在CentOS 6.5上安装和配Xen
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http://luochen2015.blog.51cto.com/9772274/1741540
自从 RedHat 在 RHEL 6 放弃 Xen 后，下载 Xen 源码编译安装似乎是在 RHEL/CentOS 6.x 上安装 Xen 的唯一办法。不过，开源世界永远不缺少热情的志愿者，Xen Made Easy 这个项目为我们提供了可用的 Xen 第三方软件源，免去了自己编译源码的痛苦。现在，我们有了更好的官方选择，就是 Xen4CentOS6. Xen4CentOS6 是来自 CentOS, Xen, Citrix, Godaddy, Rackspace 社区和相关团队合作开发的一个开源项目，旨在为 CentOS 6.x 维护一个稳定的 Xen 工具链（Xen hypervisor 和相关 Xen 工具），让 Xen 运行在 CentOS 6 上变得更容易，更可靠。
1、安装Xen
升级整个系统后重启，然后加入 CentOS 官方 Xen 源（Xen4CentOS6）并安装 Xen 内核及相关工具。需要注意的是，采用 CentOS-6.5-x86_64-minimal.iso 最小化安装的系统没有包括 Perl，Xen 工具需要 Perl 的支持，所以需要安装 perl 先：
# yum install centos-release-xen
# yum update
# yum install perl
# yum install xen
yum install -y xen kernel-xen xen-libs python-virtinst bridge-utils libvirt virt-manager
安装完支持 Xen 的 Linux 内核后需要加新条目到 grub.conf，以便系统能默认启动带 Xen 的 Linux 内核（而不是常规 Linux 内核），这个操作可以通过 grub-bootxen.sh 自动完成，弄完后打开 grub.conf 文件再次确认一下：
# /usr/bin/grub-bootxen.sh
kernel /xen.gz dom0_mem=1024M,max:1024M cpuinfo com1=115200,8n1 console=com1,tty loglvl=all guest_loglvl=all
# /usr/bin/grub-bootxen.sh
# vi /etc/grub.conf
...
title CentOS (3.10.25-11.el6.centos.alt.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /xen.gz dom0_mem=1024M,max:1024M loglvl=all guest_loglvl=all
module /vmlinuz-3.10.25-11.el6.centos.alt.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node11-lv_root rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto rd_LVM_LV=vg_node11/lv_swap KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rd_LVM_LV=vg_node11/lv_root rhgb quiet
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (4.9.13-22.el6.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /xen.gz dom0_mem=1024M,max:1024M cpuinfo com1=115200,8n1 console=com1,tty loglvl=all guest_loglvl=all
module /vmlinuz-4.9.13-22.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rd_NO_MD rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup/lv_swap SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
module /initramfs-4.9.13-22.el6.x86_64.img
title CentOS 6 (2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rd_NO_MD rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup/lv_swap SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64.img
# reboot
[[email protected] ~]# uname -r
4.9.13-22.el6.x86_64
[[email protected] ~]# xl info
host : localhost
release : 4.9.13-22.el6.x86_64
version : #1 SMP Sun Feb 26 22:18:35 UTC 2017
machine : x86_64
nr_cpus : 4
max_cpu_id : 3
nr_nodes : 1
cores_per_socket : 4
threads_per_core : 1
cpu_mhz : 3192
hw_caps : bfebfbff:28100800:00000000:00007f00:77bae3ff:00000000:00000001:00000281
virt_caps : hvm_directio
total_memory : 8142
free_memory : 7005
sharing_freed_memory : 0
sharing_used_memory : 0
outstanding_claims : 0
free_cpus : 0
xen_major : 4
xen_minor : 6
xen_extra : .3-8.el6
xen_version : 4.6.3-8.el6
xen_caps : xen-3.0-x86_64 xen-3.0-x86_32p
xen_scheduler : credit
xen_pagesize : 4096
platform_params : virt_start=0xffff800000000000
xen_changeset : Wed Feb 15 02:12:22 2017 -0600 git:35503e1-dirty
xen_commandline : dom0_mem=1024M,max:1024M cpuinfo com1=115200,8n1 console=com1,tty loglvl=all guest_loglvl=all
cc_compiler : gcc (GCC) 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-17)
cc_compile_by : mockbuild
cc_compile_domain : centos.org
cc_compile_date : Tue Feb 28 14:18:26 UTC 2017
xend_config_format : 4
[[email protected] ~]# xl list
Name ID Mem VCPUs State Time(s)
Domain-0 0 1024 4 r----- 310.2
2、设置桥接
安装桥工具
# yum -y install bridge-utils
[[email protected] ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[[email protected] network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-eth0 ifcfg-br0
[[email protected] network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
HWADDR=AC:22:0B:DA:5C:5A
TYPE=Ethernet
UUID=418bd5da-a9a1-4071-9728-4ba9d404402e
ONBOOT=yes
NM_CONTROLLED=yes
BOOTPROTO=none
BRIDGE=br0
[[email protected] network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-br0
