linux驱动之I2C子系统
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目录
一、I2C基本原理
(1)三根通信线:SCL、SDA、GND
(2)同步、串行、电平、低速、近距离
(3)总线式结构,支持多个设备挂接在同一条总线上
(4)主从式结构,通信双方必须一个为主(master)一个为从(slave),主设备掌握每次通信的主动权,从设备按照主设备的节奏被动响应。每个从设备在总线中(某条工作的总线上,并不是所有的总线上都是同一个地址)有唯一的地址(slave address),主设备通过从地址找到自己要通信的从设备(本质是广播的方式)。
收发消息都是广播,总线上的设备都可收到,通过于自己的地址对比确认是否是给自己的信息
(5)I2C主要用途就是主SoC和外围设备之间的通信,最大优势是可以在总线上扩展多个外围设备的支持。常见的各种物联网传感器芯片(如gsensor、温度、湿度、光强度、酸碱度、烟雾浓度、压力等)均使用I2C接口和主SoC进行连接。
(6)电容触摸屏芯片的多个引脚构成2个接口。一个接口是I2C的,负责和主SoC连接(本身作为从设备),主SoC通过该接口初始化及控制电容触摸屏芯片、芯片通过该接口向SoC汇报触摸事件的信息(触摸坐标等),我们使用电容触摸屏时重点关注的是这个接口;另一个接口是电容触摸板的管理接口,电容触摸屏芯片通过该接口来控制触摸板硬件。该接口是电容触摸屏公司关心的,他们的触摸屏芯片内部固件编程要处理这部分,我们使用电容触摸屏的人并不关心这里。
二、linux内核的I2C子系统详解
1、linux内核的I2C驱动框架总览
(1)I2C驱动框架的主要目标是:让驱动开发者可以在内核中方便的添加自己的I2C设备的驱动程序,从而可以更容易的在linux下驱动自己的I2C接口硬件
(2)源码中I2C相关的驱动均位于:drivers/i2c目录下。
(3)linux系统提供2种I2C驱动实现方法
第一种叫i2c-dev,对应drivers/i2c/i2c-dev.c,这种方法只是封装了主机(I2C master,一般是SoC中内置的I2C控制器)的I2C基本操作,并且向应用层提供相应的操作接口,应用层代码需要自己去实现对slave的控制和操作,所以这种I2C驱动相当于只是提供给应用层可以访问slave硬件设备的接口,本身并未对硬件做任何操作,应用需要实现对硬件的操作(操控寄存器进行初始化等),因此写应用的人必须对硬件非常了解,其实相当于传统的驱动中干的活儿丢给应用去做了,所以这种I2C驱动又叫做**“应用层驱动”**,这种方式并不主流,它的优势是把差异化都放在应用中,这样在设备比较难缠(尤其是slave是非标准I2C时)时不用动驱动,而只需要修改应用就可以实现对各种设备的驱动。这种驱动在驱动层很简单(就是i2c-dev.c)我们就不分析了。
第二种I2C驱动是所有的代码都放在驱动层实现,直接向应用层提供最终结果。应用层甚至不需要知道这里面有I2C存在,譬如电容式触摸屏驱动,直接向应用层提供/dev/input/event1的操作接口,应用层编程的人根本不知道event1中涉及到了I2C。这种是我们后续分析的重点。
2、I2C子系统的4个关键结构体(kernel/include/linux/i2c.h)
210有多个iic接口,每个接口由多个寄存器操控,代表了iic控制器
(1)struct i2c_adapter:用来描述主机的iic控制器(适配器),主控驱动,芯片换了这块代码就要变
struct i2c_adapter {
struct module *owner;
unsigned int id;
unsigned int class; /* classes to allow probing for */
const struct i2c_algorithm *algo; /* the algorithm to access the bus */
//通过函数指针可以使用不同的算法
void *algo_data;
/* data fields that are valid for all devices */
struct rt_mutex bus_lock;
int timeout; /* in jiffies */
int retries;
struct device dev; /* the adapter device */
int nr;
char name[48];
struct completion dev_released;
struct list_head userspace_clients;
};
(2)struct i2c_algorithm:用来描述I2C算法,即主从机的通信时序,其被包含在struct i2c_adapter中,同一个主控soc可以有不同的算法,比如从设备是一个标准的iic设备传感器,一个不是标准的iic设备
struct i2c_algorithm {
/* If an adapter algorithm can't do I2C-level access, set master_xfer
to NULL. If an adapter algorithm can do SMBus access, set
smbus_xfer. If set to NULL, the SMBus protocol is simulated
using common I2C messages */
/* master_xfer should return the number of messages successfully
processed, or a negative value on error */
int (*master_xfer)(struct i2c_adapter *adap, struct i2c_msg *msgs,
int num);
int (*smbus_xfer) (struct i2c_adapter *adap, u16 addr,
unsigned short flags, char read_write,
u8 command, int size, union i2c_smbus_data *data);
/* To determine what the adapter supports */
u32 (*functionality) (struct i2c_adapter *);
};
(3)struct i2c_client:描述I2C(从机)设备信息
struct i2c_client {
unsigned short flags; /* div., see below */
unsigned short addr; /* chip address - NOTE: 7bit */
/* addresses are stored in the */
/* _LOWER_ 7 bits */
char name[I2C_NAME_SIZE];
struct i2c_adapter *adapter; /* the adapter we sit on */
