DNS配置安装和DNS主从配置

Posted 2020-09-23

tags:

篇首语：本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理，主要介绍了DNS配置安装和DNS主从配置相关的知识，希望对你有一定的参考价值。

dns介绍（用来解析域名的）

dns==domain name server(域名服务器)

DNS 全称domain name system域名系统的缩写，它是一种将IP地址转换成对应的主机名或者将主机名转换成对应的IP的一种服务机制。其中通过域名解析出IP叫做正向解析，通过IP解析出域名叫做反向解析。DNS使用TCP和UDP协议，端口号都是53，但它主要使用UDP，服务器之间备份使用TCP。全世界只有13台“根”服务器，一个主根服务器放在美国，其他12台为辅根服务器，DNS服务器根据角色可分为：主DNS，从DNS，缓存DNS服务器，DNS转发服务器。

首先来看看域名的结构组成，我们平时访问网站的时候，都会用一个域名去请求，比如www.baidu.com，其实.com后面还有一个点，这个点叫做根域。下图是一个域名的树状结构，根域下面会有.com,.cn,.net等顶级域，顶级域下面又有二级域名，比如baidu.com或者.com.cn等，而www.baidu.com则为子域，我们经常用子域来做网站的域名。

早期的域名到IP的映射是保存在hosts文件中的：

[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4

::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

DNS解析过程：先在本地/etc/hosts文件中查找解析，如果找到直接使用；如果找不到，则进行下图所示的解析过程：

查看DNS配置文件的内容：

[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf

; generated by /sbin/dhclient-script

search localdomain

nameserver 192.168.147.2

我们使用bind来搭建DNS服务，

首先安装bind：

[[email protected] ~]# yum install -y bind

配置文件说明：

主配置文件：/etc/named.conf

（监听的端口53，IP127.0.0.1）

域服务器配置文件：/var/named/named.ca

本地主机配置文件：/var/named/named.localhost

反解析配置文件：/var/named/named.loopback

启动DNS服务named：

[[email protected] ~]# /etc/init.d/named start

Generating /etc/rndc.key: [确定]

启动 named： [确定]

测试1：正向解析

测试使用@127.0.0.1解析localhost：

[[email protected] ~]# dig @127.0.0.1 localhost （如果现实没有此命令可安装 bind-utils）

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @127.0.0.1 localhost

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 11354

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;localhost. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:

localhost. 86400 IN A 127.0.0.1

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

localhost. 86400 IN NS localhost.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

localhost. 86400 IN AAAA ::1

;; Query time: 0 msec

;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)

;; WHEN: Mon Mar 13 22:31:29 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 85

测试使用@127.0.0.1解析localhost.localdomain：

[[email protected] ~]# dig @127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 26777

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;localhost.localdomain. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:

localhost.localdomain. 86400 IN A 127.0.0.1

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

localhost.localdomain. 86400 IN NS localhost.localdomain.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

localhost.localdomain. 86400 IN AAAA ::1

;; Query time: 0 msec

;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)

;; WHEN: Mon Mar 13 22:32:30 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 97

测试结果发现，将localhost和localhost.localdomain都解析到了127.0.0.1。

测试2：反向解析

反解析配置文件：/var/named/named.loopback

测试使用@127.0.0.1反解析127.0.0.1：

[[email protected] ~]# dig @127.0.0.1 -x 127.0.0.1

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @127.0.0.1 -x 127.0.0.1

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 25857

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 2

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR

;; ANSWER SECTION:

1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR localhost.

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN NS 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN A 127.0.0.1

1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN AAAA ::1

;; Query time: 0 msec

;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)

;; WHEN: Mon Mar 13 22:33:43 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 121

测试结果发现，将127.0.0.1反解析到了localhost。

配置一个正向解析的域：123.com

编辑主配置文件：

[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/named.conf

在最后面添加一个域“123.com”，格式参照zone "."格式：

zone "123.com" IN {

type master;

file "123.com.zone";

};

检查主配置文件是否有错：

[[email protected] ~]# named-checkconf

编辑123.com.zone文件：

[[email protected] ~]# vim /var/named/123.com.zone

内容如下，格式参考/var/named/named.localhost：

$TTL 1D

@ IN SOA @ admin.123.com. (

2015010901 ; serial

1D ; refresh

1H ; retry

1W ; expire

3H ) ; minimum

IN NS ns.123.com.

IN MX 5 mail.123.com.

mail IN A 192.168.1.60

ns IN A 192.168.1.60

www IN A 11.11.11.11

bbs IN CNAME www

检查域配置文件是否有错：

[[email protected] ~]# named-checkzone "123.com" /var/named/123.com.zone

zone 123.com/IN: loaded serial 2015010901

再次编辑主配置文件，

[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/named.conf

加入监听DNS的IP192.168.147.137

listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1;192.168.147.137; };

重启：

[[email protected] ~]# /etc/init.d/named restart

停止 named：. [确定]

启动 named： [确定]

测试1：解析www.123.com：

[[email protected] ~]# dig @192.168.147.137 www.123.com

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @192.168.147.137 www.123.com

