linux驱动之I2C子系统

Posted 小嵌同学

tags:

篇首语:本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理,主要介绍了linux驱动之I2C子系统相关的知识,希望对你有一定的参考价值。

一、I2C基本原理

(1)三根通信线:SCL、SDA、GND

(2)同步、串行、电平、低速、近距离

(3)总线式结构,支持多个设备挂接在同一条总线上

(4)主从式结构,通信双方必须一个为主(master)一个为从(slave),主设备掌握每次通信的主动权,从设备按照主设备的节奏被动响应。每个从设备在总线中(某条工作的总线上,并不是所有的总线上都是同一个地址)有唯一的地址(slave address),主设备通过从地址找到自己要通信的从设备(本质是广播的方式)。

  收发消息都是广播,总线上的设备都可收到,通过于自己的地址对比确认是否是给自己的信息

(5)I2C主要用途就是主SoC和外围设备之间的通信,最大优势是可以在总线上扩展多个外围设备的支持。常见的各种物联网传感器芯片(如gsensor、温度、湿度、光强度、酸碱度、烟雾浓度、压力等)均使用I2C接口和主SoC进行连接。

(6)电容触摸屏芯片的多个引脚构成2个接口一个接口是I2C的,负责和主SoC连接(本身作为从设备),主SoC通过该接口初始化及控制电容触摸屏芯片、芯片通过该接口向SoC汇报触摸事件的信息(触摸坐标等),我们使用电容触摸屏时重点关注的是这个接口;另一个接口是电容触摸板的管理接口,电容触摸屏芯片通过该接口来控制触摸板硬件。该接口是电容触摸屏公司关心的,他们的触摸屏芯片内部固件编程要处理这部分,我们使用电容触摸屏的人并不关心这里。

二、linux内核的I2C子系统详解

1、linux内核的I2C驱动框架总览

(1)I2C驱动框架的主要目标是:让驱动开发者可以在内核中方便的添加自己的I2C设备的驱动程序,从而可以更容易的在linux下驱动自己的I2C接口硬件

(2)源码中I2C相关的驱动均位于:drivers/i2c目录下。

(3)linux系统提供2种I2C驱动实现方法

  第一种叫i2c-dev,对应drivers/i2c/i2c-dev.c,这种方法只是封装了主机(I2C master,一般是SoC中内置的I2C控制器)的I2C基本操作,并且向应用层提供相应的操作接口,应用层代码需要自己去实现对slave的控制和操作,所以这种I2C驱动相当于只是提供给应用层可以访问slave硬件设备的接口,本身并未对硬件做任何操作,应用需要实现对硬件的操作(操控寄存器进行初始化等),因此写应用的人必须对硬件非常了解,其实相当于传统的驱动中干的活儿丢给应用去做了,所以这种I2C驱动又叫做**“应用层驱动”**,这种方式并不主流,它的优势是把差异化都放在应用中,这样在设备比较难缠(尤其是slave是非标准I2C时)时不用动驱动,而只需要修改应用就可以实现对各种设备的驱动。这种驱动在驱动层很简单(就是i2c-dev.c)我们就不分析了。

  第二种I2C驱动是所有的代码都放在驱动层实现,直接向应用层提供最终结果。应用层甚至不需要知道这里面有I2C存在,譬如电容式触摸屏驱动,直接向应用层提供/dev/input/event1的操作接口,应用层编程的人根本不知道event1中涉及到了I2C。这种是我们后续分析的重点。

2、I2C子系统的4个关键结构体(kernel/include/linux/i2c.h)

210有多个iic接口,每个接口由多个寄存器操控,代表了iic控制器
(1)struct i2c_adapter:用来描述主机的iic控制器(适配器),主控驱动,芯片换了这块代码就要变

struct i2c_adapter {
	struct module *owner;
	unsigned int id;
	unsigned int class;		  /* classes to allow probing for */
	const struct i2c_algorithm *algo; /* the algorithm to access the bus */
									//通过函数指针可以使用不同的算法	
	void *algo_data;

	/* data fields that are valid for all devices	*/
	struct rt_mutex bus_lock;

	int timeout;			/* in jiffies */
	int retries;
	struct device dev;		/* the adapter device */

	int nr;
	char name[48];
	struct completion dev_released;

	struct list_head userspace_clients;
};

