Linux ❀ Nginx基础解释与服务部署搭建

Posted 2021-11-06 国家级干饭型选手°

文章目录

• 1、基础概念
• 2、安装Nginx
• 3、Nginx主配置文件
• 4、Nginx常用命令

1、基础概念

---

• 反向代理

• 负载均衡

• 动静分离

2、安装nginx

---

查看Nginx RPM安装包信息；

[root@localhost ~]# yum list | grep nginx
nginx.x86_64                                         1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe           @AppStream
nginx-all-modules.noarch                             1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe           @AppStream
nginx-filesystem.noarch                              1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe           @AppStream
nginx-mod-http-image-filter.x86_64                   1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe           @AppStream
nginx-mod-http-perl.x86_64                           1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe           @AppStream
nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter.x86_64                    1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe           @AppStream
nginx-mod-mail.x86_64                                1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe           @AppStream
nginx-mod-stream.x86_64                              1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe           @AppStream
pcp-pmda-nginx.x86_64                                5.0.2-5.el8                                       AppStream 

使用yum命令安装Nginx；

[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y nginx
Complete!

查看Nginx安装包具体版本信息与配置文件信息；

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa nginx
nginx-1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qc nginx
/etc/logrotate.d/nginx
/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf
/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf.default
/etc/nginx/fastcgi_params
/etc/nginx/fastcgi_params.default
/etc/nginx/koi-utf
/etc/nginx/koi-win
/etc/nginx/mime.types
/etc/nginx/mime.types.default
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf                     /主配置文件；
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf.default
/etc/nginx/scgi_params
/etc/nginx/scgi_params.default
/etc/nginx/uwsgi_params
/etc/nginx/uwsgi_params.default
/etc/nginx/win-utf

查看服务进程是否启动成功

[root@localhost ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx
root       36142       1  0 22:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
nginx      36143   36142  0 22:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      36144   36142  0 22:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      36145   36142  0 22:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      36146   36142  0 22:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root       36293    7571  0 22:53 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx

关闭防火墙并关闭Selinux

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0 && sed -i 's/^SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=disable/g' /etc/selinux/config

使用浏览器打开：http://[ip]，即可访问到如下Nginx欢迎页面

也可使用curl命令进行访问该页面（返回信息为html编码页面，不建议使用此验证方式）

[root@localhost ~]# curl http://10.81.20.167

#10.81.20.167为Nginx服务所在服务器IP地址；

3、Nginx主配置文件

---

主配置文件：

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# For more information on configuration, see:
#   * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
#   * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
#全局块；从配置文件开始到events块之间的内容，主要会设置一些影响nginx服务整体运行的配置指令；
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
#nginx并发处理的值，值越大支持处理的并发数量越多
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;

# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/doc/nginx/README.dynamic.
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
#events块；主要影响Nginx服务与用户的网络连接；
events {
    worker_connections 1024;
    #支持的最大连接数；
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
#http全局块；
http {
    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;
    #接入日志存放路径；
    
    sendfile            on;
    tcp_nopush          on;
    tcp_nodelay         on;
    keepalive_timeout   65;
    #连接超时时间；
    types_hash_max_size 2048;

    include             /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type        application/octet-stream;

    # Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
    # See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
    # for more information.
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    #接入子配置文件目录下的配置文件，后续可以对此文件进行修改即可完成对Nginx服务的修改，同HTTP服务配置文件的修改；

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
#server块；
    server {
        listen       80 default_server;
        listen       [::]:80 default_server;
        #默认监听端口为80；
        server_name  _;
        #服务名称；
        root         /usr/share/nginx/html;
        #默认访问网页存放路径（即使用浏览器默认访问到的页面）；
        # Load configuration files for the default server block.
        include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
        
        #当访问的路径中包含“/”时，需要执行{ }内的指令；
        location / {
        }

        error_page 404 /404.html;
            location = /40x.html {
        }

        error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
            location = /50x.html {
        }
    }

# Settings for a TLS enabled server.
#设置HTTPS访问页面配置参数；
#    server {
#        listen       443 ssl http2 default_server;
#        listen       [::]:443 ssl http2 default_server;
#        server_name  _;
#        root         /usr/share/nginx/html;
#
#        ssl_certificate "/etc/pki/nginx/server.crt";
#        ssl_certificate_key "/etc/pki/nginx/private/server.key";
#        ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
#        ssl_session_timeout  10m;
#        ssl_ciphers PROFILE=SYSTEM;
#        ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
#
#        # Load configuration files for the default server block.
#        include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
#
#        location / {
#        }
#
#        error_page 404 /404.html;
#            location = /40x.html {
#        }
#
#        error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
#            location = /50x.html {
#        }
#    }

}

4、Nginx常用命令

---

安装Nginx服务会使得添加新命令，命令PATH如下：

[root@localhost ~]# type nginx
nginx is hashed (/usr/sbin/nginx)

查看Nginx版本信息

[root@localhost ~]# nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/1.14.1

关闭服务

[root@localhost ~]# nginx -s stop
[root@localhost ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx
root       37026    7571  0 23:11 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx

启动服务

[root@localhost ~]# nginx
[root@localhost ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx
root       37036       1  0 23:12 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx      37037   37036  0 23:12 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      37038   37036  0 23:12 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      37039   37036  0 23:12 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      37040   37036  0 23:12 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root       37042    7571  0 23:12 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx

重启服务

[root@localhost ~]# nginx -s reload

由于此服务由RPM包安装完成，因此也可以使用如下命令完成服务的开启、关闭、重启、状态查询、开启是否自启；

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl 
add-requires            get-default             list-machines           revert
add-wants               halt                    list-sockets            set-default
cancel                  help                    list-timers             set-environment
cat                     hibernate               list-unit-files         set-property
condreload              hybrid-sleep            list-units              show
condrestart             import-environment      mask                    show-environment
condstop                is-active               poweroff                start
daemon-reexec           is-enabled              preset                  status
daemon-reload           is-failed               preset-all              stop
default                 isolate                 reboot                  suspend
disable                 is-system-running       reenable                suspend-then-hibernate
edit                    kexec                   reload                  switch-root
emergency               kill                    reload-or-restart       try-reload-or-restart
enable                  link                    rescue                  try-restart
exit                    list-dependencies       reset-failed            unmask
force-reload            list-jobs               restart                 unset-environment
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start nginx