Spring相关面试题:谈一谈你对事务的理解?

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事务详解

2. 事务管理

2.1 回顾事务

  • 什么是事务?
    • 在数据库开发中,一组业务逻辑操作,要么全部成功,要么全部失败。
  • 事务有什么特定?ACID
    • 原子性:整体,原子不可分割的。整个操作被看成一个整体,要么成功,要么失败。
    • 一致性:数据,事务操作的前后数据一致。
    • 隔离性:并发,两个事务之间并发访问情况。
    • 持久性:结果,事务一旦提交,不能回滚。
  • 隔离有什么问题?
    • 脏读:一个事务读到了另一个事务没有提交的数据。
    • 不可重复读:一个事务读到了另一个事务已有提交的数据(update)。
    • 幻读:一个事务读到了另一个事务已有提交的数据(insert)。
  • 隔离级别有那些?
    • 读未提交:存在3个问题(脏读、不可重复读、幻读)
    • 读已提交:解决1个问题(脏读),存在2个问题(不可重复读、幻读)
    • 可重复读:解决2个问题(脏读、不可重复读)、存在1个问题(幻读)
    • 串行化:解决3个问题(脏读、不可重复读、幻读)–单事务

2.2 事务详解

  • 研究Spring事务,需要学习事务管理平台管理器:PlatformTransactionManager
    • 在平台管理器中,通过事务的定义获得事务,从而进行事务提交或回滚操作。
  • 事务定义 TransactionDefinition 的详解:

  • 传播行为:一个事务调用另一个事务,事务共享问题。
  1. PROPAGATION_REQUIRED,required:支持当前事务,如果没有事务,创建一个新的。

​ A 有事务,B使用A的事务。(支持当前事务)

​ A没有事务,B创建新的。()

  1. PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS,supports:支持当前事务,如果没有事务,以非事务执行。

​ A 有事务,B使用A的事务。(支持当前事务)

​ A没有事务,B以非事务执行。

  1. PROPAGATION_MANDATORY,mandatory:支持当前事务,如果没有事务,抛异常

​ A 有事务,B使用A的事务。(支持当前事务)

​ A没有事务,B抛异常。

  1. PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW,requires_new:创建一个新事物,如果当前有事务,将挂起。

​ A 有事务,B创建新事务,同时挂起A事务。

​ A 没有事务,B创建新事务。

  1. PROPAGATION_NOT_SUPPORTED, not_supported:不支持当前事务,以非事务执行,如果有挂起

​ A 有事务,B以非事务执行,同时挂起A事务。

​ A 没有事务,B以非事务执行。

  1. PROPAGATION_NEVER, never:不支持当前事务,如果有抛异常。

​ A 有事务,B抛异常

​ A 没有事务,B以非事务执行。

  1. PROPAGATION_NESTED, nested :嵌套事务,底层使用savepoint进行嵌套事务操作。

    ​ 保存点允许回顾部分事务。

相关源码:

/*
 * Copyright 2002-2015 the original author or authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.springframework.transaction;

import java.sql.Connection;

/**
 * Interface that defines Spring-compliant transaction properties.
 * Based on the propagation behavior definitions analogous to EJB CMT attributes.
 *
 * <p>Note that isolation level and timeout settings will not get applied unless
 * an actual new transaction gets started. As only {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED},
 * {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW} and {@link #PROPAGATION_NESTED} can cause
 * that, it usually doesn't make sense to specify those settings in other cases.
 * Furthermore, be aware that not all transaction managers will support those
 * advanced features and thus might throw corresponding exceptions when given
 * non-default values.
 *
 * <p>The {@link #isReadOnly() read-only flag} applies to any transaction context,
 * whether backed by an actual resource transaction or operating non-transactionally
 * at the resource level. In the latter case, the flag will only apply to managed
 * resources within the application, such as a Hibernate {@code Session}.
 *
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @since 08.05.2003
 * @see PlatformTransactionManager#getTransaction(TransactionDefinition)
 * @see org.springframework.transaction.support.DefaultTransactionDefinition
 * @see org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAttribute
 */
public interface TransactionDefinition {

	/**
	 * Support a current transaction; create a new one if none exists.
	 * Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
	 * <p>This is typically the default setting of a transaction definition,
	 * and typically defines a transaction synchronization scope.
	 */
	int PROPAGATION_REQUIRED = 0;

