Docker 数据管理与网络通信

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文章目录

一、Docker镜像的创建方法

1.基于已有镜像创建

命令格式: docker commit 【选项】 容器ID/名称 仓库名称:标签
常用选项:
-m :说明信息
-a :作者信息
-p :生成过程中停止容器的运行

例如

[root@localhost tomcat]# docker images //查看当前镜像
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
tomcat       v6        f7a49d73a02d   22 minutes ago   964MB
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker ps   //查看当前运行容器
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE       COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS          PORTS                                         NAMES
f03d993ef837   tomcat:v6   "/bin/sh -c '/usr/lo…"   22 minutes ago   Up 22 minutes   0.0.0.0:49169->8080/tcp, :::49169->8080/tcp   nifty_lovelace
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker commit f03d993ef837 tomcat:v7  //基于已有容器创建新的镜像
sha256:f76c0cb8b7e00935964ea125be00b01f705ca78170116c62bb3cd48d1d8b0547
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker images    //14s前创建的镜像
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
tomcat       v7        f76c0cb8b7e0   14 seconds ago   964MB
tomcat       v6        f7a49d73a02d   24 minutes ago   964MB
[root@localhost tomcat]# 

2.基于本地模板创建

[root@localhost tomcat]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE       COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS          PORTS                                         NAMES
f03d993ef837   tomcat:v6   "/bin/sh -c '/usr/lo…"   39 minutes ago   Up 39 minutes   0.0.0.0:49169->8080/tcp, :::49169->8080/tcp   nifty_lovelace
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker export nifty_lovelace > tomcat.tar.gz
[root@localhost tomcat]# cat tomcat.tar.gz | docker import - tomcat:v8
sha256:e06d12bf2b7a6757b94660853c9b939b174fea700c428c473fd26e373eeb963e
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED              SIZE
tomcat       v8        e06d12bf2b7a   About a minute ago   584MB
tomcat       v7        f76c0cb8b7e0   About an hour ago    964MB
tomcat       v6        f7a49d73a02d   About an hour ago    964MB

3.基于Dockerfile创建

Dokcerfile操作指令

指令含义
FROM 镜像指定新镜像所基于的镜像,第一条指令必须为FROM指令
MAINTAINER 名字说明新镜像的维护人信息
RUN 命令在所基于的镜像上执行命令,并提交到新的镜像中
CMD 【“要运行的程序”,“参数1”,“参数2”】指定启动容器时要运行的命令或者脚本,Dockerfile只能有一条CMD命令,如果指定多条则只有一条被执行
EXPOSE 端口号指定新镜像加载到Docker时要开启的端口
ENV 环境变量 变量值设置一个环境变量的值,会被后面的RUN使用
ADD 源文件/目录 目标文件/目录将源文件复制到目标文件,源文件要与Dockerfile位于相同目录中,或者是一个URL
COPY 源文件/目录 目标文件/目录将本地主机上的源文件/目录复制到目标地点,源文件/目录要与Dockerfile在相同的目录中
VOLUME 【“目录”】在容器中创建一个挂载点
USER 用户名 /UID指定运行容器时的用户
WORKDIR 路径为后续的RUN、CMD、ENTRYPOINT指定工作目录
ONBUILD命令指定所生成的镜像作为一个基础镜像时所要运行的命令

例如:

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir tomcat  //创建工作目录
[root@localhost ~]# cd tomcat/    //切换目录
[root@localhost tomcat]# ls       //上传jdk。tomcat进入此目录
apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz   jdk-8u91-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@localhost tomcat]# vim Dockerfile //编写Dokcerfile文件