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 31526

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;www.123.com. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:

www.123.com. 86400 IN A 11.11.11.11

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

123.com. 86400 IN NS ns.123.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.123.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.134.128

;; Query time: 15 msec

;; SERVER: 192.168.147.137#53(192.168.147.137)

;; WHEN: Mon Mar 13 23:37:22 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 78

测试2：解析bbs.123.com：

[[email protected] ~]# dig @192.168.147.137 bbs.123.com

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @192.168.147.137 bbs.123.com

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 9966

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;bbs.123.com. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:

bbs.123.com. 86400 IN CNAME www.123.com.

www.123.com. 86400 IN A 11.11.11.11

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

123.com. 86400 IN NS ns.123.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.123.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.134.128

;; Query time: 1 msec

;; SERVER: 192.168.147.137#53(192.168.147.137)

;; WHEN: Mon Mar 13 23:38:53 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 96

测试3：mail.123.com：

[[email protected] ~]# dig @192.168.147.137 mail.123.com

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @192.168.147.137 mail.123.com

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 41160

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;mail.123.com. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:

mail.123.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.134.129

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

123.com. 86400 IN NS ns.123.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.123.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.134.128

;; Query time: 0 msec

;; SERVER: 192.168.147.137#53(192.168.147.137)

;; WHEN: Mon Mar 13 23:39:42 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 79

测试4：没有配置的mail2解析失败

[[email protected] ~]# dig @192.168.147.137 mail2.123.com

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @192.168.147.137 mail2.123.com

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NXDOMAIN, id: 47121

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 0

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;mail2.123.com. IN A

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

123.com. 10800 IN SOA 123.com. admin.123.com. 2015010901 86400 3600 604800 10800

;; Query time: 9 msec

;; SERVER: 192.168.147.137#53(192.168.147.137)

;; WHEN: Mon Mar 13 23:40:34 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 73

配置一个反向解析的域：147.168.192.zone

（反解析一般用于企业的邮件服务器，能够反解析出我的域名的IP我才给你发邮件）

编辑主配置文件：

[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/named.conf

在最后面添加一个域：

zone "147.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {

type master;

file "147.168.192.zone";

};

检查主配置文件是否有错：

[[email protected] ~]# named-checkconf

编辑对应的zone文件：

[[email protected] ~]# vim /var/named/147.168.192.zone

$TTL 1D

@ IN SOA @ admin.123.com. (

2015010901 ; serial

1D ; refresh

1H ; retry

1W ; expire

3H ) ; minimum

IN NS ns.123.com.

137 IN PTR ns.123.com.

138 IN PTR mail.123.com.

检查域配置文件是否有错：

[[email protected] ~]# named-checkzone "147.168.192" /var/named/147.168.192.zone

zone 147.168.192/IN: loaded serial 2015010901

重启：

[[email protected] ~]# /etc/init.d/named restart

停止 named：. [确定]

启动 named： [确定]

测试1：DNS服务器自身IP反解析成功

[[email protected] ~]# dig @192.168.147.137 -x 192.168.147.137

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @192.168.147.137 -x 192.168.147.137

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 38679

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;137.147.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR

;; ANSWER SECTION:

137.147.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR ns.123.com.

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

147.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN NS ns.123.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.123.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.134.128

;; Query time: 0 msec

;; SERVER: 192.168.147.137#53(192.168.147.137)

;; WHEN: Tue Mar 14 00:00:02 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 100

测试2：域192.168.147内的任意主机都能反解析成功

[[email protected] ~]# dig @192.168.147.137 -x 192.168.147.138

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @192.168.147.137 -x 192.168.147.138

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 50957

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;138.147.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR

;; ANSWER SECTION:

138.147.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR mail.123.com.

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

147.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN NS ns.123.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.123.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.134.128

;; Query time: 0 msec

;; SERVER: 192.168.147.137#53(192.168.147.137)

;; WHEN: Tue Mar 14 00:01:31 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 105

测试3：不在域192.168.147内的IP反解析失败：

[[email protected] ~]# dig @192.168.147.137 -x 192.168.123.138

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @192.168.147.137 -x 192.168.123.138

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: SERVFAIL, id: 37175

;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;138.123.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR

;; Query time: 1240 msec

;; SERVER: 192.168.147.137#53(192.168.147.137)

;; WHEN: Tue Mar 14 00:01:58 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 46

dns服务器主从配置：

主DNS服务器：192.168.147.137

从DNS服务器：192.168.147.138

在从DNS服务器上192.168.147.138:

安装DNS：

[[email protected] ~]# yum install -y bind

编辑主配置：

[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/named.conf

注释掉以下两行，表示监听所有IP

// listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; };

// listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };

在最后面添加与主DNS一样的域配置，稍作修改如下：

zone "123.com" IN {

type slave;

file "slaves/123.com.zone";

masters { 192.168.147.137; };

};

zone "147.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {

type slave;

file "slaves/147.168.192.zone";

masters { 192.168.147.137; };

};

检查主配置文件是否有错：

[[email protected] ~]# named-checkconf

启动：

[[email protected] ~]# /etc/init.d/named start

Generating /etc/rndc.key: [确定]

启动 named： [确定]

查看生成的文件：

[[email protected] ~]# ls /var/named/slaves/

123.com.zone 147.168.192.zone

查看123.com.zone内容（可以看到在主DNS上的配置被同步到从DNS上）：

[[email protected] ~]# cat /var/named/slaves/123.com.zone

$ORIGIN .

