通过eNSP带你了解静态路由

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路由器(网络层)

作用:

1、隔离泛洪范围——路由器的一个接口对应一个广播域——路由器也被称为网关

2、转发

路由器的转发原理

当一个数据包来到路由器,路由器将基于数据包中的目标IP地址查看路由表,

若表中有记录,则将无条件按照路由表的指示转发,否则直接将数据包丢弃

 路由表分析

display ip routing-table——查看路由表

Destination/Mask    Proto       Pre    Cost     Flags      NextHop         Interface

192.168.1.0/24       Direct         0          0          D      192.168.1.1    GigabitEthernet0/0/0

192.168.2.0/24       Direct          0          0         D      192.168.2.1    GigabitEthernet0/0/1

Destination/Mask——表明要去的目的子网

Proto ——协议——可以表示路由条目的类型

Direct——直连路由

Pre——优先级——当两条路由条目的目标网段相同时,我们仅加载优先级较高的路由条目到路由表中,取值范围(0~255),数值越大优先级越低

华为设备静态路由优先级默认为60,直连路由优先级默认为0

NextHop ——吓一跳,就是数据到达目标网段下一个经过路由器接口的入接口的IP,直连路由直接写路由器出接口的IP

Interface——流量流出的接口

直连路由生成的条件

1、接口双UP

2、接口必须配IP

路由器与路由器连接的链路:称为骨干链路——链路中间不添加任何设备

 路由器获取前往未知网段的路由信息

1、静态路由:由网络管理员手工添加

2、动态路由:所有路由器上运行相同的路由协议,之后通过路由器之间的沟通交流,最终计算生成的路由条

TTL(生存时间值)的主要作用是避免IP包在网络中的无限循环和收发(环路问题),节省了网络资源,并能使IP包的发送者能收到告警消息。

静态路由配置实现全网可达

 根据分出的网段和接口的IP进行添加

配置AR1的网关

<Huawei>system-view //进入用户视图
[Huawei]sysname r1 //方便区分,更名为r1

[r1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0  //进入0/0/0接口
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.1.1 24  //添加网关,子网掩码
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q   //退出接口界面

[r1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1   //进入0/0/1接口
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.2.1 24  //添加网关,子网掩码
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q   

[r1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/2   //进入0/0/2接口
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]ip address 192.168.3.1 24  //添加网关
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]q
[r1]display ip interface brief  //查看路由器的接口信息

Interface                         IP Address/Mask      Physical   Protocol  
GigabitEthernet0/0/0              192.168.1.1/24       up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/1              192.168.2.1/24       up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/2              192.168.3.1/24       up         up        
NULL0                             unassigned           up         up(s)  

配置AR2的网关

<Huawei>system-view 
[Huawei]sysname r2

[r2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.2.2 24
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q

[r2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.4.1 24
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q

[r2]display ip interface brief
Interface                         IP Address/Mask      Physical   Protocol  
GigabitEthernet0/0/0              192.168.2.2/24       up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/1              192.168.4.1/24       up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/2              unassigned           down       down      
NULL0                             unassigned           up         up(s)  

配置AR3的网关

<Huawei>system-view 
[Huawei]sysname r3

[r3]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0 
[r3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.3.2 24
[r3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q

[r3]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[r3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.5.1 24
[r3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q

[r3]display ip interface brief
Interface                         IP Address/Mask      Physical   Protocol  
GigabitEthernet0/0/0              192.168.3.2/24       up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/1              192.168.5.1/24       up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/2              unassigned           down       down      
NULL0                             unassigned           up         up(s) 

配置AR4的网关

<Huawei>system-view 
[Huawei]sysname r4

[r4]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0 
[r4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.5.2 24
[r4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q

[r4]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[r4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.4.2 24
[r4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q

[r4]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/2
[r4-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]ip address 192.168.6.1 24
[r4-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]q

[r4]display ip interface brief
Interface                         IP Address/Mask      Physical   Protocol  
GigabitEthernet0/0/0              192.168.5.2/24       up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/1              192.168.4.2/24       up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/2              192.168.6.1/24       up         up        
NULL0                             unassigned           up         up(s)  

配置PC1的IP地址、网关、子网掩码

配置PC2的IP地址、网关、子网掩码

 使用PC1简单测试

总结:

直连路由:192.168.2.1     192.168.3.1全能ping通

非直连路由都无法ping通,

为什么PC1无法ping通192.168.2.2

原因:tcp是双向传输的过程,在AR2的路由表中查询不到PC1的地址信息,就直接扔掉了,

所以无法实现ping通

PC>ping 192.168.6.10

Ping 192.168.6.10: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
Request timeout!
Request timeout!

