Spring Cloud Gateway的断路器(CircuitBreaker)功能

Posted 程序员欣宸

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本篇概览

  • 一起深入了解Spring Cloud Gateway的断路器(CircuitBreaker)功能:
  1. 先聊聊理论
  2. 再结合官方和大神的信息确定技术栈
  3. 再动手开发,先实现再验证
  4. 再趁热打铁,看看它的源码
  5. 最后,回顾一下有哪些不足(下一篇文章解决这些不足)

关于断路器(CircuitBreaker)

  • 下图来自resilience4j官方文档,介绍了什么是断路器:
  1. CLOSED状态时,请求正常放行
  2. 请求失败率达到设定阈值时,变为OPEN状态,此时请求全部不放行
  3. OPEN状态持续设定时间后,进入半开状态(HALE_OPEN),放过部分请求
  4. 半开状态下,失败率低于设定阈值,就进入CLOSE状态,即全部放行
  5. 半开状态下,失败率高于设定阈值,就进入OPEN状态,即全部不放行

确认概念

  • 有个概念先确认一下,即Spring Cloud断路器Spring Cloud Gateway断路器功能不是同一个概念,Spring Cloud Gateway断路器功能还涉及过滤器,即在过滤器的规则下使用断路器:
  • 本篇的重点是Spring Cloud Gateway如何配置和使用断路器(CircuitBreaker),因此不会讨论Resilience4J的细节,如果您想深入了解Resilience4J,推荐资料是Spring Cloud Circuit Breaker

关于Spring Cloud断路器

  • 先看Spring Cloud断路器,如下图,Hystrix、Sentinel这些都是熟悉的概念:

关于Spring Cloud Gateway的断路器功能

  • 来看Spring Cloud Gateway的官方文档,如下图,有几个关键点稍后介绍:
  • 上图透露了几个关键信息:
  1. Spring Cloud Gateway内置了断路器filter,
  2. 具体做法是使用Spring Cloud断路器的API,将gateway的路由逻辑封装到断路器中
  3. 有多个断路器的库都可以用在Spring Cloud Gateway(遗憾的是没有列举是哪些)
  4. Resilience4J对Spring Cloud 来说是开箱即用的
  • 简单来说Spring Cloud Gateway的断路器功能是通过内置filter实现的,这个filter使用了Spring Cloud断路器;

  • 官方说多个断路器的库都可以用在Spring Cloud Gateway,但是并没有说具体是哪些,这就郁闷了,此时咱们去了解一位牛人的观点:Piotr Mińkowski,就是下面这本书的作者:

  • Piotr Mińkowski的博客对Spring Cloud Gateway的断路器功能做了详细介绍,如下图,有几个重要信息稍后会提到:

  • 上图可以get到三个关键信息:

  1. 从2.2.1版本起,Spring Cloud Gateway集成了Resilience4J的断路器实现
  2. Netflix的Hystrix进入了维护阶段(能理解为即将退休吗?)
  3. Netflix的Hystrix依然可用,但是已废弃(deprecated),而且Spring Cloud将来的版本可能会不支持
  • 再关联到官方文档也以resilience4为例(如下图),胆小的我似乎没有别的选择了,就Resilience4J吧:
  • 理论分析就到此吧,接下来开始实战,具体的步骤如下:
  1. 准备工作:服务提供者新增一个web接口/account/{id},根据入参的不同,该接口可以立即返回或者延时500毫秒返回
  2. 新增名为circuitbreaker-gateway的子工程,这是个带有断路器功能的Spring Cloud Gateway应用
  3. circuitbreaker-gateway里面编写单元测试代码,用来验证断路器是否正常
  4. 运行单元测试代码,观察断路器是否生效
  5. 给断路器添加fallback并验证是否生效
  6. 做一次简单的源码分析,一为想深入了解断路器的同学捋清楚源码路径,二为检验自己以前了解的springboot知识在阅读源码时有么有帮助

源码下载

  • 本篇实战中的完整源码可在GitHub下载到,地址和链接信息如下表所示(https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos):
名称链接备注
项目主页https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos该项目在GitHub上的主页
git仓库地址(https)https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos.git该项目源码的仓库地址,https协议
git仓库地址(ssh)git@github.com:zq2599/blog_demos.git该项目源码的仓库地址,ssh协议
  • 这个git项目中有多个文件夹,本篇的源码在spring-cloud-tutorials文件夹下,如下图红框所示:
  • spring-cloud-tutorials文件夹下有多个子工程,本篇的代码是circuitbreaker-gateway,如下图红框所示:

准备工作

  • 咱们要准备一个可控的web接口,通过参数控制它成功或者失败,这样才能触发断路器
  • 本篇的实战中,服务提供者依旧是provider-hello,为了满足本次实战的需求,咱们在Hello.java文件中增加一个web接口,对应的源码如下:
    @RequestMapping(value = "/account/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String account(@PathVariable("id") int id) throws InterruptedException {
        if(1==id) {
            Thread.sleep(500);
        }

        return Constants.ACCOUNT_PREFIX + dateStr();
    }
  • 上述代码很简单:就是接收id参数,如果等于1就延时五百毫秒,不等于1就立即返回
  • 如果把断路器设置为超过两百毫秒就算失败,那么通过控制id参数的值,咱们就能模拟请求成功或者失败了,这是验证断路器功能的关键
  • 准备完成,开始写代码

实战

  • 在父工程spring-cloud-tutorials下面新增子工程circuitbreaker-gateway
  • 增加以下依赖
<dependency>
	<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-circuitbreaker-reactor-resilience4j</artifactId>
</dependency>
  • 配置文件application.yml如下:
server:
  #服务端口
  port: 8081
spring:
  application:
    name: circuitbreaker-gateway
  cloud:
    gateway:
      routes:
        - id: path_route
          uri: http://127.0.0.1:8082
          predicates:
            - Path=/hello/**
          filters:
            - name: CircuitBreaker
              args:
                name: myCircuitBreaker
  • 启动类:
package com.bolingcavalry.circuitbreakergateway;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
public class CircuitbreakerApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(CircuitbreakerApplication.class,args);
    }
}
  • 配置类如下,这是断路器相关的参数配置:
package com.bolingcavalry.circuitbreakergateway.config;

import io.github.resilience4j.circuitbreaker.CircuitBreakerConfig;
import io.github.resilience4j.timelimiter.TimeLimiterConfig;
import org.springframework.cloud.circuitbreaker.resilience4j.ReactiveResilience4JCircuitBreakerFactory;
import org.springframework.cloud.circuitbreaker.resilience4j.Resilience4JConfigBuilder;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import java.time.Duration;

@Configuration
public class CustomizeCircuitBreakerConfig {

    @Bean
    public ReactiveResilience4JCircuitBreakerFactory defaultCustomizer() {

        CircuitBreakerConfig circuitBreakerConfig = CircuitBreakerConfig.custom() //
                .slidingWindowType(CircuitBreakerConfig.SlidingWindowType.TIME_BASED) // 滑动窗口的类型为时间窗口
                .slidingWindowSize(10) // 时间窗口的大小为60秒
                .minimumNumberOfCalls(5) // 在单位时间窗口内最少需要5次调用才能开始进行统计计算
                .failureRateThreshold(50) // 在单位时间窗口内调用失败率达到50%后会启动断路器
                .enableAutomaticTransitionFromOpenToHalfOpen() // 允许断路器自动由打开状态转换为半开状态
                .permittedNumberOfCallsInHalfOpenState(5) // 在半开状态下允许进行正常调用的次数
                .waitDurationInOpenState(Duration.ofSeconds(5)) // 断路器打开状态转换为半开状态需要等待60秒
                .recordExceptions(Throwable.class) // 所有异常都当作失败来处理
                .build();

        ReactiveResilience4JCircuitBreakerFactory factory = new ReactiveResilience4JCircuitBreakerFactory();
        factory.configureDefault(id -> new Resilience4JConfigBuilder(id)
                .timeLimiterConfig(TimeLimiterConfig.custom().timeoutDuration(Duration.ofMillis(200)).build())
                .circuitBreakerConfig(circuitBreakerConfig).build());

        return factory;
    }
}
  • 上述代码有一次需要注意:timeLimiterConfig方法设置了超时时间,服务提供者如果超过200毫秒没有响应,Spring Cloud Gateway就会向调用者返回失败
  • 开发完成了,接下来要考虑的是如何验证

单元测试类

  • 为了验证Spring Cloud Gateway的断路器功能,咱们可以用Junit单元测试来精确控制请求参数和请求次数,测试类如下,可见测试类会连续发一百次请求,在前五十次中,请求参数始终在0和1之间切换,参数等于1的时候,接口会有500毫秒延时,超过了Spring Cloud Gateway的200毫秒超时限制,这时候就会返回失败,等失败多了,就会触发断路器的断开:
package com.bolingcavalry.circuitbreakergateway;

import io.github.resilience4j.circuitbreaker.CircuitBreaker;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.RepeatedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.reactive.AutoConfigureWebTestClient;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit.jupiter.SpringExtension;
import org.springframework.test.web.reactive.server.WebTestClient;

@SpringBootTest
@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
@AutoConfigureWebTestClient
public class CircuitbreakerTest {

    // 测试的总次数
    private static int i=0;

    @Autowired
    private WebTestClient webClient;

    @Test
    @RepeatedTest(100)
    void testHelloPredicates() throws InterruptedException {
        // 低于50次时,gen在0和1之间切换,也就是一次正常一次超时,
        // 超过50次时,gen固定为0,此时每个请求都不会超时
        int gen = (i<50) ? (i % 2) : 0;