DEVICE=br0
#HWADDR=AC:22:0B:DA:5C:5A
#TYPE=Ethernet
TYPE=Bridge
#UUID=418bd5da-a9a1-4071-9728-4ba9d404402e
ONBOOT=yes
NM_CONTROLLED=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=192.168.1.53
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
DNS1=202.106.0.20
[[email protected] network-scripts]# service network restart
[[email protected] ~]# ifconfig
br0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr AC:22:0B:DA:5C:5A
inet addr:192.168.1.53 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::6008:b1ff:fe77:73b4/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:225847 errors:0 dropped:493 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:763 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:18229754 (17.3 MiB) TX bytes:80159 (78.2 KiB)
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr AC:22:0B:DA:5C:5A
inet6 addr: fe80::ae22:bff:feda:5c5a/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:697779 errors:0 dropped:563 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:4752 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:70139777 (66.8 MiB) TX bytes:528522 (516.1 KiB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:50:B5:D5
inet addr:192.168.122.1 Bcast:192.168.122.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
[[email protected] ~]# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br0 8000.ac220bda5c5a no eth0
virbr0 8000.52540050b5d5 yes virbr0-nic
[[email protected] ~]# brctl stp br0 on
[[email protected] ~]# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br0 8000.ac220bda5c5a yes eth0
virbr0 8000.52540050b5d5 yes virbr0-nic
3、创建虚拟机
http://luochen2015.blog.51cto.com/9772274/1741540
1)、创建虚拟磁盘映像文件
创建空的虚拟磁盘映像（稀疏磁盘镜像），以之作为新建非特权域的虚拟磁盘文件，此映像文件并不真正占用为其指定的空间，而是随着存储的内容而变化。
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /xen
[[email protected] ~]# ll -d /xen/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 20 16:54 /xen/
[[email protected] xen]# dd if=/dev/zero of=centos6.img oflag=direct seek=102399 bs=1M count=1
[[email protected] xen]# du -sh centos6.img
1.0M centos6.img
[[email protected] xen]# ll -h
total 1.0M
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100G Mar 20 16:56 centos6.img
2)、用Xftp插件将CentOS-6.5-x86_64-minimal.iso 文件上传到xen 的/source 目录下
[[email protected] xen]# mkdir /source
[[email protected] xen]# rz
[[email protected] source]# ls
CentOS-6.6-x86_64-minimal.iso
3)、安装Apache并且挂载（CentOS-6.5-x86_64-minimal.iso）ISO镜像文件
[[email protected] xen]# yum install httpd -y
[[email protected] xen]# service httpd start
[[email protected] xen]# cd /var/www/html/
[[email protected] html]# ls
[[email protected] html]# mkdir iso
[[email protected] html]# mount
mount mount.nfs mount.nfs4 mountpoint mountstats mount.tmpfs
[[email protected] html]# mount -o loop /source/CentOS-6.6-x86_64-minimal.iso /var/www/html/iso/
mount: /source/CentOS-6.6-x86_64-minimal.iso is write-protected, mounting read-only
[[email protected] html]# ls iso/
CentOS_BuildTag GPL Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6
EFI images RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6 TRANS.TBL
EULA isolinux repodata RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6
4)、为虚拟机提供内核和内核模块文件
[[email protected] html]# cp /var/www/html/iso/isolinux/{vmlinuz,initrd.img} /source
[[email protected] html]# ls /source/
CentOS-6.6-x86_64-minimal.iso initrd.img vmlinuz
5)、修改xlexample.pvlinux文件
为新的非特权域创建配置文件(推荐复制这个文件到指定的位置):
[[email protected] html]# vim /etc/xen/xlexample.pvlinux
[[email protected] html]# cat /etc/xen/xlexample.pvlinux
# =====================================================================
# Example PV Linux guest configuration
# =====================================================================
#
# This is a fairly minimal example of what is required for a
# Paravirtualised Linux guest. For a more complete guide see xl.cfg(5)
# Guest name
name = "centos6"