--- 192.168.6.10 ping statistics ---
  2 packet(s) transmitted
  0 packet(s) received
  100.00% packet loss

PC>ping 192.168.2.1

Ping 192.168.2.1: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
From 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=255 time=31 ms
From 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=255 time<1 ms

--- 192.168.2.1 ping statistics ---
  2 packet(s) transmitted
  2 packet(s) received
  0.00% packet loss
  round-trip min/avg/max = 0/15/31 ms

PC>ping 192.168.3.1

Ping 192.168.3.1: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
From 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=255 time<1 ms
From 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=255 time=15 ms

--- 192.168.3.1 ping statistics ---
  2 packet(s) transmitted
  2 packet(s) received
  0.00% packet loss
  round-trip min/avg/max = 0/7/15 ms

PC>ping 192.168.3.2

Ping 192.168.3.2: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
Request timeout!
Request timeout!

--- 192.168.3.2 ping statistics ---
  3 packet(s) transmitted
  0 packet(s) received
  100.00% packet loss

使用PC2进行今天测试

PC>ping 192.168.1.10

Ping 192.168.1.10: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
Request timeout!
Request timeout!
Request timeout!

--- 192.168.1.10 ping statistics ---
  3 packet(s) transmitted
  0 packet(s) received
  100.00% packet loss

PC>ping 192.168.4.2

Ping 192.168.4.2: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
From 192.168.4.2: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=255 time=32 ms
From 192.168.4.2: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=255 time=46 ms

--- 192.168.4.2 ping statistics ---
  2 packet(s) transmitted
  2 packet(s) received
  0.00% packet loss
  round-trip min/avg/max = 32/39/46 ms

PC>ping 192.168.4.1

Ping 192.168.4.1: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
Request timeout!
Request timeout!

--- 192.168.4.1 ping statistics ---
  2 packet(s) transmitted
  0 packet(s) received
  100.00% packet loss

PC>ping 192.168.5.2

Ping 192.168.5.2: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
From 192.168.5.2: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=255 time<1 ms
From 192.168.5.2: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=255 time=16 ms

--- 192.168.5.2 ping statistics ---
  2 packet(s) transmitted
  2 packet(s) received
  0.00% packet loss
  round-trip min/avg/max = 0/8/16 ms

PC>ping 192.168.2.1

Ping 192.168.2.1: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
Request timeout!
Request timeout!

--- 192.168.2.1 ping statistics ---
  2 packet(s) transmitted
  0 packet(s) received
  100.00% packet loss

配置静态路由

命令:ip route-static 目标网段  子网掩码  下一个路由器的入口IP

方法:查看直连路由,然后再配静态

配置AR1的静态路由

[r1]display ip routing-table //查看路由表,以下为直连路由

192.168.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.1.1     GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
 192.168.2.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.2.1     GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
 192.168.3.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.3.1     GigabitEthernet
0/0/2

[r1]ip route-static 192.168.4.0 24 192.168.2.2 //配置到达4.0网段的的静态路由
[r1]ip route-static 192.168.5.0 24 192.168.3.2 //配置到达5.0网段的的静态路由
[r1]ip route-static 192.168.6.0 24 192.168.3.2 //配置到达6.0网段的的静态路由

配置AR2的静态路由

 

[r2]display ip routing-table 

 192.168.2.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.2.2     GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
 192.168.4.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.4.1     GigabitEthernet
0/0/1

[r2]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 192.168.2.1
[r2]ip route-static 192.168.3.0 24 192.168.2.1
[r2]ip route-static 192.168.5.0 24 192.168.4.2
[r2]ip route-static 192.168.6.0 24 192.168.4.2

配置AR3的静态路由

[r3]display ip routing-table

 192.168.3.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.3.2     GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
 192.168.5.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.5.1     GigabitEthernet
0/0/1