	/**
	 * Support a current transaction; execute non-transactionally if none exists.
	 * Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
	 * <p><b>NOTE:</b> For transaction managers with transaction synchronization,
	 * {@code PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS} is slightly different from no transaction
	 * at all, as it defines a transaction scope that synchronization might apply to.
	 * As a consequence, the same resources (a JDBC {@code Connection}, a
	 * Hibernate {@code Session}, etc) will be shared for the entire specified
	 * scope. Note that the exact behavior depends on the actual synchronization
	 * configuration of the transaction manager!
	 * <p>In general, use {@code PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS} with care! In particular, do
	 * not rely on {@code PROPAGATION_REQUIRED} or {@code PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW}
	 * <i>within</i> a {@code PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS} scope (which may lead to
	 * synchronization conflicts at runtime). If such nesting is unavoidable, make sure
	 * to configure your transaction manager appropriately (typically switching to
	 * "synchronization on actual transaction").
	 * @see org.springframework.transaction.support.AbstractPlatformTransactionManager#setTransactionSynchronization
	 * @see org.springframework.transaction.support.AbstractPlatformTransactionManager#SYNCHRONIZATION_ON_ACTUAL_TRANSACTION
	 */
	int PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS = 1;

	/**
	 * Support a current transaction; throw an exception if no current transaction
	 * exists. Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
	 * <p>Note that transaction synchronization within a {@code PROPAGATION_MANDATORY}
	 * scope will always be driven by the surrounding transaction.
	 */
	int PROPAGATION_MANDATORY = 2;

	/**
	 * Create a new transaction, suspending the current transaction if one exists.
	 * Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
	 * <p><b>NOTE:</b> Actual transaction suspension will not work out-of-the-box
	 * on all transaction managers. This in particular applies to
	 * {@link org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager},
	 * which requires the {@code javax.transaction.TransactionManager} to be
	 * made available it to it (which is server-specific in standard Java EE).
	 * <p>A {@code PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW} scope always defines its own
	 * transaction synchronizations. Existing synchronizations will be suspended
	 * and resumed appropriately.
	 * @see org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager#setTransactionManager
	 */
	int PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW = 3;

	/**
	 * Do not support a current transaction; rather always execute non-transactionally.
	 * Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
	 * <p><b>NOTE:</b> Actual transaction suspension will not work out-of-the-box
	 * on all transaction managers. This in particular applies to
	 * {@link org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager},
	 * which requires the {@code javax.transaction.TransactionManager} to be
	 * made available it to it (which is server-specific in standard Java EE).
	 * <p>Note that transaction synchronization is <i>not</i> available within a
	 * {@code PROPAGATION_NOT_SUPPORTED} scope. Existing synchronizations
	 * will be suspended and resumed appropriately.
	 * @see org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager#setTransactionManager
	 */
	int PROPAGATION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 4;

	/**
	 * Do not support a current transaction; throw an exception if a current transaction
	 * exists. Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
	 * <p>Note that transaction synchronization is <i>not</i> available within a
	 * {@code PROPAGATION_NEVER} scope.
	 */
	int PROPAGATION_NEVER = 5;

	/**
	 * Execute within a nested transaction if a current transaction exists,
	 * behave like {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED} else. There is no analogous
	 * feature in EJB.
	 * <p><b>NOTE:</b> Actual creation of a nested transaction will only work on
	 * specific transaction managers. Out of the box, this only applies to the JDBC
	 * {@link org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager}
	 * when working on a JDBC 3.0 driver. Some JTA providers might support
	 * nested transactions as well.
	 * @see org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager
	 */
	int PROPAGATION_NESTED = 6;


	/**
	 * Use the default isolation level of the underlying datastore.
	 * All other levels correspond to the JDBC isolation levels.
	 * @see java.sql.Connection
	 */
	int ISOLATION_DEFAULT = -1;

	/**
	 * Indicates that dirty reads, non-repeatable reads and phantom reads
	 * can occur.
	 * <p>This level allows a row changed by one transaction to be read by another
	 * transaction before any changes in that row have been committed (a "dirty read").
	 * If any of the changes are rolled back, the second transaction will have
	 * retrieved an invalid row.
	 * @see java.sql.Connection#TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED
	 */
	int ISOLATION_READ_UNCOMMITTED = Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED;