# 128-bit UUID for the domain as a hexadecimal number.
# Use "uuidgen" to generate one if required.
# The default behavior is to generate a new UUID each time the guest is started.
#uuid = "XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX"
# Kernel image to boot
kernel = "/source/vmlinuz"
# Ramdisk (optional)
#ramdisk = "/boot/initrd.gz"
ramdisk = "/source/initrd.img"
# Kernel command line options
#extra = "root=/dev/xvda1"
# Initial memory allocation (MB)
memory = 512
# Maximum memory (MB)
# If this is greater than `memory‘ then the slack will start ballooned
# (this assumes guest kernel support for ballooning)
#maxmem = 512
# Number of VCPUS
vcpus = 2
# Network devices
# A list of ‘vifspec‘ entries as described in
# docs/misc/xl-network-configuration.markdown
vif = [ ‘bridge=br0‘ ]
# Disk Devices
# A list of `diskspec‘ entries as described in
# docs/misc/xl-disk-configuration.txt
disk = [ ‘file:/xen/centos6.img,xvda,rw‘ ]
6)、创建虚拟机
[[email protected] ~]# xl create -c /etc/xen/xlexample.pvlinux
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌────────────────┤ Manual TCP/IP Configuration ├─────────────────┐
│ │
│ Enter the IPv4 and/or the IPv6 address and prefix (address / │
│ prefix). For IPv4, the dotted-quad netmask or the CIDR-style │
│ prefix are acceptable. The gateway and name server fields must │
│ be valid IPv4 or IPv6 addresses. │
│ │
│ IPv4 address: 192.168.1.11____ / 24______________ │
│ Gateway: 192.168.1.1______________________________ │
│ Name Server: _________________________________________ │
│ │
│ ┌────┐ ┌──────┐ │
│ │ OK │ │ Back │ │
│ └────┘ └──────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌────────────────────────┤ URL Setup ├─────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ Please enter the URL containing the CentOS │
│ installation image on your server. │
│ │
│ http://192.168.1.53/iso_____________________________________ │
│ │
│ [ ] Enable HTTP proxy │
│ │
│ Proxy URL ___________________________________ │
│ Username _______________ │
│ │
│ Password _______________ │
│ │
│ ┌────┐ ┌──────┐ │
│ │ OK │ │ Back │ │
│ └────┘ └──────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
[[email protected] ~]# iptables -F #注意防火墙
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌────────────────────────────────┤ Warning ├─────────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ 102400MB ↑ │
│ Xen Virtual Block Device │
│ │
│ This device may need to be reinitialized. │
│ │
│ REINITIALIZING WILL CAUSE ALL DATA TO BE LOST! │
│ │
│ This action may also be applied to all other disks │
│ needing reinitialization. │
│ │
│ Device details: │
│ xen-vbd-51712 ↓ │
│ │
│ ┌────────┐ ┌────────────┐ ┌───────────────┐ ┌───────────────────┐ │
│ │ Ignore │ │ Ignore all │ │ Re-initialize │ │ Re-initialize all │ │
│ └────────┘ └────────────┘ └───────────────┘ └───────────────────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌───────┤ Time Zone Selection ├───────┐
│ │
│ In which time zone are you located? │
│ │
│ [*] System clock uses UTC │
│ │
│ Asia/Samarkand ↑ │
│ Asia/Seoul │
│ Asia/Shanghai │
│ Asia/Singapore │
│ Asia/Srednekolymsk ↓ │
│ │
│ ┌────┐ ┌──────┐ │
│ │ OK │ │ Back │ │
│ └────┘ └──────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌──────────────┤ Root Password ├───────────────┐
│ │
│ Pick a root password. You must type it │
┌──────────────────────────┤ Weak Password ├──────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ You have provided a weak password: it is based on a dictionary word │
│ │
│ ┌────────┐ ┌────────────┐ │