struct i2c_driver *driver; /* and our access routines */
struct device dev; /* the device structure */
int irq; /* irq issued by device */
struct list_head detected;
};
(4)struct i2c_driver:描述I2C(从机)设备驱动
struct i2c_driver {
unsigned int class;
/* Notifies the driver that a new bus has appeared or is about to be
* removed. You should avoid using this if you can, it will probably
* be removed in a near future.
*/
int (*attach_adapter)(struct i2c_adapter *);
int (*detach_adapter)(struct i2c_adapter *);
/* Standard driver model interfaces */
int (*probe)(struct i2c_client *, const struct i2c_device_id *);
int (*remove)(struct i2c_client *);
/* driver model interfaces that don't relate to enumeration */
void (*shutdown)(struct i2c_client *);
int (*suspend)(struct i2c_client *, pm_message_t mesg);
int (*resume)(struct i2c_client *);
/* Alert callback, for example for the SMBus alert protocol.
* The format and meaning of the data value depends on the protocol.
* For the SMBus alert protocol, there is a single bit of data passed
* as the alert response's low bit ("event flag").
*/
void (*alert)(struct i2c_client *, unsigned int data);
/* a ioctl like command that can be used to perform specific functions
* with the device.
*/
int (*command)(struct i2c_client *client, unsigned int cmd, void *arg);
struct device_driver driver;
const struct i2c_device_id *id_table;
/* Device detection callback for automatic device creation */
int (*detect)(struct i2c_client *, struct i2c_board_info *);
const unsigned short *address_list;
struct list_head clients;
};
i2c_driver 与 i2c_client在驱动中会进行匹配,当二者匹配成功时,i2c_client就会将自己的硬件信息交给i2c_driver,类似于平台总线的驱动和设备进行匹配。
3、关键文件
(1)kernel/drivers/i2c/i2c-core.c
iic核心文件,属于内核开发者实现的那部分,与具体硬件无关,属于纯软件。但其内部间接性地调用了许多和硬件操作相关的函数,通过结构体与函数指针实现。
(2)busses目录(kernel/drivers/i2c/)
放了许多主控芯片的iic控制器相关程序,我们要关注的是i2c-s3c2410.c,2410和210的iic控制器这部分的实现相同
(3)kernel/drivers/i2c/algos,实现的一些算法操作,我们暂时不需要去关注
(4)此外还会涉及到mach-x210.c、kernel/drivers/i2c/i2c-boardinfo.c
4、i2c-core.c初步分析(从后向前看)
(1)smbus代码略过我们涉及不到(1534行之后的代码)
emsp;其是应用于移动PC和桌面PC系统中的低速率通讯。希望通过一条廉价并且功能强大的总线(由两条线组成),来控制主板上的设备并收集相应的信息。
(2)1179行代码
postcore_initcall(i2c_init);
module_exit(i2c_exit);
总线在内核中也是一个模块,是需要去注册的。
struct bus_type i2c_bus_type = {
.name = "i2c",
.match = i2c_device_match,//用于driver和device进行匹配
.probe = i2c_device_probe,//当driver和device匹配上之后就会执行该函数
.remove = i2c_device_remove,
.shutdown = i2c_device_shutdown,
.pm = &i2c_device_pm_ops,
};
static int __init i2c_init(void)
{
int retval;
retval = bus_register(&i2c_bus_type);//注册iic,注册后就可以在/sys/bus/目录下看到iic
if (retval)
return retval;
#ifdef CONFIG_I2C_COMPAT//这个宏应该是没有的
i2c_adapter_compat_class = class_compat_register("i2c-adapter");
if (!i2c_adapter_compat_class) {
retval = -ENOMEM;
goto bus_err;
}
#endif
retval = i2c_add_driver(&dummy_driver);//dummy_driver是一个空的驱动
if (retval)
goto class_err;
return 0;
class_err:
#ifdef CONFIG_I2C_COMPAT
class_compat_unregister(i2c_adapter_compat_class);
bus_err:
#endif
bus_unregister(&i2c_bus_type);
return retval;
}
