

ed = editor

egrep = Extended GREP

elf = Extensible Linking Format

elm = ELectronic Mail

emacs = Editor MACroS

eval = EVALuate

ex = EXtended

exec = EXECute

fd = file descriptors

fg = ForeGround

fgrep = Fixed GREP

fmt = format

fsck = File System ChecK

fstab = FileSystem TABle

fvwm = F*** Virtual Window Manager

gawk = GNU AWK

gpg = GNU Privacy Guard

groff = GNU troff

hal = Hardware Abstraction Layer

joe = Joe‘s Own Editor

ksh = Korn SHell

lame = Lame Ain‘t an MP3 Encoder

lex = LEXical analyser

lisp = LISt Processing = Lots of Irritating Superfluous Parentheses

ln = LiNk

lpr = Line PRint

ls = list

lsof = LiSt Open Files

m4 = Macro processor Version 4

man = MANual pages

mawk = Mike Brennan‘s AWK

mc = Midnight Commander

mkfs = MaKe FileSystem

mknod = MaKe NODe

motd = Message of The Day

mozilla = MOsaic GodZILLa

mtab = Mount TABle

mv = MoVe

nano = Nano‘s ANOther editor

nawk = New AWK

nl = Number of Lines

nm = names

nohup = No HangUP

nroff = New ROFF

od = Octal Dump

passwd = PASSWorD

pg = pager

pico = PIne‘s message COmposition editor

pine = "Program for Internet News & Email" = "Pine is not Elm"

ping = 拟声 又 = Packet InterNet Grouper

pirntcap = PRINTer CAPability

popd = POP Directory

pr = pre

printf = PRINT Formatted

ps = Processes Status

pty = pseudo tty

pushd = PUSH Directory

pwd = Print Working Directory

rc = runcom = run command, rc还是plan9的shell

rev = REVerse

rm = ReMove

rn = Read News

roff = RunOFF

rpm = RPM Package Manager = RedHat Package Manager

rsh, rlogin, rvim中的r = Remote

rxvt = ouR XVT

seamoneky = 我

sed = Stream EDitor

seq = SEQuence

shar = SHell ARchive

slrn = S-Lang rn

ssh = Secure SHell

ssl = Secure Sockets Layer

stty = Set TTY

su = Substitute User

svn = SubVersioN

tar = Tape ARchive

tcsh = TENEX C shell

tee = T (T形水管接口)

telnet = TEminaL over Network

termcap = terminal capability

terminfo = terminal information

tex = τ?χνη的缩写,希腊文art

tr = traslate

troff = Typesetter new ROFF

tsort = Topological SORT

tty = TeleTypewriter

twm = Tom‘s Window Manager

tz = TimeZone

udev = Userspace DEV

ulimit = User‘s LIMIT

umask = User‘s MASK

uniq = UNIQue

vi = VIsual = Very Inconvenient

vim = Vi IMproved

wall = write all

wc = Word Count

wine = WINE Is Not an Emulator

xargs = eXtended ARGuments

xdm = X Display Manager

xlfd = X Logical Font Description

xmms = X Multimedia System

xrdb = X Resources DataBase

xwd = X Window Dump

yacc = yet another compiler compiler

Fish = the Friendly Interactive SHell

su = Switch User

MIME = Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

ECMA = European Computer Manufacturers Association








































































































































































































































































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