│ │ Cancel │ │ Use Anyway │ │
│ └────────┘ └────────────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌─────────────────────┤ Partitioning Type ├─────────────────────┐
│ │
│ Installation requires partitioning of your hard drive. The │
│ default layout is suitable for most users. Select what space │
│ to use and which drives to use as the install target. │
│ │
│ Use entire drive │
│ Replace existing Linux system │
│ Use free space │
│ │
│ Which drive(s) do you want to use for this installation? │
│ [*] xvda 102400 MB (Xen Virtual Block Devic) ↑ │
│ │
│ │
│ ┌────┐ ┌──────┐ │
│ │ OK │ │ Back │ │
│ └────┘ └──────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Space>,<+>,<-> selection | <F2> Add drive | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌─────────────┤ Writing storage configuration to disk ├──────────────┐
│ │
│ The partitioning options you have selected will now be written to │
│ disk. Any data on deleted or reformatted partitions will be lost. │
│ │
│ ┌─────────┐ ┌───────────────────────┐ │
│ │ Go back │ │ Write changes to disk │ │
│ └─────────┘ └───────────────────────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌──────────────────────┤ Formatting ├──────────────────────┐
│ │
│ Creating ext4 filesystem on /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root │
│ │
│ │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌─────────────────────┤ Package Installation ├──────────────────────┐
│ │
│ │
│ 4% │
│ │
│ Packages completed: 8 of 205 │
│ │
│ Installing glibc-common-2.12-1.149.el6.x86_64 (107 MB) │
│ Common binaries and locale data for glibc │
│ │
│ │
│ │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌───────────────────────────┤ Complete ├────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ Congratulations, your CentOS installation is complete. │
│ │
│ Please reboot to use the installed system. Note that updates may │
│ be available to ensure the proper functioning of your system and │
│ installation of these updates is recommended after the reboot. │
│ │
│ ┌────────┐ │
│ │ Reboot │ │
│ └────────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Enter> to exit
terminating anaconda...done
sending termination signals...done
sending kill signals...done
disabling swap...
/dev/dm-2
unmounting filesystems...
/mnt/runtime done
disabling /dev/loop0
/dev/pts done
/selinux done
/mnt/sysimage/boot done
/mnt/sysimage/dev/pts done
/mnt/sysimage/dev/shm done
/mnt/sysimage/dev done
/mnt/sysimage/home done
/mnt/sysimage/proc/bus/usb done
/mnt/sysimage/proc done
/mnt/sysimage/sys done
/mnt/sysimage/selinux done
/mnt/sysimage done
waiting for mdraid sets to become clean...
rebooting system
Restarting system.
在重启之前需要先修改配置文件xlexample.pvlinux
注销：#kernel = "/source/vmlinuz"
#ramdisk = "/source/initrd.img"
添加：bootloader = "/usr/bin/pygrub"
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/xen/xlexample.pvlinux
[[email protected]calhost ~]# cat /etc/xen/xlexample.pvlinux
# =====================================================================
# Example PV Linux guest configuration
# =====================================================================
#
# This is a fairly minimal example of what is required for a
# Paravirtualised Linux guest. For a more complete guide see xl.cfg(5)
# Guest name
name = "centos6"
# 128-bit UUID for the domain as a hexadecimal number.
# Use "uuidgen" to generate one if required.
# The default behavior is to generate a new UUID each time the guest is started.
#uuid = "XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX"