FROM centos:7   //基于基础镜像
MAINTAINER this is tomcat image   //用户信息
ADD jdk-8u91-linux-x64.tar.gz /usr/local/  //复制到指定目录并解压
WORKDIR /usr/local/     //指定工作目录
RUN mv jdk1.8.0_91 /usr/local/java   //改名
ENV JAVA_HOME /usr/local/java    //添加环境变量
ENV JRE_HOME $JAVA_HOME/jre
ENV CLASSPATH .:$JAVA_HOME/lib:$JRE_HOME/lib
ENV PATH $JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
ADD apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz /usr/local/  //复制文件到指定目录并解压
RUN mv apache-tomcat-9.0.16 /usr/local/tomcat  //解压
WORKDIR /usr/local/tomcat/bin   //指定工作目录
EXPOSE 8080   //暴露端口
ENTRYPOINT /usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh && tail -f /usr/local/tomcat/logs/catalina.out   //运行tomcat并查看日志(因为执行完主进程后,容器就会退出,所以运行一个主进程使其可以以守护进程的形式在后台运行)
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker build -t tomcat:v1 .  //创建镜像
Sending build context to Docker daemon  192.2MB
Step 1/14 : FROM centos:7
7: Pulling from library/centos
2d473b07cdd5: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:0f4ec88e21daf75124b8a9e5ca03c37a5e937e0e108a255d890492430789b60e
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:7
 ---> 8652b9f0cb4c
Step 2/14 : MAINTAINER this is tomcat image
 ---> Running in a5532074ed3b
Removing intermediate container a5532074ed3b
 ---> 71779be7bb6b
Step 3/14 : ADD jdk-8u91-linux-x64.tar.gz /usr/local/
 ---> 825dc697ac91
Step 4/14 : WORKDIR /usr/local/
 ---> Running in 55fa7448be7d
Removing intermediate container 55fa7448be7d
 ---> e5204e622950
Step 5/14 : RUN mv jdk1.8.0_91 /usr/local/java
 ---> Running in f75255a5f6de
Removing intermediate container f75255a5f6de
 ---> 688f36307cf6
Step 6/14 : ENV JAVA_HOME /usr/local/java
 ---> Running in 8e7836ed0469
Removing intermediate container 8e7836ed0469
 ---> d781f8b9970b
Step 7/14 : ENV JRE_HOME $JAVA_HOME/jre
 ---> Running in c287ef31da84
Removing intermediate container c287ef31da84
 ---> 2b91344cceea
Step 8/14 : ENV CLASSPATH .:$JAVA_HOME/lib:$JRE_HOME/lib
 ---> Running in 18a913acaaed
Removing intermediate container 18a913acaaed
 ---> 8d963d1baade
Step 9/14 : ENV PATH $JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
 ---> Running in a0835d791cbc
Removing intermediate container a0835d791cbc
 ---> 15bce63ddd4e
Step 10/14 : ADD apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz /usr/local/
 ---> 1ddb362b6286
Step 11/14 : RUN mv apache-tomcat-9.0.16 /usr/local/tomcat
 ---> Running in 4b2992f274c2
Removing intermediate container 4b2992f274c2
 ---> a6ba9f1468f7
Step 12/14 : WORKDIR /usr/local/tomcat/bin
 ---> Running in 238a58b3b96f
Removing intermediate container 238a58b3b96f
 ---> ddda3a7e220f
Step 13/14 : EXPOSE 8080
 ---> Running in b158cff2fa10
Removing intermediate container b158cff2fa10
 ---> 332ed893be0b
Step 14/14 : ENTRYPOINT /usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh && tail -f /usr/local/tomcat/logs/catalina.out
 ---> Running in 6cc3df381c8f
Removing intermediate container 6cc3df381c8f
 ---> e5abb5176221
Successfully built e5abb5176221
Successfully tagged tomcat:v1
[root@localhost tomcat]# 


[root@localhost tomcat]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
tomcat       v1        e5abb5176221   57 seconds ago   964MB
centos       7         8652b9f0cb4c   9 months ago     204MB
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker run -d -P --name tomcat tomcat:v1   //基于镜像创建容器
14264289e424e41923ad95e1844076c126d3f57eca4d02eb7bee72a40b2ad9cf
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE       COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS                                         NAMES
14264289e424   tomcat:v1   "/bin/sh -c '/usr/lo…"   5 seconds ago   Up 4 seconds   0.0.0.0:49170->8080/tcp, :::49170->8080/tcp   tomcat
[root@localhost tomcat]# 


优化

  • 减少RUN
[root@localhost tomcat]# vim Dockerfile 

FROM centos:7
ADD jdk-8u91-linux-x64.tar.gz /usr/local/
ENV JAVA_HOME /usr/local/jdk1.8.0_91
ENV JRE_HOME $JAVA_HOME/jre
ENV CLASSPATH .:$JAVA_HOME/lib:$JRE_HOME/lib
ENV PATH $JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
ADD apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz /usr/local/
EXPOSE 8080
ENTRYPOINT /usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.16/bin/startup.sh && tail -f /usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.16/logs/catalina.out

[root@localhost tomcat]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
tomcat       v2        92d523236981   5 minutes ago    584MB
tomcat       v1        e5abb5176221   41 minutes ago   964MB
centos       7         8652b9f0cb4c   9 months ago     204MB

[root@localhost tomcat]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE       COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS          PORTS                                         NAMES
e8961371a414   tomcat:v2   "/bin/sh -c '/usr/lo…"   5 minutes ago    Up 5 minutes    0.0.0.0:49174->8080/tcp, :::49174->8080/tcp   tomcatv2
14264289e424   tomcat:v1   "/bin/sh -c '/usr/lo…"   39 minutes ago   Up 39 minutes   0.0.0.0:49170->8080/tcp, :::49170->8080/tcp   tomcat

二、Docker的数据管理

1.数据卷

1.1 创建数据卷

[root@localhost tomcat]# docker run -d  -v /data1 --name tomcat3 tomcat:v2   //创建一个数据卷挂载到容器内
86fe575915d67e8018bdabba986a55a46be18b14c431bb1270e1281b130334f5
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE       COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS             PORTS                                         NAMES
86fe575915d6   tomcat:v2   "/bin/sh -c '/usr/lo…"   6 seconds ago       Up 6 seconds       8080/tcp                                      tomcat3
e8961371a414   tomcat:v2   "/bin/sh -c '/usr/lo…"   30 minutes ago      Up 30 minutes      0.0.0.0:49174->8080/tcp, :::49174->8080/tcp   tomcatv2
14264289e424   tomcat:v1   "/bin/sh -c '/usr/lo…"   About an hour ago   Up About an hour   0.0.0.0:49170->8080/tcp, :::49170->8080/tcp   tomcat
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker exec -it tomcat3 /bin/bash
[root@86fe575915d6 /]# ls
anaconda-post.log  bin  data1  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

