悲情天才沃尔特·皮兹

Posted 2021-09-16 howard2005

文章目录

• 1. Eearly Life
• 2. Academic Career
• 3. Personal Life, Emotional Trauma and Decline
• 4. 悲情天才Walter Pitts—计算神经学、控制论和人工智能的诞生

Walter Harry Pitts, Jr. (23 April 1923 – 14 May 1969) was a logician who worked in the field of computational neuroscience. He proposed landmark theoretical formulations of neural activity and generative processes that influenced diverse fields such as cognitive sciences and psychology, philosophy, neurosciences, computer science, artificial neural networks, cybernetics and artificial intelligence, together with what has come to be known as the generative sciences. He is best remembered for having written along with Warren McCulloch, a seminal paper in scientific history, titled “ A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity” (1943). This paper proposed the first mathematical model of a neural network. The unit of this model, a simple formalized neuron, is still the standard of reference in the field of neural networks. It is often called a McCulloch–Pitts neuron. Prior to that paper, he formalized his ideas regarding the fundamental steps to building a Turing machine in “The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics” in an essay titled “Some observations on the simple neuron circuit”.

1. Eearly Life

Walter Pitts was born in Detroit, Michigan on April 23, 1923, the son of Walter and Marie (née Welsia). He was an autodidact (自学者) who taught himself logic and mathematics and was able to read several languages including Greek and Latin. His father and brothers were rough, uneducated, and regarded Walter as a freak (怪人). He is widely remembered for having spent three days in a library, at the age of 12, reading Principia Mathematica and sent a letter to Bertrand Russell pointing out what he considered serious problems with the first half of the first volume. Russell was appreciative and invited him to study in the United Kingdom. Although Bertrand Russell invited him to Cambridge University at age 12, the offer was not taken up; however, Pitts did decide to become a logician. At age 15 he ran away from home, and from that time he refused to speak of his family.

2. Academic Career

Pitts probably continued to correspond with Bertrand Russell; and at the age of 15 he attended Russell’s lectures at the University of Chicago. He stayed there, without registering as a student. While there, in 1938 he met Jerome Lettvin, a pre-medical student, and the two became close friends. Russell was a visiting professor at the University of Chicago in the fall of 1938, and he directed Pitts to study with the logician Rudolf Carnap. Pitts met Carnap at Chicago by walking into his office during office hours, and presenting him with an annotated version of Carnap’s recent book on logic, The Logical Syntax of Language. Since Pitts did not introduce himself, Carnap spent months searching for him, and, when he found him, he obtained for him a menial job at the university and had Pitts study with him. Pitts at the time was homeless and without income. He mastered Carnap’s abstract logic, then met with and was intrigued by the work of the Russian mathematical physicist Nicolas Rashevsky, who was also at Chicago and was the founder of mathematical biophysics, remodeling biology on the structure of the physical sciences and mathematical logic. Pitts also worked closely with the mathematician Alston Scott Householder, who was a member of Rashevsky’s group. During his studies under Carnap, Pitts was also a regular attendant at Nicolas Rashevsky’s seminars in theoretical biology, which included Frank Offner, Herbert Landahl, Alston Householder, and the neuroanatomist (神经解剖学家) Gerhardt von Bonin from the University of Illinois at Chicago. In 1940, Von Bonin introduced Lettvin to Warren McCulloch, who would become a professor of psychiatry (精神病学) at Illinois.

In 1941 Warren McCulloch took a position as professor of psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and in early 1942 he invited Pitts, who was still homeless, together with Lettvin to live with his family. In the evenings, McCulloch and Pitts collaborated. Pitts was familiar with the work of Gottfried Leibniz on computing and they considered the question of whether the nervous system could be considered a kind of universal computing device as described by Leibniz. This led to their seminal neural networks paper “A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity”. After five years of unofficial studies, the University of Chicago awarded Pitts an Associate of Arts (艺术类副学士 his only earned degree) for his work on the paper.

In 1943, Lettvin introduced Pitts to Norbert Wiener at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Their first meeting, where they discussed Wiener’s proof of the ergodic theorem, went so well that Pitts moved to Greater Boston to work with Wiener. While Pitts was an unofficial student under the aegis of Wiener at MIT until their acrimonious parting in 1952, he formally enrolled as a graduate student in the physics department during the 1943-1944 academic year and in the electrical engineering-computer science department from 1956-1958.

In 1944, Pitts was hired by Kellex Corporation (later acquired in 1950 by Vitro Corporation) in New York City, part of the Atomic Energy Project.

From 1946, Pitts was a core member and involved with the Macy conferences, whose principal purpose was to set the foundations for a general science of the workings of the human mind.

3. Personal Life, Emotional Trauma and Decline

In 1951, Wiener convinced Jerome Wiesner to hire some physiologists of the nervous system. A group was established with Pitts, Lettvin, McCulloch, and Pat Wall. Pitts wrote a large dissertation on the properties of neural nets connected in three dimensions. Lettvin described him as “in no uncertain sense the genius of the group … when you asked him a question, you would get back a whole textbook.” Pitts never married. Pitts was also described as an eccentric, refusing to allow his name to be made publicly available. He continued to refuse all offers of advanced degrees or positions of authority at MIT, in part as he would have to sign his name.

In 1952, Wiener suddenly turned against McCulloch—his wife, Margaret Wiener, hated McCulloch—and broke off relations with anyone connected to him, including Pitts.

Although he remained employed as a research associate in the Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT “as little more than a technicality” for the rest of his life, Pitts became increasingly socially isolated. In 1959, the paradigmatic “What the Frog’s Eye Tells the Frog’s Brain” (credited to Humber to Maturana, Lettvin, McCulloch and Pitts) conclusively demonstrated that “analog processes in the eye were doing at least part of the interpretive work” in image processing as opposed to “the brain computing information digital neuron by digital neuron using the exacting implement of mathematical logic”, leading Pitts to burn his unpublished doctoral dissertation on probabilistic three-dimensional neural networks and years of unpublished research. He took little further interest in work, excepting only a collaboration with Lettvin and Robert Gesteland which produced a paper on olfaction (嗅觉) in 1965.

Pitts died in 1969 of bleeding esophageal varices (食道静脉曲张), a condition usually associated with cirrhosis (肝硬化) and alcoholism (酗酒).

4. 悲情天才Walter Pitts—计算神经学、控制论和人工智能的诞生

悲情天才Walter Pitts—计算神经学、控制论和人工智能的诞生

1945年6月，von Neumann写了一篇划时代的报告“First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC” (人类第一代计算机的原理报告)。以往的计算系统基本都可以算是计算器，而不是计算机。计算器没有存储，也不可以重新编程。Von Neumann就是靠着Pitts的记忆的数学模型（Memory）做出了计算机存储功能。因此这篇报告里，只引用了一篇文章，就是Pitts的文章。

至此，所有的大神，都肯定了Pitts的天赋和能力。1954年，福布斯评选20位40岁以下的科学天才，Pitts榜上有名，排在Claude Shannon（信息论之父）和James Watson（DNA双螺旋模型提出者）之后。