# Kernel image to boot
#kernel = "/source/vmlinuz"
# Ramdisk (optional)
#ramdisk = "/boot/initrd.gz"
#ramdisk = "/source/initrd.img"
bootloader = "/usr/bin/pygrub"
# Kernel command line options
#extra = "root=/dev/xvda1"
# Initial memory allocation (MB)
memory = 512
# Maximum memory (MB)
# If this is greater than `memory‘ then the slack will start ballooned
# (this assumes guest kernel support for ballooning)
#maxmem = 512
# Number of VCPUS
vcpus = 2
# Network devices
# A list of ‘vifspec‘ entries as described in
# docs/misc/xl-network-configuration.markdown
vif = [ ‘bridge=br0‘ ]
# Disk Devices
# A list of `diskspec‘ entries as described in
# docs/misc/xl-disk-configuration.txt
disk = [ ‘file:/xen/centos6.img,xvda,rw‘ ]
on_reboot = ‘restart‘
on_crash = ‘destroy‘
[[email protected] ~]# xl list
Name ID Mem VCPUs State Time(s)
Domain-0 0 1024 4 r----- 926.8
centos6 2 512 2 -b---- 5.6
[[email protected] ~]# xl reboot 2 (centos 的ID)
[[email protected] ~]# xl list
Name ID Mem VCPUs State Time(s)
Domain-0 0 1024 4 r----- 929.7
centos6 3 512 2 -b---- 5.5
[[email protected] ~]# xl shutdown centos6
[[email protected] ~]# xl console centos 6
设置vif：
在启动DomU时，可以为其定义可用的虚拟网络接口个数、每个虚拟网络接口的属性等，这仅需要在其对应的配置文件中使用vif选项即可。vif选项的值是一个列表，列表中的每个条目使用单引号引用，用于定义对应虚拟网络接口属性，条目之间使用逗号分隔。比如下面的示例就为当前域定义了三个虚拟网络接口，每个接口的属性均采用了默认配置。
vif = [ ‘ ‘, ‘ ‘, ‘ ‘ ]
每个网络接口可定义的属性语法格式为‘type= TYPE, mac=MAC, bridge=BRIDGE, ip=IPADDR, script= SCRIPT," + \ "backend=DOM, vifname=NAME, rate=RATE, model=MODEL, accel=ACCEL’。
◇ type：网络接口的类型，即其前端设备类型，默认为netfront；其可用的值还有有ioemu，表示使用QEMU的网络驱动；
◇ mac：指定此接口的MAC地址，默认为00:16:3E:(IEEE分配给XenSource的地址段)开头的随机地址；
◇ bridge：指定此接口使用的桥接设备，默认为Dom0内的第一个桥接设备；
◇ ip：为当前域定义固定IP地址，如果网络中存在DHCP服务器，请确保此地址一定没有包含于DHCP的可分配地址范围中；事实上，在DHCP环境中，可以直接在DHCP服务器上为此接口分配固定IP地址，因此，没有必要再使用此参数手动指定；
◇ script：指定用于配置当前接口网络属性的脚本，默认为xend的配置文件中使用vif-script指定的脚本；
◇ vifname：定义当前网络接口的后端设备在Dom0显示的名字；默认为vifDomID.DevID，其在当前域启动时自动生成，并随当前域ID的变化而改变；为其使用易于识别的固定名称有助于后期的管理工作；
◇ rate：为当前接口指定可用带宽，例如rate=10MB/s；
◇ model：由QEMU仿真的网络设备的类型，因此，只有在type的值为ioemu此参数才能意义；其可能的取值有lance、ne2k_isa、ne2k_pci、rt1839和smc91c111。默认为ne2k_pci；
无论DomU中安装的是什么操作系统，为其定义网络接口时指定固定的MAC地址和接口名称通常是很有必要，因为其有助于追踪特定域的报文及当域多次启动后仍能使用相同的网络接口名称从而保证日志信息的连贯性。此外，如果Dom0中定义了多个桥接设备，还应该为桥接的网络接口使用bridge参数指定固定桥接到的桥接设备。下面的示例展示了指定此三个参数的接口定义。
vif = [ ‘vifname=web0.0, mac=00:16:3E:00:00:01, bridge=xenbr0’ ]
我的示例：
vif = [ ‘vifname=web.0,bridge=br0,mac=00:16:3E:6E:AD:FC,ip=192.168.1.15‘]
关于qcow2格式的磁盘：
qcow2 镜像格式是 QEMU 模拟器支持的一种磁盘镜像。它也是可以用一个文件的形式来表示一块固定大小的块设备磁盘。与普通的 raw 格式的镜像相比，有以下特性：
更小的空间占用，即使文件系统不支持空洞(holes)；
支持写时拷贝（COW, copy-on-write），镜像文件只反映底层磁盘的变化；
支持快照（snapshot），镜像文件能够包含多个快照的历史；
可选择基于 zlib 的压缩方式
可以选择 AES 加密
创建 qcow2 和 raw 文件以及两种镜像的对比
使用 QEMU 软件包自带的 qemu-img 软件创建 qcow2 文件。
清单 4. 创建 qcow2 和 raw 文件
$ qemu-img create -f qcow2 test.qcow2 10G
Formatting ‘test.qcow2‘, fmt=qcow2 size=10737418240 encryption=off cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off
$ qemu-img create -f raw test.raw 10G
Formatting ‘test.raw‘, fmt=raw size=10737418240
对比两种格式的文件的实际大小以及占用空间大小如下：
清单 5. qcow2 和 raw 文件占用空间情况对比
$ ll -sh test.*
200K -rw-r--r-- 1 qiaoliyong qiaoliyong 193K 5 月 6 10:29 test.qcow2
0 -rw-r--r-- 1 qiaoliyong qiaoliyong 10G 5 月 6 10:28 test.raw
[[email protected] ]$ stat test.raw
文件："test.raw"
大小：10737418240 块：0 IO 块：4096 普通文件
[[email protected] ]$ stat test.qcow2
文件："test.qcow2"
大小：197120 块：400 IO 块：4096 普通文件
从对比中可以看出 qcow 格式的镜像文件大小位 197120 字节，占用空间为 200K，占用了 200 块磁盘空间。而 raw 格式的文件则没有占用磁盘空间，它是一个空洞文件。
Raw 格式与 qcow2 转化:
qemu-img convert -f raw -O qcow2 test.raw test.qcow2