当新注册driver/device和device/driver匹配上后就会执行XX_probe函数进行初始化,否则就没有驱动。
static void __exit i2c_exit(void)
{
i2c_del_driver(&dummy_driver);
#ifdef CONFIG_I2C_COMPAT
class_compat_unregister(i2c_adapter_compat_class);
#endif
bus_unregister(&i2c_bus_type);
}
5、I2C总线的匹配机制(i2c-core.c)
(1)总线的match函数i2c_device_match
#define to_i2c_driver(d) container_of(d, struct i2c_driver, driver)
static int i2c_device_match(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv)
{
struct i2c_client *client = i2c_verify_client(dev);
struct i2c_driver *driver;
if (!client)
return 0;
driver = to_i2c_driver(drv);//由结构体成员得到结构体
/* match on an id table if there is one */
if (driver->id_table)
return i2c_match_id(driver->id_table, client) != NULL;
return 0;
}
变量成员组成及类型解析:driver->id_table//一个数组
struct i2c_driver *driver;
const struct i2c_device_id *id_table;
struct i2c_device_id {
char name[I2C_NAME_SIZE];
kernel_ulong_t driver_data /* Data private to the driver */
__attribute__((aligned(sizeof(kernel_ulong_t))));
};
变量成员组成及类型解析:client
struct i2c_client
char name[I2C_NAME_SIZE];
static const struct i2c_device_id *i2c_match_id(const struct i2c_device_id *id, const struct i2c_client *client)
{
while (id->name[0]) {
if (strcmp(client->name, id->name) == 0)//字符串比较进行driver和device匹配
return id;
id++;
}
return NULL;
}
让device和driver进行匹配,不同的总线有它自己的match函数。一般都是通过名字进行匹配的,当二者匹配上时会执行i2c_device_probe中的。总线的probe函数会去调driver的probe函数。
(2)总线的probe函数i2c_device_probe
static int i2c_device_probe(struct device *dev)
{
struct i2c_client *client = i2c_verify_client(dev);//i2c_client就是device
struct i2c_driver *driver;//i2c_driver就是driver
int status;
if (!client)
return 0;
driver = to_i2c_driver(dev->driver);//找到驱动
if (!driver->probe || !driver->id_table)
return -ENODEV;
client->driver = driver;
if (!device_can_wakeup(&client->dev))
device_init_wakeup(&client->dev,
client->flags & I2C_CLIENT_WAKE);
dev_dbg(dev, "probe\\n");
//当driver和device匹配上之后会去执行driver中的probe函数
status = driver->probe(client, i2c_match_id(driver->id_table, client));
if (status) {
client->driver = NULL;
i2c_set_clientdata(client, NULL);
}
return status;
}
总结:I2C总线上有2条分支:i2c_client链和i2c_driver链,当任何一个driver或者client去注册时,I2C总线都会调用match函数去对client.name和driver.id_table.name进行循环匹配。如果driver.id_table中所有的id都匹配不上则说明client并没有找到一个对应的driver,没了;如果匹配上了则标明client和driver是适用的,那么I2C总线会调用自身的probe函数,自身的probe函数又会调用driver中提供的probe函数,driver中的probe函数会对设备进行硬件初始化和后续工作。
6、核心层开放给其他部分的注册接口
(1)i2c_add_adapter/i2c_add_numbered_adapter:注册adapter(iic适配器,主机控制器)的
int i2c_add_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adapter)
{
int id, res = 0;
retry:
if (idr_pre_get(&i2c_adapter_idr, GFP_KERNEL) == 0)
return -ENOMEM;
mutex_lock(&core_lock);
/* "above" here means "above or equal to", sigh */
res = idr_get_new_above(&i2c_adapter_idr, adapter,
__i2c_first_dynamic_bus_num, &id);
mutex_unlock(&core_lock);
if (res < 0) {
if (res == -EAGAIN)
goto retry;
return res;
}
adapter->nr = id;
return i2c_register_adapter(adapter);
}
int i2c_add_numbered_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adap)
{
int id;
