python教程入门学习Python零基础入门爬虫项目

Posted 2021-12-18 梦子mengy7762

Python入门爬虫项目

这是我的第一个python项目，分享给大家。

需求

我们目前正在开发一款产品其功能大致是：用户收到短信如：购买了电影票或者火车票机票之类的事件。然后app读取短信，解析短信，获取时间地点，然后后台自动建立一个备忘录，在事件开始前1小时提醒用户。
设计

开始我们将解析的功能放在了服务端，但是后来考虑到用户隐私问题。后来将解析功能放到了app端，服务端只负责收集数据，然后将新数据发送给app端。

关于服务端主要是分离出两个功能，

1、响应app端请求返回数据。

2、爬取数据，存入数据库。

响应请求返回数据使用java来做，而爬取数据存入数据库使用python来做，这样分别使用不同语言来做是因为这两种语言各有优势，java效率比python高些，适合做web端，而爬取数据并不是太追求性能且python语言和大量的库适合做爬虫。

代码:本项目使用python3的版本

了解这个项目你只需要有简单的python基础，能了解python语法就可以。其实我自己也是python没学完，然后就开始写，遇到问题就百度，边做边学这样才不至于很枯燥，因为python可以做一些很有意思的事情，比如模拟连续登录挣积分，比如我最近在写一个预定模范出行车子的python脚本。
（需要入门教程看文章末尾）

接下来讲解init.py包的标识文件，python包就是文件夹，当改文件夹下有一个init.py文件后它就成为一个package，我在这个包中引入一些py供其他py调用。（话不多说，开始撸代码）

init.py

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import need manager module

import MongoUtil
import FileUtil
import conf_dev
import conf_test
import scratch_airport_name
import scratch_flight_number
import scratch_movie_name
import scratch_train_number
import scratch_train_station
import MainUtil

下面两个是配置文件，第一个是开发环境的（windows），第二个是测试环境的（linux），然后再根据不同系统启用不同的配置文件

conf_dev.py

-- coding: UTF-8 --

the configuration file of develop environment

path configure

data_root_path = ‘E:/APK98_GNBJ_SMARTSERVER/Proj-gionee-data/smart/data’

mongodb configure

user = “cmc”
pwd = “123456”
server = “localhost”
port = “27017”
db_name = “smartdb”

conf_test.py

-- coding: UTF-8 --

the configuration file of test environment

#path configure
data_root_path = ‘/data/app/smart/data’

#mongodb configure
user = “smart”
pwd = “123456”
server = “10.8.0.30”
port = “27017”
db_name = “smartdb”

下面文件是一个util文件，主要是读取原文件的内容，还有将新内容写入原文件。

FileUtil.py

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import conf_dev
import conf_test
import platform

configure Multi-confronment

判断当前系统，并引入相对的配置文件

platform_os = platform.system()
config = conf_dev
if (platform_os == ‘Linux’):
config = conf_test

path

data_root_path = config.data_root_path

load old data

def read(resources_file_path, encode=‘utf-8’):
file_path = data_root_path + resources_file_path
outputs = []
for line in open(file_path, encoding=encode):
if not line.startswith("//"):
outputs.append(line.strip(’\\n’).split(’,’)[-1])
return outputs

append new data to file from scratch

def append(resources_file_path, data, encode=‘utf-8’):
file_path = data_root_path + resources_file_path
with open(file_path, ‘a’, encoding=encode) as f:
f.write(data)
f.close

下面这个main方法控制着执行流程，其他的执行方法调用这个main方法

MainUtil.py

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import sys
from datetime import datetime
import MongoUtil
import FileUtil

@param resources_file_path 资源文件的path

@param base_url 爬取的连接

@param scratch_func 爬取的方法

def main(resources_file_path, base_url, scratch_func):
old_data = FileUtil.read(resources_file_path) #读取原资源
new_data = scratch_func(base_url, old_data) #爬取新资源
if new_data: #如果新数据不为空
date_new_data = “//” + datetime.now().strftime(’%Y-%m-%d’) + “\\n” + “\\n”.join(new_data) + “\\n” #在新数据前面加上当前日期
FileUtil.append(resources_file_path, date_new_data) #将新数据追加到文件中
MongoUtil.insert(resources_file_path, date_new_data) #将新数据插入到mongodb数据库中
else: #如果新数据为空，则打印日志
print(datetime.now().strftime(’%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S’), ‘----’, getattr(scratch_func, ‘name’), ": nothing to update ")