[r3]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 192.168.3.1
[r3]ip route-static 192.168.2.0 24 192.168.3.1
[r3]ip route-static 192.168.4.0 24 192.168.5.2
[r3]ip route-static 192.168.6.0 24 192.168.5.2

配置AR4的静态路由

[r4]display ip routing-table

 192.168.4.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.4.2     GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
 192.168.5.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.5.2     GigabitEthernet
0/0/0

[r4]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 192.168.5.1
[r4]ip route-static 192.168.2.0 24 192.168.4.1
[r4]ip route-static 192.168.3.0 24 192.168.5.1

测试

PC1 ping PC2

PC>ping 192.168.6.10   //PC1pingPC2

Ping 192.168.6.10: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
From 192.168.6.10: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=125 time=31 ms
From 192.168.6.10: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=125 time=31 ms

--- 192.168.6.10 ping statistics ---
  2 packet(s) transmitted
  2 packet(s) received
  0.00% packet loss
  round-trip min/avg/max = 31/31/31 ms

路由器ping网关

<r1>ping 192.168.4.2
  PING 192.168.4.2: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 192.168.4.2: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=40 ms
    Reply from 192.168.4.2: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 192.168.4.2: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 192.168.4.2: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=30 ms

  --- 192.168.4.2 ping statistics ---
    4 packet(s) transmitted
    4 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 30/32/40 ms

<r1>ping 192.168.5.2
  PING 192.168.5.2: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 192.168.5.2: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 192.168.5.2: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 192.168.5.2: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=30 ms

  --- 192.168.5.2 ping statistics ---
    3 packet(s) transmitted
    3 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 30/30/30 ms

 拓展配置

负载均衡:

当路由器访问同一个目标,且有多条开销相似的路径时,可以让设备将流量拆分后沿多条路径同时传输,起到带宽叠加的功能

1.0~6.0

ip route-static 192.168.6.0 24 192.168.2.2

ip route-static 192.168.6.0 24 192.168.3.2

 

 

环回接口:

路由器配置的虚拟接口,一般用于虚拟实验,不受设备的额限制。

ping -a 192.168.1.1 172.16.1.1 ——指定发送数据包的源IP

 

配置AR1网关

[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0

[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 12.0.0.1 24

配置环回AR1接口

[Huawei]interface loopback0

[Huawei-LoopBack0]ip address 192.168.1.1 24

[Huawei]interface loopback1

[Huawei-LoopBack1]ip address 192.168.2.1 24

配置AR2网关

[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0

[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 12.0.0.2 24

配置环回AR2接口

[Huawei]interface loopback0

[Huawei-LoopBack0]ip address 172.16.1.1 24

[Huawei]interface loopback1

[Huawei-LoopBack1]ip address 172.16.2.124

测试

[Huawei]ping  -a 192.168.1.1 172.16.1.1 ——可以指定发送数据包中的源IP

 

手工汇总:

当路由器可以访问多个连续的子网时,若均通过相同的下一跳,可以将这些网段进行汇总计算后,仅编辑到达汇总网段的路由即可,以达到减少路由条目,提高转发效率

汇总:192.168.1.0/24,192.168.2.0/24——192.168.0.0/224

 

路由黑洞:

在汇总中包含网络内实际不存在的网段,可能使流量有去无回浪费链路资源

合理的子网划分和汇总可以减少路由黑洞的产生

例子:网段划分192.168.1.0/24,192.168.2.0/24 汇总为192.168.0.0/22

ping 192.168.0.1这时没有这个网段,则出现黑洞

缺省路由:

一条不限定目标的路由条目(不指定目标,只指定下一跳),

特点:若查询本地所有路由均未匹配,则走缺省路由

[r1]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 12.0.0.2

[r1]ping 1.1.1.1

空接口路由:缺省路由和路由黑洞相遇将100%出环

空接口路由——Null0

如果Null0口做为出接口,则将所有匹配的路由信息全部丢弃

路由表匹配原则——最长匹配原则/精确匹配原则:子网掩码最长的(范围越小)

空接口路由配置:在黑洞路由器上配置一天空接口路由

ip route-static 192.168.0.0/22 Null 0

浮动静态路由:

通过修改默认优先级实现静态路由的备份效果

配置浮动静态路由

ip route-static 21.0.0.2 preference 100

display ip routing-table protocol static //只查看路由表的静态路由

测试使用另一条静太路由关闭之前的接口shutdown

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