$TTL 86400 ; 1 day

123.com IN SOA 123.com. admin.123.com. (

2015010901 ; serial

86400 ; refresh (1 day)

3600 ; retry (1 hour)

604800 ; expire (1 week)

10800 ; minimum (3 hours)

)

NS ns.123.com.

MX 5 mail.123.com.

$ORIGIN 123.com.

bbs CNAME www

mail A 192.168.134.129

ns A 192.168.134.128

www A 11.11.11.11

测试从DNS解析www.123.com：

[[email protected] ~]# dig @192.168.147.138 www.123.com

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @192.168.147.138 www.123.com

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 38327

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;www.123.com. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:

www.123.com. 86400 IN A 11.11.11.11

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

123.com. 86400 IN NS ns.123.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.123.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.134.128

;; Query time: 1 msec

;; SERVER: 192.168.147.138#53(192.168.147.138)

;; WHEN: Tue Mar 14 00:34:43 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 78

测试从DNSbbs：

[[email protected] ~]# dig @192.168.147.138 bbs.123.com

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @192.168.147.138 bbs.123.com

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 36960

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;bbs.123.com. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:

bbs.123.com. 86400 IN CNAME www.123.com.

www.123.com. 86400 IN A 11.11.11.11

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

123.com. 86400 IN NS ns.123.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.123.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.134.128

;; Query time: 0 msec

;; SERVER: 192.168.147.138#53(192.168.147.138)

;; WHEN: Tue Mar 14 00:46:35 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 96

测试反解析：

[[email protected] ~]# dig @192.168.147.138 -x 192.168.147.137

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @192.168.147.138 -x 192.168.147.137

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 5809

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;137.147.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR

;; ANSWER SECTION:

137.147.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR ns.123.com.

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

147.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN NS ns.123.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.123.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.134.128

;; Query time: 0 msec

;; SERVER: 192.168.147.138#53(192.168.147.138)

;; WHEN: Tue Mar 14 00:48:28 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 100

测试结果发现，从DNS服务器正常工作。

在主上增加一条记录：

[[email protected] ~]# vim /var/named/123.com.zone

$TTL 1D

@ IN SOA @ admin.123.com. (

2015010902 ; serial

1D ; refresh

1H ; retry

1W ; expire

3H ) ; minimum

IN NS ns.123.com.

IN MX 5 mail.123.com.

mail IN A 192.168.147.137

ns IN A 192.168.147.138

www IN A 11.11.11.11

bbs IN CNAME www

test IN A 111.111.111.111

重启：

[[email protected] ~]# /etc/init.d/named restart

停止 named：. [确定]

启动 named： [确定]

测试解析新加入的记录 test.123.com：

[[email protected] ~]# dig @192.168.147.137 test.123.com

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @192.168.147.137 test.123.com

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 2695

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;test.123.com. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:

test.123.com. 86400 IN A 111.111.111.111

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

123.com. 86400 IN NS ns.123.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.123.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.147.138

;; Query time: 0 msec

;; SERVER: 192.168.147.137#53(192.168.147.137)

;; WHEN: Tue Mar 14 00:53:47 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 79

1天刷新一次不方便测试，我们想只要主发生更改，从立即跟着更改：

在主上编辑配置文件：加入向从发送通知的配置

zone "123.com" IN {

type master;

file "123.com.zone";

notify yes;

also-notify { 192.168.147.138; };

};

zone "147.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {

type master;

file "147.168.192.zone";

notify yes;

also-notify { 192.168.147.138; };

};

检查配置：

[[email protected] ~]# named-checkconf

重启：[[email protected] ~]# /etc/init.d/named restart

停止 named：. [确定]

启动 named： [确定]

在从上测试：

发现从DNS上配置文件123.com.zone也自动更新：

[[email protected] ~]# cat /var/named/slaves/123.com.zone

$ORIGIN .

$TTL 86400 ; 1 day

123.com IN SOA 123.com. admin.123.com. (

2015010902 ; serial

86400 ; refresh (1 day)

3600 ; retry (1 hour)

604800 ; expire (1 week)

10800 ; minimum (3 hours)

)

NS ns.123.com.

MX 5 mail.123.com.

$ORIGIN 123.com.

bbs CNAME www

mail A 192.168.147.137

ns A 192.168.147.138

test A 111.111.111.111

www A 11.11.11.11

测试解析 test.123.com：

[[email protected] ~]# dig @192.168.147.138 test.123.com

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> @192.168.147.138 test.123.com

; (1 server found)

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 57454

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;test.123.com. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:

test.123.com. 86400 IN A 111.111.111.111

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

123.com. 86400 IN NS ns.123.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.123.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.147.138

;; Query time: 0 msec

;; SERVER: 192.168.147.138#53(192.168.147.138)

;; WHEN: Tue Mar 14 00:58:05 2017

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 79

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