将更新的内容插入mongodb中

MongoUtil.py

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import platform
from pymongo import MongoClient
from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
import conf_dev
import conf_test

configure Multi-confronment

platform_os = platform.system()
config = conf_dev
if (platform_os == ‘Linux’):
config = conf_test

mongodb

uri = ‘mongodb://’ + config.user + ‘:’ + config.pwd + ‘@’ + config.server + ‘:’ + config.port + ‘/’ + config.db_name

将数据写入mongodb

@author chenmc

@param uri connect to mongodb

@path save mongodb field

@data save mongodb field

@operation save mongodb field default value ‘append’

@date 2017/12/07 16:30

先在mongodb中插入一条自增数据 db.sequence.insert( “_id” : “version”,“seq” : 1)

def insert(path, data, operation=‘append’):
client = MongoClient(uri)
resources = client.smartdb.resources
sequence = client.smartdb.sequence
seq = sequence.find_one("_id": “version”)[“seq”] #获取自增id
sequence.update_one("_id": “version”, "$inc": “seq”: 1) #自增id+1
post_data = "_class": “com.gionee.smart.domain.entity.Resources”, “version”: seq, “path”: path,
“content”: data, “status”: “enable”, “operation”: operation,
“createtime”: datetime.now(timezone(timedelta(hours=8)))
resources.insert(post_data) #插入数据

项目引入的第三方库，可使用pip install -r requirements.txt下载第三方库

requirements.txt

need to install module# need to install module

bs4
pymongo
requests
json

下面真正的执行方法来了，这五个py分别表示爬取五种信息：机场名、航班号、电影名、列车号、列车站。他们的结构都差不多，如下:

第一部分：定义查找的url；
第二部分：获取并与旧数据比较，返回新数据；
第三部分：main方法，执行写入新数据到文件和mongodb中；

scratch_airport_name.py：爬取全国机场

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import requests
import bs4
import json
import MainUtil

resources_file_path = ‘/resources/airplane/airportNameList.ini’
scratch_url_old = ‘https://data.variflight.com/profiles/profilesapi/search’
scratch_url = ‘https://data.variflight.com/analytics/codeapi/initialList’
get_city_url = ‘https://data.variflight.com/profiles/Airports/%s’

#传入查找网页的url和旧数据，然后本方法会比对原数据中是否有新的条目，如果有则不加入，如果没有则重新加入，最后返回新数据
def scratch_airport_name(scratch_url, old_airports):
new_airports = []
data = requests.get(scratch_url).text
all_airport_json = json.loads(data)[‘data’]
for airport_by_word in all_airport_json.values():
for airport in airport_by_word:
if airport[‘fn’] not in old_airports:
get_city_uri = get_city_url % airport[‘id’]
data2 = requests.get(get_city_uri).text
soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(data2, “html.parser”)
city = soup.find(‘span’, text=“城市”).next_sibling.text
new_airports.append(city + ‘,’ + airport[‘fn’])
return new_airports

#main方法，执行这个py，默认调用main方法，相当于java的main
if name == ‘main’:
MainUtil.main(resources_file_path, scratch_url, scratch_airport_name)

scratch_flight_number.py：爬取全国航班号

#!/usr/bin/python

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import requests
import bs4
import MainUtil

resources_file_path = ‘/resources/airplane/flightNameList.ini’
scratch_url = ‘http://www.variflight.com/sitemap.html?AE71649A58c77=’

def scratch_flight_number(scratch_url, old_flights):
new_flights = []
data = requests.get(scratch_url).text
soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(data, “html.parser”)
a_flights = soup.find(‘div’, class_=‘list’).find_all(‘a’, recursive=False)
for flight in a_flights:
if flight.text not in old_flights and flight.text != ‘国内航段列表’:
new_flights.append(flight.text)
return new_flights

if name == ‘main’:
MainUtil.main(resources_file_path, scratch_url, scratch_flight_number)

scratch_movie_name.py：爬取最近上映的电影

#!/usr/bin/python

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import re
import requests
import bs4
import json
import MainUtil

相对路径，也是需要将此路径存入数据库

resources_file_path = ‘/resources/movie/cinemaNameList.ini’
scratch_url = ‘http://theater.mtime.com/China_Beijing/’

scratch data with define url

def scratch_latest_movies(scratch_url, old_movies):
data = requests.get(scratch_url).text
soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(data, “html.parser”)
new_movies = []
new_movies_json = json.loads(
soup.find(‘script’, text=re.compile(“var hotplaySvList”)).text.split("=")[1].replace(";", “”))
coming_movies_data = soup.find_all(‘li’, class_=‘i_wantmovie’)
# 上映的电影
for movie in new_movies_json:
move_name = movie[‘Title’]
if move_name not in old_movies:
new_movies.append(movie[‘Title’])
# 即将上映的电影
for coming_movie in coming_movies_data:
coming_movie_name = coming_movie.h3.a.text
if coming_movie_name not in old_movies and coming_movie_name not in new_movies:
new_movies.append(coming_movie_name)
return new_movies