        // 次数加一
        i++;

        final String tag = "[" + i + "]";

        // 发起web请求
        webClient.get()
                .uri("/hello/account/" + gen)
                .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
                .exchange()
                .expectBody(String.class).consumeWith(result  -> System.out.println(tag + result.getRawStatusCode() + " - " + result.getResponseBody()));

        Thread.sleep(1000);
    }
}

验证

  • 启动nacos(服务提供者依赖的)
  • 启动子工程provider-hello
  • 运行咱们刚才开发的单元测试类,控制台输入的内容截取部分如下,稍后会有分析:
[2]504 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:55:42.920+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":504,"error":"Gateway Timeout","message":"","requestId":"594efed1"}
[3]200 - Account2021-08-28 10:55:43
[4]504 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:55:45.177+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":504,"error":"Gateway Timeout","message":"","requestId":"427720b"}
[5]200 - Account2021-08-28 10:55:46
[6]503 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:55:47.227+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":503,"error":"Service Unavailable","message":"","requestId":"6595d7f4"}
[7]503 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:55:48.250+00:00","path":"/hello/account/0","status":503,"error":"Service Unavailable","message":"","requestId":"169ae1c"}
[8]503 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:55:49.259+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":503,"error":"Service Unavailable","message":"","requestId":"53b695a1"}
[9]503 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:55:50.269+00:00","path":"/hello/account/0","status":503,"error":"Service Unavailable","message":"","requestId":"4a072f52"}
[10]504 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:55:51.499+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":504,"error":"Gateway Timeout","message":"","requestId":"4bdd96c4"}
[11]200 - Account2021-08-28 10:55:52
[12]504 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:55:53.745+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":504,"error":"Gateway Timeout","message":"","requestId":"4e0e7eab"}
[13]200 - Account2021-08-28 10:55:54
[14]504 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:55:56.013+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":504,"error":"Gateway Timeout","message":"","requestId":"27685405"}
[15]503 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:55:57.035+00:00","path":"/hello/account/0","status":503,"error":"Service Unavailable","message":"","requestId":"3e40c5db"}
[16]503 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:55:58.053+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":503,"error":"Service Unavailable","message":"","requestId":"2bf2698b"}
[17]503 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:55:59.075+00:00","path":"/hello/account/0","status":503,"error":"Service Unavailable","message":"","requestId":"38cb1840"}
[18]503 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:56:00.091+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":503,"error":"Service Unavailable","message":"","requestId":"21586fa"}
[19]200 - Account2021-08-28 10:56:01
[20]504 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:56:02.325+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":504,"error":"Gateway Timeout","message":"","requestId":"4014d6d4"}
[21]200 - Account2021-08-28 10:56:03
[22]504 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:56:04.557+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":504,"error":"Gateway Timeout","message":"","requestId":"173a3b9d"}
[23]200 - Account2021-08-28 10:56:05
[24]504 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:56:06.811+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":504,"error":"Gateway Timeout","message":"","requestId":"aa8761f"}
[25]200 - Account2021-08-28 10:56:07
[26]504 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:56:09.057+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":504,"error":"Gateway Timeout","message":"","requestId":"769bfefc"}
[27]200 - Account2021-08-28 10:56:10
[28]504 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:56:11.314+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":504,"error":"Gateway Timeout","message":"","requestId":"2fbcb6c0"}
[29]503 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:56:12.332+00:00","path":"/hello/account/0","status":503,"error":"Service Unavailable","message":"","requestId":"58e4e70f"}
[30]503 - {"timestamp":"2021-08-28T02:56:13.342+00:00","path":"/hello/account/1","status":503,"error":"Service Unavailable","message":"","requestId":"367651c5"}
  • 分析上述输出的返回码:
  1. 504是超时返回的错误,200是服务提供者的正常返回
  2. 504和200两种返回码都表示请求到达了服务提供者,所以此时断路器是关闭状态
  3. 多次504错误后,达到了配置的门限,触发断路器开启
  4. 连续出现的503就是断路器开启后的返回码,此时请求是无法到达服务提供者的
  5. 连续的503之后,504和200再次交替出现,证明此时进入半开状态,然后504再次达到门限触发断路器从半开转为开启,五十次之后,由于不在发送超时请求,断路器进入关闭状态

fallback

  • 通过上述测试可见,Spring Cloud Gateway通过返回码来告知调用者错误信息,这种方式不够友好,我们可以自定义fallback,在返回错误时由它来构建返回信息
  • 再开发一个web接口,没错,就是在circuitbreaker-gateway工程中添加一个web接口:
package com.bolingcavalry.circuitbreakergateway.controller;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

@RestController
public class Fallback {

    private String dateStr(){
        return new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss").format(n

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