(2)struct i2c_algorithm:用来描述I2C算法,即主从机的通信时序,其被包含在struct i2c_adapter中,同一个主控soc可以有不同的算法,比如从设备是一个标准的iic设备传感器,一个不是标准的iic设备

struct i2c_algorithm {
	/* If an adapter algorithm can't do I2C-level access, set master_xfer
	   to NULL. If an adapter algorithm can do SMBus access, set
	   smbus_xfer. If set to NULL, the SMBus protocol is simulated
	   using common I2C messages */
	/* master_xfer should return the number of messages successfully
	   processed, or a negative value on error */
	int (*master_xfer)(struct i2c_adapter *adap, struct i2c_msg *msgs,
			   int num);
	int (*smbus_xfer) (struct i2c_adapter *adap, u16 addr,
			   unsigned short flags, char read_write,
			   u8 command, int size, union i2c_smbus_data *data);

	/* To determine what the adapter supports */
	u32 (*functionality) (struct i2c_adapter *);
};

(3)struct i2c_client:描述I2C(从机)设备信息

struct i2c_client {
	unsigned short flags;		/* div., see below		*/
	unsigned short addr;		/* chip address - NOTE: 7bit	*/
					/* addresses are stored in the	*/
					/* _LOWER_ 7 bits		*/
	char name[I2C_NAME_SIZE];
	struct i2c_adapter *adapter;	/* the adapter we sit on	*/
	struct i2c_driver *driver;	/* and our access routines	*/
	struct device dev;		/* the device structure		*/
	int irq;			/* irq issued by device		*/
	struct list_head detected;
};

(4)struct i2c_driver:描述I2C(从机)设备驱动

struct i2c_driver {
	unsigned int class;

	/* Notifies the driver that a new bus has appeared or is about to be
	 * removed. You should avoid using this if you can, it will probably
	 * be removed in a near future.
	 */
	int (*attach_adapter)(struct i2c_adapter *);
	int (*detach_adapter)(struct i2c_adapter *);

	/* Standard driver model interfaces */
	int (*probe)(struct i2c_client *, const struct i2c_device_id *);
	int (*remove)(struct i2c_client *);

	/* driver model interfaces that don't relate to enumeration  */
	void (*shutdown)(struct i2c_client *);
	int (*suspend)(struct i2c_client *, pm_message_t mesg);
	int (*resume)(struct i2c_client *);

	/* Alert callback, for example for the SMBus alert protocol.
	 * The format and meaning of the data value depends on the protocol.
	 * For the SMBus alert protocol, there is a single bit of data passed
	 * as the alert response's low bit ("event flag").
	 */
	void (*alert)(struct i2c_client *, unsigned int data);

	/* a ioctl like command that can be used to perform specific functions
	 * with the device.
	 */
	int (*command)(struct i2c_client *client, unsigned int cmd, void *arg);

	struct device_driver driver;
	const struct i2c_device_id *id_table;

	/* Device detection callback for automatic device creation */
	int (*detect)(struct i2c_client *, struct i2c_board_info *);
	const unsigned short *address_list;
	struct list_head clients;
};

  i2c_driver 与 i2c_client在驱动中会进行匹配,当二者匹配成功时,i2c_client就会将自己的硬件信息交给i2c_driver,类似于平台总线的驱动和设备进行匹配。

3、关键文件

(1)kernel/drivers/i2c/i2c-core.c
  iic核心文件,属于内核开发者实现的那部分,与具体硬件无关,属于纯软件。但其内部间接性地调用了许多和硬件操作相关的函数,通过结构体与函数指针实现。

(2)busses目录(kernel/drivers/i2c/)
  放了许多主控芯片的iic控制器相关程序,我们要关注的是i2c-s3c2410.c,2410和210的iic控制器这部分的实现相同

(3)kernel/drivers/i2c/algos,实现的一些算法操作,我们暂时不需要去关注

(4)此外还会涉及到mach-x210.c、kernel/drivers/i2c/i2c-boardinfo.c

4、i2c-core.c初步分析(从后向前看)

(1)smbus代码略过我们涉及不到(1534行之后的代码)
 emsp;其是应用于移动PC和桌面PC系统中的低速率通讯。希望通过一条廉价并且功能强大的总线(由两条线组成),来控制主板上的设备并收集相应的信息。

(2)1179行代码

postcore_initcall(i2c_init);
module_exit(i2c_exit);