小结
本文着重介绍了 QEMU 虚拟机使用的镜像文件 qcow2 的格式以及特性，并与 raw 格式镜像做了对比。qcow2 格式的文件虽然在性能上比Raw 格式的有一些损失（主要体现在对于文件增量上，qcow2 格式的文件为了分配 cluster 多花费了一些时间），但是 qcow2 格式的镜像比 Raw 格式文件更小，只有在虚拟机实际占用了磁盘空间时，其文件才会增长，能方便的减少迁移花费的流量，更适用于云计算系统，同时，它还具有加密，压缩，以及快照等 raw 格式不具有的功能。
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir -pv /xen/vm1
[[email protected] ~]# cp /etc/xen/xlexample.pvlinux /xen/vm1/centos6.vm1
[[email protected] ~]# qemu-img create -f qcow2 /xen/vm1/centos6.6.qcow2 100G
[[email protected] ~]# qemu-img info /xen/vm1/centos6.6.qcow2
image: /xen/vm1/centos6.6.qcow2
file format: qcow2
virtual size: 100G (107374182400 bytes)
disk size: 196K
cluster_size: 65536
[[email protected] ~]# qemu-img create -f qcow2 /xen/vm2/centos6.6.qcow2 100G
Formatting ‘/xen/vm2/centos6.6.qcow2‘, fmt=qcow2 size=107374182400 encryption=off cluster_size=65536
[[email protected] ~]# qemu-img info /xen/vm2/centos6.6.qcow2
image: /xen/vm2/centos6.6.qcow2
file format: qcow2
virtual size: 100G (107374182400 bytes)
disk size: 196K
cluster_size: 65536
[[email protected] ~]# du -sh /xen/vm2/centos6.6.qcow2
196K /xen/vm2/centos6.6.qcow2
转换：
$> qemu-img convert test.qcow2 -O raw test.img
[[email protected] vm2]# qemu-img convert /xen/centos6.img -O qcow2 /xen/centos6.qcow2
安装centos6.vm2:
[[email protected] ~]# qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o ? /xen/vm2/
Supported options:
size Virtual disk size
backing_file File name of a base image
backing_fmt Image format of the base image
encryption Encrypt the image
cluster_size qcow2 cluster size
preallocation Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, metadata, falloc, full)
创建稀疏格式的qcow2镜像：
[[email protected] ~]# qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=100G,preallocation=metadata /xen/vm2/centos6.qcow2
Formatting ‘/xen/vm2/centos6.qcow2‘, fmt=qcow2 size=107374182400 encryption=off cluster_size=65536 preallocation=‘metadata‘
[[email protected] ~]# qemu-img info /xen/vm2/centos6.qcow2
image: /xen/vm2/centos6.qcow2
file format: qcow2
virtual size: 100G (107374182400 bytes)
disk size: 16M
cluster_size: 65536
配置文件：
[[email protected]host ~]# cat /xen/vm2/centos6.vm2
# =====================================================================
# Example PV Linux guest configuration
# =====================================================================
#
# This is a fairly minimal example of what is required for a
# Paravirtualised Linux guest. For a more complete guide see xl.cfg(5)
# Guest name
name = "centos6.vm2"
# 128-bit UUID for the domain as a hexadecimal number.
# Use "uuidgen" to generate one if required.
# The default behavior is to generate a new UUID each time the guest is started.
#uuid = "XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX"
# Kernel image to boot
kernel = "/source/vmlinuz"
# Ramdisk (optional)
#ramdisk = "/boot/initrd.gz"
ramdisk = "/source/initrd.img"
# Kernel command line options
#extra = "root=/dev/xvda1"
#bootloader = "/usr/bin/pygrub"
# Initial memory allocation (MB)
memory = 512
# Maximum memory (MB)
# If this is greater than `memory‘ then the slack will start ballooned
# (this assumes guest kernel support for ballooning)
#maxmem = 512
# Number of VCPUS
vcpus = 2
# Network devices
# A list of ‘vifspec‘ entries as described in
# docs/misc/xl-network-configuration.markdown
vif = [ ‘bridge=br0‘ ]
# Disk Devices
# A list of `diskspec‘ entries as described in
# docs/misc/xl-disk-configuration.txt
disk = [ ‘file:/xen/vm2/centos6.qcow2,xvda,rw‘ ]
[[email protected] ~]# xl create -c /xen/vm2/centos6.vm2
... ...