1.2 挂载主机目录作为数据卷

[root@localhost tomcat]# docker run -d -v /data1:/data1 --name tomcat4 tomcat:v2  //实现宿主机与容器之间的数据迁移
08487b0d03be9fecedc0162e488991e9a8699bfc33f9ce4b272341e93ce7b5b6
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker exec -it tomcat4 /bin/bash
[root@08487b0d03be /]# cd data1/
[root@08487b0d03be data1]# touch 1
[root@08487b0d03be data1]# exit
exit
[root@localhost tomcat]# ls /data1
1
[root@localhost tomcat]# 

2.数据卷容器

[root@localhost tomcat]# docker run -d --volumes-from tomcat4 --name tomcat5 tomcat:v2   //挂载tomcat4中的数据卷到tomcat5
2a54095ea3eb5cc640019917ea0203d29c2e963efe9831fa3ed364cd1ceb3cac
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker exec -it tomcat5 /bin/bash
[root@2a54095ea3eb /]# cd data1/
[root@2a54095ea3eb data1]# ls
1
[root@2a54095ea3eb data1]# touch 123
[root@2a54095ea3eb data1]# exit
exit
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker exec -it tomcat4 /bin/bash
[root@08487b0d03be /]# ls data1/
1  123
[root@08487b0d03be /]# exit
exit
[root@localhost tomcat]# ls /data1
1  123
[root@localhost tomcat]# 

三、Docker网络通信

1.Docker网络模式

  • Bridge
    使用docker0作为网桥容器,桥接容器与宿主机网络
  • Host
    与宿主机共享网络名称空间/网络协议栈
  • Container
    多个容器之间共享一个网络名称空间/网络协议栈
  • None
    自闭空间

2.Docker自定义网络

1.查看网络列表

[root@localhost tomcat]# docker network ls
NETWORK ID     NAME      DRIVER    SCOPE
27f9d1130e6c   bridge    bridge    local
cfdd984859ec   host      host      local
81ae3de486e7   none      null      local

2.自定义网络固定IP

[root@localhost tomcat]# docker network create --subnet=172.18.0.0/16 mynetwork  //创建新的网段
f317eceed4f9005794371808ee796de15d73cb64e26ebf00f0d2f35434fff9af
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker run -d --name tomcat --net mynetwork --ip 172.18.0.100 tomcat:v2   //固定IP
ea0b00e62fdde8cb3ffdaf94701611e0db844645651a13d0b4d744641025b6d6
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker inspect tomcat | grep "IPA"  //查看IP
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "IPAddress": "",
                    "IPAMConfig": 
                    "IPAddress": "172.18.0.100",
[root@localhost tomcat]# 

3.端口映射

[root@localhost tomcat]# docker run -d -P tomcat:v2  //映射随机端口
71734dea1499308121abe4d975eb63145927604d5be37a4c140fcbf245f7f6fc
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker run -d -p 8080:8080 tomcat:v2   //映射指定端口
2a59bb35898ca65480463ef1bd24670a1907683ca3905681dc52862bea1fed05
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE       COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS          PORTS                                         NAMES
2a59bb35898c   tomcat:v2   "/bin/sh -c '/usr/lo…"   5 seconds ago    Up 4 seconds    0.0.0.0:8080->8080/tcp, :::8080->8080/tcp     recursing_northcutt
71734dea1499   tomcat:v2   "/bin/sh -c '/usr/lo…"   20 seconds ago   Up 19 seconds   0.0.0.0:49176->8080/tcp, :::49176->8080/tcp   quizzical_yalow

4.容器互联

[root@localhost tomcat]# docker run -d -P --name tomcat  tomcat:v2  //创建源容器
d160125c8e5373face71b29cb0dff715f6e2cbb5cd1a2f4f5acf374c28d8c09a
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker run -d -P --name tomcat2 --link tomcat:tomcat tomcat:v2  //创建接收容器
3fce1b17ec497ea776995b4bed527dca378d6f9f803b024cf1b4e925b46d84ed
[root@localhost tomcat]# docker exec -it tomcat2 /bin/bash    //进入容器测试
[root@3fce1b17ec49 /]# ping tomcat
PING tomcat (172.17.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from tomcat (172.17.0.2): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.079 ms
64 bytes from tomcat (172.17.0.2): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.101 ms
64 bytes from tomcat (172.17.0.2): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.107 ms
^C
--- tomcat ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.079/0.095/0.107/0.016 ms
[root@3fce1b17ec49 /]# 

小结

  • 创建Docker镜像有三种方法:基于已有镜像创建,基于本地模板创建,基于Dockerfile文件创建
  • 容器中管理数据有数据卷和数据卷容器两种方法
  • Docker可以使用映射容器端口到宿主机和容器互联机制来实现网络访问

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