JUC并发编程 -- 线程的五种状态( 操作系统层面) 和 六种状态(Java API层面)

Posted 2021-09-12 Z && Y

1. 五种状态( 操作系统层面)

这是从 操作系统 层面来描述的

• 【初始状态】仅是在语言层面创建了线程对象，还未与操作系统线程关联

• 【可运行状态】（就绪状态）指该线程已经被创建（与操作系统线程关联），可以由 CPU 调度执行

• 【运行状态】指获取了 CPU 时间片运行中的状态

  • 当 CPU 时间片用完，会从【运行状态】转换至【可运行状态】，会导致线程的上下文切换

• 【阻塞状态】

  • 如果调用了阻塞 API，如 BIO 读写文件，这时该线程实际不会用到 CPU，会导致线程上下文切换，进入【阻塞状态】
  • 等 BIO 操作完毕，会由操作系统唤醒阻塞的线程，转换至【可运行状态】
  • 与【可运行状态】的区别是，对【阻塞状态】的线程来说只要它们一直不唤醒，调度器就一直不会考虑调度它们

• 【终止状态】表示线程已经执行完毕，生命周期已经结束，不会再转换为其它状态

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2. 六种状态(Java API层面)

这是从 Java API 层面来描述的，根据 Thread.State 枚举，分为六种状态

Thread.State源码:

    public enum State {
        /**
         * Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
         */
        NEW,

        /**
         * Thread state for a runnable thread.  A thread in the runnable
         * state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may
         * be waiting for other resources from the operating system
         * such as processor.
         */
        RUNNABLE,

        /**
         * Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.
         * A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock
         * to enter a synchronized block/method or
         * reenter a synchronized block/method after calling
         * {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.
         */
        BLOCKED,

        /**
         * Thread state for a waiting thread.
         * A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
         * following methods:
         * <ul>
         *   <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>
         * </ul>
         *
         * <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
         * perform a particular action.
         *
         * For example, a thread that has called <tt>Object.wait()</tt>
         * on an object is waiting for another thread to call
         * <tt>Object.notify()</tt> or <tt>Object.notifyAll()</tt> on
         * that object. A thread that has called <tt>Thread.join()</tt>
         * is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
         */
        WAITING,

        /**
         * Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.
         * A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of
         * the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:
         * <ul>
         *   <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li>
         *   <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li>
         * </ul>
         */
        TIMED_WAITING,

        /**
         * Thread state for a terminated thread.
         * The thread has completed execution.
         */
        TERMINATED;
    }

图解:

• NEW: 线程刚被创建，但是还没有调用 start() 方法
• RUNNABLE: 当调用了 start() 方法之后，注意，Java API 层面的 RUNNABLE 状态涵盖了 操作系统 层面的【可运行状态】、【运行状态】和【阻塞状态】（由于 BIO 导致的线程阻塞，在 Java 里无法区分，仍然认为是可运行）
• BLOCKED ， WAITING ， TIMED_WAITING 都是 Java API 层面对【阻塞状态】的细分，后面会在状态转换一节详述
• TERMINATED: 当线程代码运行结束
• 线程的状态可以参考回顾多线程(线程的六种状态 & wait / sleep 的区别)

代码示例:

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;

import java.io.IOException;

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestState")
public class TestState {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Thread t1 = new Thread("t1") {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                log.debug("running...");
            }
        };

        Thread t2 = new Thread("t2") {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                while (true) { // runnable

                }
            }
        };
        t2.start();

        Thread t3 = new Thread("t3") {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                log.debug("running...");
            }
        };
        t3.start();

        Thread t4 = new Thread("t4") {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                synchronized (TestState.class) {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(1000000); // timed_waiting
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }
        };
        t4.start();

        Thread t5 = new Thread("t5") {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                try {
                    t2.join(); // waiting
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        };
        t5.start();

        Thread t6 = new Thread("t6") {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                synchronized (TestState.class) { // blocked
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(1000000);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }
        };
        t6.start();

        try {
            Thread.sleep(500);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        log.debug("t1 state {}", t1.getState());
        log.debug("t2 state {}", t2.getState());
        log.debug("t3 state {}", t3.getState());
        log.debug("t4 state {}", t4.getState());
        log.debug("t5 state {}", t5.getState());
        log.debug("t6 state {}", t6.getState());
    }
}

运行结果:

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