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌────────┤ Choose a Language ├────────┐
│ │
│ What language would you like to use │
│ during the installation process? │
│ │
│ Catalan ↑ │
│ Chinese(Simplified) │
│ Chinese(Traditional) │
│ Croatian │
│ Czech │
│ Danish │
│ Dutch │
│ English ↓ │
│ │
│ ┌────┐ │
│ │ OK │ │
│ └────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌───┤ Installation Method ├───┐
│ │
│ What type of media contains │
│ the installation image? │
│ │
│ Local CD/DVD │
│ Hard drive │
│ NFS directory │
│ URL │
│ │
│ ┌────┐ ┌──────┐ │
│ │ OK │ │ Back │ │
│ └────┘ └──────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
上面这项：选择URL
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌────────────┤ Configure TCP/IP ├────────────┐
│ │
│ [*] Enable IPv4 support │
│ ( ) Dynamic IP configuration (DHCP) │
│ (*) Manual configuration │
│ │
│ [ ] Enable IPv6 support │
│ (*) Automatic │
│ ( ) Automatic, DHCP only │
│ ( ) Manual configuration │
│ │
│ ┌────┐ ┌──────┐ │
│ │ OK │ │ Back │ │
│ └────┘ └──────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌────────────────┤ Manual TCP/IP Configuration ├─────────────────┐
│ │
│ Enter the IPv4 and/or the IPv6 address and prefix (address / │
│ prefix). For IPv4, the dotted-quad netmask or the CIDR-style │
│ prefix are acceptable. The gateway and name server fields must │
│ be valid IPv4 or IPv6 addresses. │
│ │
│ IPv4 address: 192.168.1.13____ / 24______________ │
│ Gateway: 192.168.1.1______________________________ │
│ Name Server: _________________________________________ │
│ │
│ ┌────┐ ┌──────┐ │
│ │ OK │ │ Back │ │
│ └────┘ └──────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌────────────────────────┤ URL Setup ├─────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ Please enter the URL containing the CentOS │
│ installation image on your server. │
│ │
│ http://192.168.1.53/iso/____________________________________ │
│ │
│ [ ] Enable HTTP proxy │
│ │
│ Proxy URL ___________________________________ │
│ Username _______________ │
│ │
│ Password _______________ │
│ │
│ ┌────┐ ┌──────┐ │
│ │ OK │ │ Back │ │
│ └────┘ └──────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌────────────────────────────────┤ Warning ├─────────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ Error processing drive: ↑ │
│ │
│ xen-vbd-51712 │
│ 102416MB │
│ Xen Virtual Block Device │
│ │
│ This device may need to be reinitialized. │
│ │
│ REINITIALIZING WILL CAUSE ALL DATA TO BE LOST! │
│ │
│ This action may also be applied to all other disks │
│ needing reinitialization. ↓ │
│ │
│ ┌────────┐ ┌────────────┐ ┌───────────────┐ ┌───────────────────┐ │
│ │ Ignore │ │ Ignore all │ │ Re-initialize │ │ Re-initialize all │ │
│ └────────┘ └────────────┘ └───────────────┘ └───────────────────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
选择第三项
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌───────┤ Time Zone Selection ├───────┐
│ │
│ In which time zone are you located? │
│ │
│ [*] System clock uses UTC │
│ │
│ Asia/Samarkand ↑ │
│ Asia/Seoul │
│ Asia/Shanghai │
│ Asia/Singapore │
│ Asia/Srednekolymsk ↓ │
│ │
│ ┌────┐ ┌──────┐ │
│ │ OK │ │ Back │ │
│ └────┘ └──────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
当然是上海啦！
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌──────────────┤ Root Password ├───────────────┐
│ │
│ Pick a root password. You must type it │
┌──────────────────────────┤ Weak Password ├──────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ You have provided a weak password: it is based on a dictionary word │
│ │
│ ┌────────┐ ┌────────────┐ │
│ │ Cancel │ │ Use Anyway │ │
│ └────────┘ └────────────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
设置root密码
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌─────────────────────┤ Partitioning Type ├─────────────────────┐
│ │
│ Installation requires partitioning of your hard drive. The │
│ default layout is suitable for most users. Select what space │