	/**
	 * Indicates that dirty reads are prevented; non-repeatable reads and
	 * phantom reads can occur.
	 * <p>This level only prohibits a transaction from reading a row
	 * with uncommitted changes in it.
	 * @see java.sql.Connection#TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED
	 */
	int ISOLATION_READ_COMMITTED = Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED;

	/**
	 * Indicates that dirty reads and non-repeatable reads are prevented;
	 * phantom reads can occur.
	 * <p>This level prohibits a transaction from reading a row with uncommitted changes
	 * in it, and it also prohibits the situation where one transaction reads a row,
	 * a second transaction alters the row, and the first transaction re-reads the row,
	 * getting different values the second time (a "non-repeatable read").
	 * @see java.sql.Connection#TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ
	 */
	int ISOLATION_REPEATABLE_READ = Connection.TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ;

	/**
	 * Indicates that dirty reads, non-repeatable reads and phantom reads
	 * are prevented.
	 * <p>This level includes the prohibitions in {@link #ISOLATION_REPEATABLE_READ}
	 * and further prohibits the situation where one transaction reads all rows that
	 * satisfy a {@code WHERE} condition, a second transaction inserts a row
	 * that satisfies that {@code WHERE} condition, and the first transaction
	 * re-reads for the same condition, retrieving the additional "phantom" row
	 * in the second read.
	 * @see java.sql.Connection#TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE
	 */
	int ISOLATION_SERIALIZABLE = Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE;


	/**
	 * Use the default timeout of the underlying transaction system,
	 * or none if timeouts are not supported.
	 */
	int TIMEOUT_DEFAULT = -1;


	/**
	 * Return the propagation behavior.
	 * <p>Must return one of the {@code PROPAGATION_XXX} constants
	 * defined on {@link TransactionDefinition this interface}.
	 * @return the propagation behavior
	 * @see #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED
	 * @see org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronizationManager#isActualTransactionActive()
	 */
	int getPropagationBehavior();

	/**
	 * Return the isolation level.
	 * <p>Must return one of the {@code ISOLATION_XXX} constants
	 * defined on {@link TransactionDefinition this interface}.
	 * <p>Only makes sense in combination with {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED}
	 * or {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW}.
	 * <p>Note that a transaction manager that does not support custom isolation levels
	 * will throw an exception when given any other level than {@link #ISOLATION_DEFAULT}.
	 * @return the isolation level
	 */
	int getIsolationLevel();

	/**
	 * Return the transaction timeout.
	 * <p>Must return a number of seconds, or {@link #TIMEOUT_DEFAULT}.
	 * <p>Only makes sense in combination with {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED}
	 * or {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW}.
	 * <p>Note that a transaction manager that does not support timeouts will throw
	 * an exception when given any other timeout than {@link #TIMEOUT_DEFAULT}.
	 * @return the transaction timeout
	 */
	int getTimeout();

	/**
	 * Return whether to optimize as a read-only transaction.
	 * <p>The read-only flag applies to any transaction context, whether
	 * backed by an actual resource transaction
	 * ({@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED}/{@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW}) or
	 * operating non-transactionally at the resource level
	 * ({@link #PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS}). In the latter case, the flag will
	 * only apply to managed resources within the application, such as a
	 * Hibernate {@code Session}.
	 <<	 * <p>This just serves as a hint for the actual transaction subsystem;
	 * it will <i>not necessarily</i> cause failure of write access attempts.
	 * A transaction manager which cannot interpret the read-only hint will
	 * <i>not</i> throw an exception when asked for a read-only transaction.
	 * @return {@code true} if the transaction is to be optimized as read-only
	 * @see org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronization#beforeCommit(boolean)
	 * @see org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronizationManager#isCurrentTransactionReadOnly()
	 */
	boolean isReadOnly();

	/**
	 * Return the name of this transaction. Can be {@code null}.
	 * <p>This will be used as the transaction name to be shown in a
	 * transaction monitor, if applicable (for example, WebLogic's).
	 * <p>In case of Spring's declarative transactions, the exposed name will be
	 * the {@code fully-qualified class name + "." + method name} (by default).
	 * @return the name of this transaction
	 * @see org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAspectSupport
	 * @see org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronizationManager#getCurrentTransactionName()
	 */
	String getName();

}

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