总线在内核中也是一个模块,是需要去注册的。

struct bus_type i2c_bus_type = {
	.name		= "i2c",
	.match		= i2c_device_match,//用于driver和device进行匹配
	.probe		= i2c_device_probe,//当driver和device匹配上之后就会执行该函数
	.remove		= i2c_device_remove,
	.shutdown	= i2c_device_shutdown,
	.pm		= &i2c_device_pm_ops,
};
static int __init i2c_init(void)
{
	int retval;

	retval = bus_register(&i2c_bus_type);//注册iic,注册后就可以在/sys/bus/目录下看到iic
	if (retval)
		return retval;
#ifdef CONFIG_I2C_COMPAT//这个宏应该是没有的
	i2c_adapter_compat_class = class_compat_register("i2c-adapter");
	if (!i2c_adapter_compat_class) {
		retval = -ENOMEM;
		goto bus_err;
	}
#endif
	retval = i2c_add_driver(&dummy_driver);//dummy_driver是一个空的驱动
	if (retval)
		goto class_err;
	return 0;

class_err:
#ifdef CONFIG_I2C_COMPAT
	class_compat_unregister(i2c_adapter_compat_class);
bus_err:
#endif
	bus_unregister(&i2c_bus_type);
	return retval;
}

当新注册driver/device和device/driver匹配上后就会执行XX_probe函数进行初始化,否则就没有驱动。

static void __exit i2c_exit(void)
{
	i2c_del_driver(&dummy_driver);
#ifdef CONFIG_I2C_COMPAT
	class_compat_unregister(i2c_adapter_compat_class);
#endif
	bus_unregister(&i2c_bus_type);
}

5、I2C总线的匹配机制(i2c-core.c)

(1)总线的match函数i2c_device_match

#define to_i2c_driver(d) container_of(d, struct i2c_driver, driver)

static int i2c_device_match(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv)
{
	struct i2c_client	*client = i2c_verify_client(dev);
	struct i2c_driver	*driver;

	if (!client)
		return 0;

	driver = to_i2c_driver(drv);//由结构体成员得到结构体
	/* match on an id table if there is one */
	if (driver->id_table)
		return i2c_match_id(driver->id_table, client) != NULL;

	return 0;
}
变量成员组成及类型解析:driver->id_table//一个数组
struct i2c_driver	*driver;
	const struct i2c_device_id *id_table;
		struct i2c_device_id {
			char name[I2C_NAME_SIZE];
			kernel_ulong_t driver_data	/* Data private to the driver */
					__attribute__((aligned(sizeof(kernel_ulong_t))));
		};

变量成员组成及类型解析:client
struct i2c_client
	char name[I2C_NAME_SIZE];
static const struct i2c_device_id *i2c_match_id(const struct i2c_device_id *id,					const struct i2c_client *client)
{
	while (id->name[0]) {
		if (strcmp(client->name, id->name) == 0)//字符串比较进行driver和device匹配
			return id;
		id++;
	}
	return NULL;
}

  让device和driver进行匹配,不同的总线有它自己的match函数。一般都是通过名字进行匹配的,当二者匹配上时会执行i2c_device_probe中的。总线的probe函数会去调driver的probe函数。

(2)总线的probe函数i2c_device_probe

static int i2c_device_probe(struct device *dev)
{
	struct i2c_client	*client = i2c_verify_client(dev);//i2c_client就是device
	struct i2c_driver	*driver;//i2c_driver就是driver
	int status;

	if (!client)
		return 0;

	driver = to_i2c_driver(dev->driver);//找到驱动
	if (!driver->probe || !driver->id_table)
		return -ENODEV;
	client->driver = driver;
	if (!device_can_wakeup(&client->dev))
		device_init_wakeup(&client->dev,
					client->flags & I2C_CLIENT_WAKE);
	dev_dbg(dev, "probe\\n");

	//当driver和device匹配上之后会去执行driver中的probe函数
	status = driver->probe(client, i2c_match_id(driver->id_table, client));
	if (status) {
		client->driver = NULL;
		i2c_set_clientdata(client, NULL);
	}
	return status;
}

总结:I2C总线上有2条分支:i2c_client链和i2c_driver链,当任何一个driver或者client去注册时,I2C总线都会调用match函数去对client.name和driver.id_table.name进行循环匹配。如果driver.id_table中所有的id都匹配不上则说明client并没有找到一个对应的driver,没了;如果匹配上了则标明client和driver是适用的,那么I2C总线会调用自身的probe函数,自身的probe函数又会调用driver中提供的probe函数,driver中的probe函数会对设备进行硬件初始化和后续工作。

