Linux CentOS 7 磁盘格式化mke2fsmkfs.ext4磁盘挂载及手动增加swap空间
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一、 磁盘格式化
查看系统支持的分区类型： cat /etc/filesystems
[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/filesystems xfs ext4 ext3 ext2 nodev procnodev devpts iso9660 vfat hfs hfsplus* [[email protected] ~]# mountsysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,size=244792k,nr_inodes=61198,mode=755)securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,mode=755)tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=755)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_prio,net_cls)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuacct,cpu)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime)/dev/sda3 on / type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=29,pgrp=1,timeout=300,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct)mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime)debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime)/dev/sda1 on /boot type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)tmpfs on /run/user/0 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=50748k,mode=700)/dev/sdb4 on /mnt type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered) [[email protected] ~]#
/ /boot 都是xfs文件系统
centos 7 xfs
centos 6 ext4
centos 5 ext3
格式化命令mke2fs
mke2fs -t xfs -b 2048 /dev/sdb1
格式化/dev/sdb1 类型为xfs 块大小2048
[[email protected] ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=2048 (log=1)Fragment size=2048 (log=1)Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks305152 inodes, 2440704 blocks122035 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=0Maximum filesystem blocks=271056896149 block groups16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group2048 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104, 2048000Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [[email protected] ~]#
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=4096 (log=2)Fragment size=4096 (log=2)Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks305216 inodes, 1220352 blocks61017 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=0Maximum filesystem blocks=124990259238 block groups32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group8032 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [[email protected] ~]#
blkid 查看没有挂载的分区UUID
[[email protected] ~]# blkid /dev/sda1: UUID="e5344a19-9eec-459c-aa92-91dcb45bcb3e" TYPE="xfs" /dev/sda2: UUID="d2ed2e32-6864-483b-8626-2faa42e9a598" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda3: UUID="ed89722c-3249-4d7d-8d6f-c22416c9267b" TYPE="xfs" /dev/sdb1: UUID="91ab28a1-037e-4aea-8e3c-d9f408b5464c" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="p1" PARTUUID="da815dbc-0437-431d-a2ab-22182868d970" /dev/sdb2: UUID="6cffe72d-a56e-4af6-aeeb-c3ce1aae8330" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="p2" PARTUUID="d51c97c1-263b-406b-ad18-032967f302a1" /dev/sr0: UUID="2017-01-27-21-18-30-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 i686" TYPE="iso9660" /dev/sdb3: UUID="0f1a0771-561d-4882-88c7-71ea3700e64c" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="p3" PARTUUID="24efcacf-98b8-444f-9680-47c24c556fc7" /dev/sdb4: UUID="7306780c-2706-4a34-922e-222fbb740b3e" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="p4" PARTUUID="f30ed796-ed62-47ed-ae0d-aebe25b24703" [[email protected] ~]#
预留磁盘空间改为1%
blocks reserved for the super user
[[email protected] ~]# mke2fs -m 1 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks305216 inodes, 1220352 blocks12203 blocks (1.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0Maximum filesystem blocks=124990259238 block groups32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group8032 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
多少字节对应一个inode
默认大概1:4的关系：
305216 inodes, 1220352 blocks
mke2fs -i 8192 -t ext4 /dev/sdb1
610432 inodes, 1220352 blocks
mkfs.xfs -f /dev/sdb2
[[email protected] ~]# blkid /dev/sda1: UUID="e5344a19-9eec-459c-aa92-91dcb45bcb3e" TYPE="xfs" /dev/sda2: UUID="d2ed2e32-6864-483b-8626-2faa42e9a598" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda3: UUID="ed89722c-3249-4d7d-8d6f-c22416c9267b" TYPE="xfs" /dev/sdb1: UUID="13eb97d6-fd9a-4205-b8a3-026f63a5fb55" TYPE="xfs" PARTLABEL="p1" PARTUUID="da815dbc-0437-431d-a2ab-22182868d970" /dev/sdb2: UUID="5601594d-ef23-4532-b275-1add4c5e0649" TYPE="xfs" PARTLABEL="p2" PARTUUID="d51c97c1-263b-406b-ad18-032967f302a1" /dev/sr0: UUID="2017-01-27-21-18-30-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 i686" TYPE="iso9660" /dev/sdb3: UUID="0f1a0771-561d-4882-88c7-71ea3700e64c" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="p3" PARTUUID="24efcacf-98b8-444f-9680-47c24c556fc7" /dev/sdb4: UUID="7306780c-2706-4a34-922e-222fbb740b3e" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="p4" PARTUUID="f30ed796-ed62-47ed-ae0d-aebe25b24703"
du -sb 可查看原大小
二、 磁盘挂载
mount /dev/sdb4 /mnt
df -h
[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/sdb2 /opt [[email protected] ~]# mount sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,size=244792k,nr_inodes=61198,mode=755)securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,mode=755)tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=755)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_prio,net_cls)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuacct,cpu)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime)/dev/sda3 on / type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=29,pgrp=1,timeout=300,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct)mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime)debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime)/dev/sda1 on /boot type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)tmpfs on /run/user/0 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=50748k,mode=700)/dev/sdb4 on /mnt type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered)/dev/sdb2 on /opt type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota) [[email protected] ~]#
[[email protected] opt]# mount /dev/sdb2 /opt [[email protected] opt]# ls [[email protected] opt]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 28G 960M 27G 4% / devtmpfs 240M 0 240M 0% /dev tmpfs 248M 0 248M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 248M 4.6M 244M 2% /run tmpfs 248M 0 248M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda1 197M 105M 93M 54% /boot tmpfs 50M 0 50M 0% /run/user/0/dev/sdb4 11G 41M 9.9G 1% /mnt /dev/sdb2 2.8G 33M 2.8G 2% /opt [[email protected] opt]# umount /dev/sdb2 [[email protected] opt]# df -hFilesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 28G 960M 27G 4% / devtmpfs 240M 0 240M 0% /dev tmpfs 248M 0 248M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 248M 4.6M 244M 2% /run tmpfs 248M 0 248M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda1 197M 105M 93M 54% /boot tmpfs 50M 0 50M 0% /run/user/0/dev/sdb4 11G 41M 9.9G 1% /mnt [[email protected] opt]
mount -o ro
默认选项：
defaults Use default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async. Note that the real set of the all default mount options depends on kernel and filesystem type. See the begin of this section for more details.