│ to use and which drives to use as the install target. │
│ │
│ Use entire drive │
│ Replace existing Linux system │
│ Use free space │
│ │
│ Which drive(s) do you want to use for this installation? │
│ [*] xvda 102416 MB (Xen Virtual Block Devic) ↑ │
│ │
│ │
│ ┌────┐ ┌──────┐ │
│ │ OK │ │ Back │ │
│ └────┘ └──────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Space>,<+>,<-> selection | <F2> Add drive | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌─────────────┤ Writing storage configuration to disk ├──────────────┐
│ │
│ The partitioning options you have selected will now be written to │
│ disk. Any data on deleted or reformatted partitions will be lost. │
│ │
│ ┌─────────┐ ┌───────────────────────┐ │
│ │ Go back │ │ Write changes to disk │ │
│ └─────────┘ └───────────────────────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
开始安装
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌─────────────────────┤ Package Installation ├──────────────────────┐
│ │
│ │
│ 94% │
│ │
│ Packages completed: 182 of 205 │
│ │
│ Installing selinux-policy-targeted-3.7.19-260.el6.noarch (3 MB) │
│ SELinux targeted base policy │
│ │
│ │
│ │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Welcome to CentOS for x86_64
┌───────────────────────────┤ Complete ├────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ Congratulations, your CentOS installation is complete. │
│ │
│ Please reboot to use the installed system. Note that updates may │
│ be available to ensure the proper functioning of your system and │
│ installation of these updates is recommended after the reboot. │
│ │
│ ┌────────┐ │
│ │ Reboot │ │
│ └────────┘ │
│ │
│ │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
<Enter> to exit
在重启前别忘了改配置文件！
注释掉:
#kernel = "/source/vmlinuz"
#ramdisk = "/source/initrd.img"
启用:
bootloader = "/usr/bin/pygrub"
[[email protected] ~]# vim /xen/vm2/centos6.vm2
[[email protected] ~]# cat /xen/vm2/centos6.vm2
# =====================================================================
# Example PV Linux guest configuration
# =====================================================================
#
# This is a fairly minimal example of what is required for a
# Paravirtualised Linux guest. For a more complete guide see xl.cfg(5)
# Guest name
name = "centos6.vm2"
# 128-bit UUID for the domain as a hexadecimal number.
# Use "uuidgen" to generate one if required.
# The default behavior is to generate a new UUID each time the guest is started.
#uuid = "XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX"
# Kernel image to boot
#kernel = "/source/vmlinuz"
# Ramdisk (optional)
#ramdisk = "/boot/initrd.gz"
#ramdisk = "/source/initrd.img"
# Kernel command line options
#extra = "root=/dev/xvda1"
bootloader = "/usr/bin/pygrub"
# Initial memory allocation (MB)
memory = 512
# Maximum memory (MB)
# If this is greater than `memory‘ then the slack will start ballooned
# (this assumes guest kernel support for ballooning)
#maxmem = 512
# Number of VCPUS
vcpus = 2
# Network devices
# A list of ‘vifspec‘ entries as described in
# docs/misc/xl-network-configuration.markdown
vif = [ ‘bridge=br0‘ ]
# Disk Devices
# A list of `diskspec‘ entries as described in
# docs/misc/xl-disk-configuration.txt
disk = [ ‘file:/xen/vm2/centos6.qcow2,xvda,rw‘ ]
on_reboot = ‘restart‘
on_crash = ‘destroy‘
[[email protected] ~]# xl list
Name ID Mem VCPUs State Time(s)
Domain-0 0 1024 4 r----- 1180.5
centos6.vm1 14 512 2 -b---- 92.0
centos6 26 512 2 -b---- 74.9
centos6.vm2 31 512 2 -b---- 5.4
[[email protected] ~]# xl reboot centos6.vm2
[[email protected] ~]# xl shutdown centos6.vm2
[[email protected] ~]# xl create /xen/vm2/centos6.vm2
[[email protected] ~]# xl console centos.vm2
CentOS release 6.6 (Final)
Kernel 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 on an x86_64
localhost.localdomain login: root
Password:
本文出自 “linunx运维专题” 博客，请务必保留此出处http://lijianmin2008.blog.51cto.com/621678/1942968
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