if name == ‘main’:
MainUtil.main(resources_file_path, scratch_url, scratch_latest_movies)

scratch_train_number.py：爬取全国列车号

#!/usr/bin/python

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import requests
import bs4
import json
import MainUtil

resources_file_path = ‘/resources/train/trainNameList.ini’
scratch_url = ‘http://www.59178.com/checi/’

def scratch_train_number(scratch_url, old_trains):
new_trains = []
resp = requests.get(scratch_url)
data = resp.text.encode(resp.encoding).decode(‘gb2312’)
soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(data, “html.parser”)
a_trains = soup.find(‘table’).find_all(‘a’)
for train in a_trains:
if train.text not in old_trains and train.text:
new_trains.append(train.text)
return new_trains

if name == ‘main’:
MainUtil.main(resources_file_path, scratch_url, scratch_train_number)

scratch_train_station.py：爬取全国列车站

#!/usr/bin/python

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import requests
import bs4
import random
import MainUtil

resources_file_path = ‘/resources/train/trainStationNameList.ini’
scratch_url = ‘http://www.smskb.com/train/’

def scratch_train_station(scratch_url, old_stations):
new_stations = []
provinces_eng = (
“Anhui”, “Beijing”, “Chongqing”, “Fujian”, “Gansu”, “Guangdong”, “Guangxi”, “Guizhou”, “Hainan”, “Hebei”,
“Heilongjiang”, “Henan”, “Hubei”, “Hunan”, “Jiangsu”, “Jiangxi”, “Jilin”, “Liaoning”, “Ningxia”, “Qinghai”,
“Shandong”, “Shanghai”, “Shanxi”, “Shanxisheng”, “Sichuan”, “Tianjin”, “Neimenggu”, “Xianggang”, “Xinjiang”,
“Xizang”,
“Yunnan”, “Zhejiang”)
provinces_chi = (
“安徽”, “北京”, “重庆”, “福建”, “甘肃”, “广东”, “广西”, “贵州”, “海南”, “河北”,
“黑龙江”, “河南”, “湖北”, “湖南”, “江苏”, “江西”, “吉林”, “辽宁”, “宁夏”, “青海”,
“山东”, “上海”, “陕西”, “山西”, “四川”, “天津”, “内蒙古”, “香港”, “新疆”, “西藏”,
“云南”, “浙江”)
for i in range(0, provinces_eng.len(), 1):
cur_url = scratch_url + provinces_eng[i] + “.htm”
resp = requests.get(cur_url)
data = resp.text.encode(resp.encoding).decode(‘gbk’)
soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(data, “html.parser”)
a_stations = soup.find(‘left’).find(‘table’).find_all(‘a’)
for station in a_stations:
if station.text not in old_stations:
new_stations.append(provinces_chi[i] + ‘,’ + station.text)
return new_stations

if name == ‘main’:
MainUtil.main(resources_file_path, scratch_url, scratch_train_station)

将项目放到测试服务器(centos7系统)中运行起来，我写了一个crontab，定时调用他们，下面贴出crontab。

/etc/crontab

SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root

For details see man 4 crontabs

Example of job definition:

.---------------- minute (0 - 59)

| .------------- hour (0 - 23)

| | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)

| | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr …

| | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat

| | | | |

* * * * * user-name command to be executed

0 0 * * * root python3 /data/app/smart/py/scratch_movie_name.py >> /data/logs/smartpy/out.log 2>&1
0 1 * * 1 root python3 /data/app/smart/py/scratch_train_station.py >> /data/logs/smartpy/out.log 2>&1
0 2 * * 2 root python3 /data/app/smart/py/scratch_train_number.py >> /data/logs/smartpy/out.log 2>&1
0 3 * * 4 root python3 /data/app/smart/py/scratch_flight_number.py >> /data/logs/smartpy/out.log 2>&1
0 4 * * 5 root python3 /data/app/smart/py/scratch_airport_name.py >> /data/logs/smartpy/out.log 2>&1

总结

上述都是一些简单的Python爬虫项目，刚开始接触Python的老铁们可以试着自己去敲代码运行一下。
可能更多的还是Python零基础，只是听说过还没有真正地接触过。还不知道该如何去入门Python，入门Python又要学那些知识。在这里小编整理了全套的Python零基础学习资料，一些Python常用工具的安装包，学习路线图。都可以找我拿