remount Attempt to remount an already-mounted filesystem. This is commonly used to change the mount flags for a filesystem, especially to make a readonly filesystem writable. It does not change device or mount point. The remount functionality follows the standard way how the mount command works with options from fstab. It means the mount command doesn‘t read fstab (or mtab) only when a device and dir are fully specified. mount -o remount,rw /dev/foo /dir After this call all old mount options are replaced and arbitrary stuff from fstab is ignored, except the loop= option which is internally generated and maintained by the mount command. mount -o remount,rw /dir After this call mount reads fstab (or mtab) and merges these options with options from command line ( -o ).
分区挂载配置文件fstab
/etc/fstab
配置文件中六列代表意思：
第一列：挂载的磁盘
第二列：挂载的位置
第三列：挂载磁盘的分区类型
第四列：挂载时的选项
第五列：能否被dump备份命令作用：dump是一个用来作为备份的命令。通常这个参 数的值为0或者1
0：代表不要做dump备份
1：代表要每天进行dump的操作
2：代表不定日期的进行dump操作
第六列：是否检验扇区：开机的过程中，系统默认会以fsck检验我们系统是否为完整（clean）。
0：不要检验
1：最早检验（一般根目录会选择）
2：1级别检验完成之后进行检验-
## /etc/fstab# Created by anaconda on Tue Aug 1 06:43:54 2017## Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info#UUID=ed89722c-3249-4d7d-8d6f-c22416c9267b / xfs defaults 0 0UUID=e5344a19-9eec-459c-aa92-91dcb45bcb3e /boot xfs defaults 0 0UUID=d2ed2e32-6864-483b-8626-2faa42e9a598 swap swap defaults 0 0
## /etc/fstab# Created by anaconda on Tue Aug 1 06:43:54 2017## Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info#UUID=ed89722c-3249-4d7d-8d6f-c22416c9267b / xfs defaults 0 0UUID=e5344a19-9eec-459c-aa92-91dcb45bcb3e /boot xfs defaults 0 0UUID=d2ed2e32-6864-483b-8626-2faa42e9a598 swap swap defaults 0 0/dev/sdb2 /opt xfs defaults 0 0
man mount man fstab
查看UUID 命令blkid
[[email protected] opt]# blkid /dev/sdb4/dev/sdb4: UUID="7306780c-2706-4a34-922e-222fbb740b3e" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="p4" PARTUUID="f30ed796-ed62-47ed-ae0d-aebe25b24703" [[email protected] opt]#
写入fstab
## /etc/fstab# Created by anaconda on Tue Aug 1 06:43:54 2017## Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info# UUID=ed89722c-3249-4d7d-8d6f-c22416c9267b / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=e5344a19-9eec-459c-aa92-91dcb45bcb3e /boot xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=d2ed2e32-6864-483b-8626-2faa42e9a598 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sdb2 /opt xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=7306780c-2706-4a34-922e-222fbb740b3e /mnt ext4 defaults 0 0
三、手动增加swap空间
当有需求要增加swap空间时，增加步骤如下 ：
1、dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/newdisk bs=1M count=100 生成100M磁盘
2、chmod 600 /tmp/newdisk 修改磁盘文件权限
3、mkswap -f /tmp/newdisk 格式化磁盘
4、free -m 查看原swap 大小
5、swapon /tmp/newdisk 挂载新磁盘到swap中
6、free -m 再查看swap大小
7、swapoff /tmp/newdisk 卸载新加swap
8、free -m 最后看swap大小是否恢复
9、rm -rf /tmp/newdisk 删除生成的磁盘文件
[[email protected] opt]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/newdisk bs=1M count=100 100+0 records in100+0 records out104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 3.73145 s, 28.1 MB/s [[email protected] opt]# ll /tmp total 102400-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 104857600 Aug 17 01:28 newdisk [[email protected] opt]# ls -lh /tmp total 100M -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100M Aug 17 01:28 newdisk [[email protected] opt]# mkswap -f /tmp/newdisk Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 102396 KiB no label, UUID=14cdc2cb-dc3c-4d7e-a486-deb1f7f3201c [[email protected] opt]# free -m total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 495 68 142 4 285 401Swap: 2047 0 2047 [[email protected] opt]# swapon /tmp/newdisk swapon: /tmp/newdisk: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested. [[email protected] opt]# free -m total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 495 68 142 4 285 401Swap: 2147 0 2147 [[email protected] opt]# chmod 600 /tmp/newdisk [[email protected] opt]# [[email protected] opt]# swapoff /tmp/newdisk [[email protected] opt]# free -m total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 495 68 142 4 285 401Swap: 2047 0 2047 [[email protected] opt]# rm -rf /tmp/newdisk [[email protected] opt]#
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