int status;
if (adap->nr & ~MAX_ID_MASK)
return -EINVAL;
retry:
if (idr_pre_get(&i2c_adapter_idr, GFP_KERNEL) == 0)
return -ENOMEM;
mutex_lock(&core_lock);
/* "above" here means "above or equal to", sigh;
* we need the "equal to" result to force the result
*/
status = idr_get_new_above(&i2c_adapter_idr, adap, adap->nr, &id);
if (status == 0 && id != adap->nr) {
status = -EBUSY;
idr_remove(&i2c_adapter_idr, id);
}
mutex_unlock(&core_lock);
if (status == -EAGAIN)
goto retry;
if (status == 0)
status = i2c_register_adapter(adap);
return status;
}
(2)i2c_add_driver:注册driver的
static inline int i2c_add_driver(struct i2c_driver *driver)
{
return i2c_register_driver(THIS_MODULE, driver);
}
int i2c_register_driver(struct module *owner, struct i2c_driver *driver)
{
int res;
/* Can't register until after driver model init */
if (unlikely(WARN_ON(!i2c_bus_type.p)))
return -EAGAIN;
/* add the driver to the list of i2c drivers in the driver core */
driver->driver.owner = owner;
driver->driver.bus = &i2c_bus_type;
/* When registration returns, the driver core
* will have called probe() for all matching-but-unbound devices.
*/
res = driver_register(&driver->driver);
if (res)
return res;
pr_debug("i2c-core: driver [%s] registered\\n", driver->driver.name);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&driver->clients);
/* Walk the adapters that are already present */
mutex_lock(&core_lock);
bus_for_each_dev(&i2c_bus_type, NULL, driver, __process_new_driver);
mutex_unlock(&core_lock);
return 0;
}
(3)i2c_new_device:注册client的
struct i2c_client *
i2c_new_device(struct i2c_adapter *adap, struct i2c_board_info const *info)
{
struct i2c_client *client;
int status;
client = kzalloc(sizeof *client, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!client)
return NULL;
client->adapter = adap;
client->dev.platform_data = info->platform_data;
if (info->archdata)
client->dev.archdata = *info->archdata;
client->flags = info->flags;
client->addr = info->addr;
client->irq = info->irq;
strlcpy(client->name, info->type, sizeof(client->name));
/* Check for address validity */
status = i2c_check_client_addr_validity(client);
if (status) {
dev_err(&adap->dev, "Invalid %d-bit I2C address 0x%02hx\\n",
client->flags & I2C_CLIENT_TEN ? 10 : 7, client->addr);
goto out_err_silent;
}
/* Check for address business */
status = i2c_check_addr_busy(adap, client->addr);
if (status)
goto out_err;
client->dev.parent = &client->adapter->dev;
client->dev.bus = &i2c_bus_type;
client->dev.type = &i2c_client_type;
#ifdef CONFIG_OF
client->dev.of_node = info->of_node;
#endif
dev_set_name(&client->dev, "%d-%04x", i2c_adapter_id(adap),
client->addr);
status = device_register(&client->dev);
if (status)
goto out_err;
dev_dbg(&adap->dev, "client [%s] registered with bus id %s\\n",
client->name, dev_name(&client->dev));
return client;
out_err:
dev_err(&adap->dev, "Failed to register i2c client %s at 0x%02x "
"(%d)\\n", client->name, client->addr, status);
out_err_silent:
kfree(client);
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