6、核心层开放给其他部分的注册接口

(1)i2c_add_adapter/i2c_add_numbered_adapter:注册adapter(iic适配器,主机控制器)的

int i2c_add_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adapter)
{
	int	id, res = 0;

retry:
	if (idr_pre_get(&i2c_adapter_idr, GFP_KERNEL) == 0)
		return -ENOMEM;

	mutex_lock(&core_lock);
	/* "above" here means "above or equal to", sigh */
	res = idr_get_new_above(&i2c_adapter_idr, adapter,
				__i2c_first_dynamic_bus_num, &id);
	mutex_unlock(&core_lock);

	if (res < 0) {
		if (res == -EAGAIN)
			goto retry;
		return res;
	}

	adapter->nr = id;
	return i2c_register_adapter(adapter);
}
int i2c_add_numbered_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adap)
{
	int	id;
	int	status;

	if (adap->nr & ~MAX_ID_MASK)
		return -EINVAL;

retry:
	if (idr_pre_get(&i2c_adapter_idr, GFP_KERNEL) == 0)
		return -ENOMEM;

	mutex_lock(&core_lock);
	/* "above" here means "above or equal to", sigh;
	 * we need the "equal to" result to force the result
	 */
	status = idr_get_new_above(&i2c_adapter_idr, adap, adap->nr, &id);
	if (status == 0 && id != adap->nr) {
		status = -EBUSY;
		idr_remove(&i2c_adapter_idr, id);
	}
	mutex_unlock(&core_lock);
	if (status == -EAGAIN)
		goto retry;

	if (status == 0)
		status = i2c_register_adapter(adap);
	return status;
}

(2)i2c_add_driver:注册driver的

static inline int i2c_add_driver(struct i2c_driver *driver)
{
	return i2c_register_driver(THIS_MODULE, driver);
}

int i2c_register_driver(struct module *owner, struct i2c_driver *driver)
{
	int res;

	/* Can't register until after driver model init */
	if (unlikely(WARN_ON(!i2c_bus_type.p)))
		return -EAGAIN;

	/* add the driver to the list of i2c drivers in the driver core */
	driver->driver.owner = owner;
	driver->driver.bus = &i2c_bus_type;

	/* When registration returns, the driver core
	 * will have called probe() for all matching-but-unbound devices.
	 */
	res = driver_register(&driver->driver);
	if (res)
		return res;

	pr_debug("i2c-core: driver [%s] registered\\n", driver->driver.name);

	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&driver->clients);
	/* Walk the adapters that are already present */
	mutex_lock(&core_lock);
	bus_for_each_dev(&i2c_bus_type, NULL, driver, __process_new_driver);
	mutex_unlock(&core_lock);

	return 0;
}

(3)i2c_new_device:注册client的

struct i2c_client *
i2c_new_device(struct i2c_adapter *adap, struct i2c_board_info const *info)
{
	struct i2c_client	*client;
	int			status;

	client = kzalloc(sizeof *client, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!client)
		return NULL;

	client->adapter = adap;

	client->dev.platform_data = info->platform_data;

	if (info->archdata)
		client->dev.archdata = *info->archdata;

	client->flags = info->flags;
	client->addr = info->addr;
	client->irq = info->irq;

	strlcpy(client->name, info->type, sizeof(client->name));

	/* Check for address validity */
	status = i2c_check_client_addr_validity(client);
	if (status) {
		dev_err(&adap->dev, "Invalid %d-bit I2C address 0x%02hx\\n",
			client->flags & I2C_CLIENT_TEN ? 10 : 7, client->addr);
		goto out_err_silent;
	}

	/* Check for address business */
	status = i2c_check_addr_busy(adap, client->addr);
	if (status)
		goto out_err;

	client->dev.parent = &client->adapter->dev;
	client->dev.bus = &i2c_bus_type;
	client->dev.type = &i2c_client_type;
#ifdef CONFIG_OF
	client->dev.of_node = info->of_node;
#endif

	dev_set_name(&client->dev, "%d-%04x", i2c_adapter_id(adap),
		     client->addr);
	status = device_register(&client->dev);
	if (status)
		goto out_err;

	dev_dbg(&adap->dev, "client [%s] registered with bus id %s\\n",
		client->name, dev_name(&client->dev));

	return client;

out_err:
	dev_err(&adap->dev, "Failed to register i2c client %s at 0x%02x "
		"(%d)\\n", client->name, client->addr, status);
out_err_silent:
	kfree(client);
	return以上是关于linux驱动之I2C子系统的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章

Linux驱动开发19-I2C子系统之客户驱动分析与移植

linux驱动之i2c子系统device注册driver注册简单分析

linux之i2c子系统架构

LINUX驱动之IIC驱动

Linux驱动之I2C驱动架构

Linux驱动之I2C设备驱动